BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 

THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


C/ -UC    ^6t>T-cxC       C<  .       1C 


HANDBOOK  OF  HISTORY, 
DIPLOMACY,  AND  GOVERNMENT 


HANDBOOK 


OF    THE 


HISTORY,  DIPLOMACY,  AND  GOVERNMENT 


OF 


THE    UNITED    STATES 
•for 


BY 

ALBERT    BUSHNELL    HART,   Ic 

// 

PROFESSOR    OF    HISTORY    IN    HARVARD    UNIVERSITY 


CAMBRIDGE 

PRINTED    FOR    THE    UNIVERSITY 
1901 


Hz* 


Copyright,  1902, 
BY  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY. 


UNIVERSITY   PRESS    •     JOHN   WILSON 
AND     SON       •      CAMBRIDGE,     U.S.A. 


KNCROtt 


PREFACE 


THIS  book  is  intended  to  form  a  groundwork  for  three 
lecture  courses  given  in  Harvard  University.  It  contains 
such  apparatus  of  lists  of  authorities,  materials,  and  lec- 
tures, and  such  suggestion  for  reading,  written  work,  and 
examination,  as  may  set  the  student  on  the  road  ;  how  far, 
how  swiftly,  and  how  safely  he  goes,  must  then  depend 
upon  his  own  abilities  and  resolution. 

The  book  is  founded  on  several  previous  publications 
of  a  similar  kind,  published  under  the  titles  "  Outlines," 
"  Suggestions  for  Students,"  and  "  Revised  Suggestions," 
but  the  material  has  been  carefully  worked  over  for  the 
present  book.  The  important  part  which  relates  to  the 
weekly  papers  in  United  States  history  has  been  thoroughly 
revised,  recast,  and  verified  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Dorman,  for 
several  years  the  efficient  assistant  in  that  work.  The 
subjects  for  special  reports  in  History  13  have  been  also 
culled  and  restated  by  Dr.  Elliot  H.  Goodwin  and  Mr. 
W.  H.  Gushing.  Mr.  D.  M.  Matteson  has  verified  and 
enlarged  many  of  the  references. 


ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART. 


CAMBRIDGE, 

November  12,  1901. 


CONTEXTS 


PART  I.    PRELIMINARY    SUGGESTIONS 

PAGE 

§    1.    The  Three  Courses  in  American  History,  Diplomacy,  and  Gov- 
ernment         9 

§  2.    Ground  of  the  Courses 10 

§    3.    Choice  and  Succession  of  Courses 12 

§    4.    Previous  Preparation        14 

§    5.    Time  necessary  for  the  Courses 15 

§    6.    Methods  employed  in  the  Courses 15 

PART    II.    MATERIALS 

§    7.    Use  of  Books       17 

§    8.    Libraries  available 17 

§    9.    Text-books 19 

§  10.    Essential  Reference  Books 21 

§  11.    Special  Collections  in  History 22 

§  12.    Special  Collections  in  Diplomacy 25 

§  13.    Special  Collections  in  Government 27 

PART  III.    LECTURES 

§  14.    Character  of  the  Lectures 30 

§  15.    Attendance 31 

§  16.    Note-taking        , 31 

§  17.    Historical  Geography       31 

§  18.    Personality 32 


2  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

§19.    List  of   Lectures  in   History   13.     (Constitutional .and  Political 

History  of  the  United  States,  1781-1865) 34 

§  19a.    Elements  of  United  States  History 35 

§196.    (1775-1788)  First  Federal  Government 36 

§  19c.    (1786-1793)  The  Federal  Constitution 38 

§  19<f.    (1793-1801)  Federalist  Supremacy 40 

§  19e.    (1801-1815)  Foreign  Complications 41 

§  19/.    (1815-1829)  Growth  of  National  Sentiment 43 

§  19#.    (1829-1841)  Democratization  of  the  National  Government  45 

§  19A.    (1841-1860)  Territory  and  Slavery 48 

§  19t.     (1860-1861)  Coming  on  of  the  Civil  War 50 

§  19;.     (1861-1865)  The  Civil  War       52 

§  20.    List  of  Lectures  in  History  14  (American  Diplomacy,  1492-1902)  .  53 

§  20a.    (1492-1607)  European  Claims  to  America       54 

§206.    (1607-1689)  Rival  Colonial  Systems 56 

§  20c.    (1689-1775)  Struggle  for  Supremacy  in  America     ...  57 
§  2Qd.    (1775-1788)   Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution  and  the  Con- 
federation       58 

§  20e.     (1789-1815)  Complications  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars      .     .  60 
§  20/    (1815-1829)  Latin-American  Diplomacy  and  the  Monroe 

Doctrine 65 

§20#.     (1829-1861)  Aggressive  Foreign  Policy 67 

§  20h.    (1861-1865)  Diplomacy  of  the  Civil  War 70 

§  20/.     (1865-1890)  Period  of  Peaceful  Influence 72 

§  20/.    (1890-1901)  United  States  as  a  World  Power 75 

§  21.    List  of  Lectures  in  Government  12  (American  Political  System)     .  77 

§  21a.    Fundamental  Basis  of  American  Government      ....  78 

§  216.    Membership  in  the  Community 81 

§  21c.    Written  Constitutions 83 

§  2\d.    Machinery  of  Popular  Government 85 

§  2le.    Government  of  the  Commonwealths 87 

§  21/.     Government  of  the  Localities 90 

§  2lg.    National  Executive       93 

§  21h.    Congress .  95 

§  21?'.     National  Judiciary 97 

§  2 1/.     Territorial  Functions  in  the  United  States 98 

§  2lk.    Financial  Functions  in  the  United  States 100 

§  21/.     Commercial  Functions  in  the  United  States 103 


LECTURES,    READINGS  3 

PAGE 

21  m.   Foreign  and  Military  Powers 107 

2 In.    General  Welfare  and  Police  Powers  ....  ,     .     108 


PART   IV.     PARALLEL    READINGS 

§22.    Requirement  of  Heading 110 

§23.    Consecutive  Headings Ill 

§  24.    General  Readings Ill 

§  ?5.    Topical  Readings 112 

PART    V.     WEEKLY    PAPERS 

§26.    Purpose  of  the  Exercise 114 

§27.   Preparation  for  the  Papers 115 

§  28.    Special  Directions  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in  History  13     .  116 

§  29.    Special  Directions  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in  History  14      .  117 

§  30.    Special  Directions  for  Weekly  Papers  in  Government  12    .  117 

§31.    Materials  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in  History  13 117 

§  31a.    List  of  Historical  Discussions 118 

§316.    List  of  Select  Constitutional  Treatises 120 

§  31c.    Reports  of  Judicial  Cases        123 

§  3ld.   Historical  Sources 130 

§32.   No.    1.    Use  of  Constitutional  Authorities 131 

§  33.   No.    2.    English  Control  and  Colonial  Government    ...  133 

§34.   No.    3.   Is  the  Union  older  than  the  States 134 

§  35.   No.    4.   Powers  and  Functions  of  the  Confederation       .     .  136 

§  36.   No.    5.    Making  and  Amendment  of  Constitutions     .     .     .  137 

§  37.    No.    6.   Doctrine  of  Separation  of  Powers 139 

§  38.   No.    7.   Implied  Powers  and  the  General  Welfare      .     .     .  141 

§  39.   No.    8.    Extent  of  the  Powers  of  Taxation  and  Protection  .  143 

§40.   No.    9.    Rights  of  Citizens 146 

§  41.   No.  10.   Jeffersonian  Democracy 149 

§42.   No.  11.    Government  of  Dependent  Territories      ....  151 

§43.   No.  12.    Impairment  of  Contracts 155 

§  44.   No.  13.    Regulation  of  Commerce 157 

§  45.    No.  14.    Internal  Improvements 160 

§46.    No.  15.    Application  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine 163 

§  47.   No.  16.    Social  and  Economic  Status  of  Slavery     ....  165 

§48.   No.  17.   Jacksonian  Democracy 166 


4  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

§  49.    No.  18.    Civil  Service 168 

§  50.    No.  19.   Interposition  and  Nullification 170 

§51.    No.  20.    Constitutional  Status  of  Slavery 172 

§  52.    No.  21.   Right  of  Expression  of  Opinion 174 

§53.    No.  22.    Ethics  of  the  Mexican  War 176 

§  54.   No.  23.    Popular  Sovereignty 177 

§  55.   No.  24.    Rights  of  Indians,  Aliens,  Chinese,  and  Negroes    .  179 

§56.   No.  25.   Ethics  of  John  Brown's  Career 181 

§  57.   No.  26.   Secession 182 

§58.   No.  27.    Responsibility  for  the  Civil  War 184 

§  59.   No.  28.    Lincoln's  Democracy        1 86 

§  60.   No.  29.    Military  Powers  of  the  President 1 88 

§  61.   No.  30.   Reconstruction 191 

§62.    Materials  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in  History  14 193 

§  63.   No.    1.    Principles  of  European  Claims  to  Wild  Territory  194 
§64.   No.    2.    Foundations  of  English  Claims  to  America  .     .     .195 

§65.    No.    3.   Theory  of  Indian  Land-holding 196 

§  66.   No.    4.   Execution  of  the  Acts  of  Trade 197 

§  67.   No.    5.   Execution  of  the  Spanish  Colonial  Policy      .     .     .  197 

§  68.   No.    6.   Rule  of  1756 199 

§  69.   No.    7.    Territorial  Policy  of  the  Continental  Congress      .  199 

§  70.    No.    8.    Breaking  the  Instructions  of  Congress  at  Paris     .  200 

§  71.    No.    9.   Navigation  of  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence     .  201 

§  72.   No.  10.   Policy  of  American  Isolation 202 

§  73.   No.  11.   Was  France  entitled  to  complain  of  the  Jay  Treaty  202 

§  74.   No.  12.   Allegiance  and  Impressment 203 

§  75.   No.  13.    Status  of  Territory  annexed  but  not  yet  organized  204 
§  76.   No.  14.   Legal   Objections  to   tbe  Orders  in  Council   and 

Decrees       206 

§  77.    No.  15.   Fishing  Rights  in  and  about  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence         206 

§78.   No.  16.   Doctrine  of  Recognition  of  New  States     ....  208 

§  79.    No.  17.   Extent  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine 209 

§  80.   No.  18.   Application  of  Personal  Status  in  a  Foreign  Coun- 
try        210 

§  81.   No.  19.   Responsibility  of  a  Government  for  not  carrying 

out  a  Treaty 211 

§  82.   No.  20.    Government   of   Military   Conquests,   previous   to 

Cession  .  .211 


WEEKLY  PAPERS  5 

PAGE 

§    83.  No.  21.    The  Mosquito  Question 213 

§    84.  No.  22.    Responsibility  for  Filibusters 213 

§    85.  No.  23.    Effect  of  Lincoln's  Blockade  Proclamations      .     .  214 

§    86.  No.  24.   Doctrine  of  Continuous  Voyages 215 

§    87.  No.  25.    Right  of  Expatriation 216 

§    88.  No.  26.    Consequential  Damages 218 

§    89.  No.  27.    Questions  of  the  Isthmus  Canal 219 

§    90.  No.  28.    Control  of  Seal  Catching 220 

§    91.  No.  29.    Protectorate  of  Cuba 221 

§    92.  No.  30.   The  Policy  of  the  Open  Door 222 

93.    Materials  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in  Government  12 222 

§    94.  No.    1.    Growth  of  Urban  Population 223 

§    95.  No.    2.    Theory  of  the  Social  Compact 224 

§    96.  No.    3.    Theory  of  Religious  Liberty 225 

§    97.  No.    4.    Citizenship  by  Annexation 225 

§    98.  No.    5.    Rights  of  Indians 226 

§    99.  No.    6.    Limitations  on  Constitutional  Conventions  .     .     .  227 

§  100.  No.    7.    Question  of  Limiting  the  Suffrage 228 

§  101.  No.    8.    Question  of  Popular  Nomination  Machinery    .     .  229 

§  102.  No.    9.   How  to  Secure  Good  State  and  Local  Legislation  230 

§  103.  No.  10.    Question  of  Executive  Boards 231 

§  104.  No.  11.    Improvement  of  County  Governments    ....  231 

§105.  No.  12.    Effect  of  Foreigners  on  City  Governments  .     .     .  232 

§  106.  No.  13.   Question  of  Responsible  Mayoralty 232 

§  107.  No.  14.   Development  of  the  Cabinet 233 

§  108.  No.  15.   Needs  of  Civil  Service  Reform 234 

§  109.  No.  16.    Choice  of  Senators  by  Popular  Vote 235 

§110.  No.  17.    Defects  of  the  Committee  System 236 

§111.  No.  18.    Influences  on  the  Legislation  of  Congress    .     .     .  236 

§  112.  No.  19.    Administrative  Decisions 237 

§  113.  No.  20.    Principle  of  Declaring  Acts  Void 238 

§  114.  No.  21.    Status  of  Territory  Conquered  but  not  yet  Ceded  241 

§  115.  No.  22.    Status  of  Territory  Ceded  but  not  yet  Organized  241 

§116.  No.  23.  Difficulties  in  Assessing  Personal  Taxes       .     .     .  241 

§117.  No.  24.    Difficulties  of  Tariff  Administration 242 

§118.  No.  25.    City  Ownership  of  Traction  Lines 243 

§119.  No.  26.   Limitation  of  Immigration 244 

§  120.  No.  27.    Status  of  Consuls 245 


6  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

§121.   No.  28.   The  Pension  System 245 

§  122.   No.  29.    Best  Regulation  of  the  Liquor  Traffic   ....  246 

§  123.   No.  30.   Injunctions  against  Rioters 246 

PART   VI.     SPECIAL    REPORTS 

§  124.    Purpose  of  the  Exercise 249 

§  125.   Constitutional  and  Political  Reports,  in  History  13      .     .  250 

§  126.   Diplomatic  Reports,  in  History  14 251 

§  127.    Government  Reports,  in  Government  12 252 

§  128.    General  Directions  for  Special  Reports  in  History  13     ....  253 

§  129.    Bibliographical  Special  Reports       256 

§  130.   Bibliographical  Subjects 258 

§  130a.    Alphabetical  List  of  Public  Men 259 

§  1306.    List   of   Public   Men   arranged   by   States   and 

Countries 268 

§131.    Constitutional  Special  Reports 273 

§  1.02.    Subjects  for  Constitutional  Special  Reports 275 

§  132a.    Genesis  and  Nature  of  the  "Union 276 

§  1326.    Membership  in  the  Community 278 

§  132c.    Personal  Rights 281 

§  132rf.   The  Electoral  System 284 

§  132e.    Status  of  the  States 285 

§  132/1    National  Legislative  Department 288 

§  132g.   National  Executive  Department 293 

§  I32h.   National  Judiciary 298 

§  132i.    Territorial  Functions 302 

§  132;'.    Financial  Questions 310 

§  132£.    Commercial  Questions 318 

§  132/.    War  Powers 326 

§  132m.  Foreign  Relations ...  329 

§  132n.    Uplifting  of  the  Community 331 

§  132o.    Enforcement 336 

§  133.    Special  Reports  on  Slavery 338 

§  134.    Subjects  for  Reports  on  Slavery 339 

§  134u.   Genesis  of  Slavery  in  America 339 

§  1346.    The  Master  Race 341 

§  134c.    Free  Negroes       343 

§  \34d.  Property  in  Slaves 345 


SPECIAL   REPORTS  7 

PAGE 

§  134e.    Slave  Life 347 

§  134/.    Control  of  Slaves 351 

§  134^.    Fugitive  Slaves 353 

§  134A.    National  Status  of  Slavery 356 

§  134*'.     Interstate  Status  of  Slavery 359 

§  134j.     International  Status  of  Slavery 360 

§  134k.    The  Arguments  for  and  against  Slavery    .     .     .  362 

§  134/.     Effects  of  Slavery 364 

§  134m.  Public  Emancipation  of  Slaves 366 

§  134n.    Abolition  and  Abolitionists 369 

§  134o.    Contemporary  Judgment  of  Abolition   ....  372 

§  135.    General  Directions  for  Special  Reports  in  History    14    ....  375 

§  136.    Special  Reports  on  Pre-Constitutional  Diplomacy  .     .     .  376 

§  136a.    Discovery  and  Title 376 

§  1366.    Trade  and  Sea-faring 377 

§  136c.    Revolutionary  Diplomacy 378 

§  \3Gd.    Diplomacy  of  the  Confederation 379 

§  137.    Special  Reports  on  Federal  Diplomacy 379 

§  137a.    First  Period  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars     ....  379 

§  1376.    Second  Napoleonic  Period 380 

§  137c.    Monroe  Doctrine 380 

§  I37d.   Diplomacy  from  1829  to  1861 381 

§  137e.    Diplomacy  of  the  Civil  War 381 

§  137/    Post-bellum  Diplomacy 382 

§  137,9-    Diplomacy  of  the  Spanish  War 383 

§  \37h.   Diplomacy  in  the  Orient       383 

§138.    General  Directions  for  Special  Reports  in  Government  12.     .     .  383 

§  139.    Special  Reports  on  Political  Theory 384 

§  140.    Special  Reports  on  Citizenship  and  Fundamental  Rights  386 

§  141.    Special  Reports  on  Constitution  Making 388 

§  142.    Special  Reports  on  Political  Methods 390 

§  143.    Special  Reports  on  State  Government 394 

§  144.    Special  Reports  on  Local  Government 398 

§  145.    Special  Reports  on  the  National  Legislature 402 

§  146.    Special  Reports  on  the  National  Executive 405 

§  147.    Special  Reports  on  the  National  Judiciary 408 

§148.    Special  Reports  on  Territorial  Functions 411 

§149.    Special  Reports  on  Financial  Functions 416 


8  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

§  150.  Special  Reports  on  Commercial  Functions      .....  421 

§  151.  Special  Reports  on  Foreign  Relations 426 

§  152.  Special  Reports  on  War  Powers 428 

§  153.  Special  Reports  on  General  Welfare 431 


PART    VII.     EXAMINATIONS 

§  154.    Purposes  and  Methods  of  the  Examinations 436 

§  155.    Specimen  Mid-year  Papers  in  History  13 438 

§  156.    Specimen  Mid-year  Paper  in  Diplomacy 440 

§157.    Specimen  Mid-year  Paper  in  Government 441 

§  158.    Specimen  Final  Paper  in  History  13 443 

§  159.    Specimen  Final  Paper  in  Diplomacy 446 

§  160.    Specimen  Final  Paper  in  Government 447 


INDEX ...     450 


HANDBOOK 

OF 

HISTOKY,    DIPLOMACY,    AND 
GOVERNMENT 

PART   I 
PRELIMINARY   SUGGESTIONS 

§  i.  The  Three  Courses  in  American  History,  Diplo- 
macy, and  Government. 

This  book  has  been  prepared  as  an  aid  to  three  courses 
which  are  offered  by  the  Department  of  History  and  Govern- 
ment at  Harvard  University:  (1)  HISTORY  13,  Constitutional 
and  Political  History  of  the  United  States,  1783-1865  ;  (2)  HIS- 
TORY 14,  History  of  American  Diplomacy  ;  (3)  GOVERNMENT  12, 
The  American  Political  System,  National,  State,  and  Municipal. 

Brief  descriptions  of  these  courses  in  their  relation  to  the 
other  offerings  of  the  department,  and  a  tabular  view  of  exer- 
cises, will  be  found  in  the  annual  descriptive  pamphlet,  entitled 
Division  of  History  and  Political  Science,  to  be  had  on  applica- 
tion at  the  Publication  Office,  2  University  Hall. 

The  three  courses  include  work  of  two  very  different  kinds. 
The  history  courses  attempt  to  follow  out  in  narrative  form  the 
development  of  American  diplomatic  history  throughout,  and 
of  American  political  history  since  the  Revolution.  For  this 
purpose  it  is  necessary  to  dwell  upon  the  succession  of  events, 
and  the  relations  of  one  period  to  another ;  and  the  present  con- 
dition of  American  government  is  referred  to  only  by  way  of 
illustration  and  comparison.  In  the  course  on  government,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  attempt  is  made  to  show  what  the  institu- 

9 


10  PRELIMINARIES  [§§ 

tions  of  the  United  States  now  are  ;  and  narrative  history  is 
brought  in  only  to  throw  light  upon  present  conditions.  The 
historical  courses  include  the  personal  element,  the  interplay  of 
parties,  and  the  rise  and  disappearance  of  political  and  inter- 
national questions ;  the  government  course  deals  with  the 
present  practice  of  government,  and  does  not  include  questions 
of  motive ;  persons  are  treated  only  as  illustrating  variations  in 
practice.  In  the  first  group  judgment  may  be  passed  on  ques- 
tions long  since  obsolete  ;  in  the  second  group,  the  constant 
inquiry  is,  How  is  government  now  administered,  and  how 
may  it  be  improved? 

§  2.  Ground  of  the  Courses. 

HISTORY  13,  the  general  narrative  course,  aims  to  describe 
the  conditions  under  which  the  nation  of  the  United  States  has 
developed  into  its  present  form,  and  the  causes,  motives,  and 
standards  which  have  directed  the  political  policy  of  the  coun- 
try. At  the  same  time,  students  are  expected  to  learn  the 
methods  of  ascertaining  historical  truth,  and  to  acquire  the 
habit  of  reasoning  on  political  and  constitutional  questions,  so 
that  they  may  apply  the  material  of  the  course  to  current  events 
and  future  questions.  The  lectures  begin  at  the  close  of  the 
Revolution,  and  go  down  through  the  Civil  War.  See  List 
of  Lectures,  Handbook,  §  19. 

HISTORY  14,  on  American  diplomatic  history,  covers  the  whole 
field  from  the  discovery  of  America  to  the  present  time.  It 
includes  negotiations  and  treaties  between  European  powers 
relative  to  America,  the  diplomacy  of  the  Revolution  and 
Confederation,  and  of  the  United  States  under  the  Federal 
Constitution.  The  course  includes  not  only  the  history  of 
negotiations  and  treaties,  but  the  gradual  growth  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  international  law  which  have  been  invoked  in  these 
controversies. 


1,2]  GROUND   OF   THE   COURSES  11 

The  main  topics  to  be  taken  up  are  as  follows :  European 
colonial  systems ;  early  principles  of  trade ;  territorial  claims  ; 
treaties  between  various  countries  relative  to  American  com- 
mercial relations  ;  piracy  ;  colonial  embassies  and  agencies  ; 
relations  of  the  English  colonies  with  each  other ;  questions  of 
prize  and  admiralty ;  Indian  treaties ;  foundation  of  a  national 
foreign  system  in  1775;  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations; 
embassies  to  Europe ;  French  alliance ;  early  commercial 
treaties ;  Barbary  powers ;  neutrality ;  Spanish  territorial 
diplomacy  ;  annexation  of  Louisiana,  Oregon,  and  West  Florida ; 
capture  of  neutral  vessels;  foreign  cruisers  in  American  ports; 
orders  in  council  and  decrees;  embargo;  Russia  and  Bering 
Sea ;  Monroe  Doctrine ;  Panama  Congress  ;  early  Cuban  ques- 
tion; slave-trade;  French  spoliation  claims;  boundary  disputes 
and  settlements  of  1842  and  1846;  Mexican  diplomacy  and 
peace  of  1848;  policy  of  annexation  from  1848  to  1860; 
Cuban  diplomacy  ;  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  ;  filibusters  ;  Hun- 
gary and  Kossuth  ;  Trent  affair ;  diplomacy  of  the  Civil  War  ; 
Alabama  claims;  Mexican  intervention;  purchase  of  Alaska; 
treaty  of  Washington:  first  Cuban  War  (1868-1878);  Virginius 
episode  ;  naturalization  treaties  ;  Panama  and  Nicaragua  canals  ; 
Canadian  fisheries  ;  Venezuela  question  ;  Cuban  intervention ; 
arbitrations;  Spanish  War  of  1898;  annexation  of  Hawaii; 
Samoa ;  Hague  treaty  of  arbitration ;  the  Philippines  ;  status 
of  colonies.  See  List  of  Lectures,  Handbook.  §  20. 

GOVERNMENT  1 2  is  an  advanced  course,  intended  primarily  for 
graduates,  limited  in  number.  It  is  open  only  to  those  who  have 
already  a  knowledge  of  the  annals  of  American  history  and  a 
considerable  training  in  history  and  government.  It  is  intended 
to  discuss  the  practical  workings  of  the  American  system  of 
government  as  it  now  exists,  with  constant  reference,  how- 
ever, to  the  historical  growth  of  the  institutions  described ; 
hence  the  course  goes  beyond  the  text  of  constitutions  and 


12  PRELIMINARIES  [§§ 

statutes,    and   seeks   to  learn  the   actual  practice  of  officials, 
legislative  bodies,  and  political  parties  and  organizations. 

Among  the  subjects  to  be  discussed  are :  the  historical  and 
legal  basis  of  government  in  the  United  States ;  the  American 
people,  races,  numbers,  elements,  distribution ;  personal  rights, 
citizenship,  privileges  and  duties  of  citizens ;  status  of  negroes, 
Chinese,  and  Indians  ;  formation  and  amendment  of  constitu- 
tions, both  state  and  national ;  the  suffrage,  and  the  degree 
and  manner  of  its  exercise;  political  parties  and  party  ma- 
chinery ;  state  and  local  government ;  problems  of  city  govern- 
ment ;  the  functions  of  the  three  departments  of  government, 
executive,  legislative,  judiciary,  —  especially  the  civil  service, 
procedure  of  legislative  bodies,  and  jurisdiction  of  the  courts ; 
territorial  powers,  including  the  growth  of  territory,  and  the 
status  of  colonies  and  dependencies ;  financial  and  commercial 
powers,  including  the  administration  of  the  tariff,  public  lands, 
internal  improvements,  public  buildings,  and  shipping  ;  foreign 
powers  and  treaties ;  the  military  system,  including  the  militia 
and  pensions;  education,  religion,  and  general  welfare;  enforce- 
ment of  law  and  maintenance  of  order.  See  List  of  Lectures, 
Handbook,  §21. 

§  3.    Choice  and  Succession  of  Courses. 

HISTORY  13  is  perhaps  better  taken  in  the  Junior  or  Senior 
year,  when  the  mind  has  a  store  of  facts  and  conclusions  on 
current  politics  and  history ;  though  qualified  Sophomores  and 
even  Freshmen  may  be  admitted.  It  is  not  expected  that  the 
history  course  will  be  taken  by  the  same  student  in  the  same 
year  as  the  diplomacy  or  government  course,  inasmuch  as  the 
former,  or  its  equivalent,  is  a  preparation  for  the  two  latter. 
History  13  is  adapted  to  future  journalists,  active  business  men, 
public  men,  and  lawyers  ;  it  may  be  advantageously  taken  at 
the  same  time  as  History  12  (English  History  since  1689),  His- 


2,3]  CHOICE   OF   COURSES  13 

tory  16  (Continental  Europe  since  1713),  History  10  (Colonial 
History),  Government  4  (International  Law),  or  Economics  6 
(Economic  History  of  the  United  States).  It  is  introductory 
to  History  242  (United  States  since  the  Civil  War),  Govern- 
ment 12  (American  Political  System),  and  to  History  20e 
(Seminary  in  American  History  and  Institutions). 

HISTORY  14  is  intended  to  be  a  Senior  course,  following 
courses  in  International  Law  and  narrative  American  history. 
It  should  be  useful  to  students  of  American  territorial  and 
commercial  questions.  It  is  not  a  course  in  International  Law, 
the  general  principles  of  which  are  assumed  to  be  familiar  to 
the  students  who  elect  History  14.  This  work  is  of  graduate 
grade,  though  not  limited  to  graduates.  The  course  fits  in 
well  with  advanced  courses  in  later  European  history  and  with 
Government  15  (Advanced  International  Law). 

GOVERNMENT  12  is  intended  for  future  teachers  of  history, 
investigators  and  writers  upon  constitutional  questtons  ;  it  is 
also  adapted  for  men  who  are  to  study  politics  and  law.  A 
small  number  of  qualified  Seniors  may  be  admitted,  especially 
if  they  expect  to  follow  up  this  line  of  study  in  the  Graduate 
School.  The  course  in  government  expects  a  previous  knowl- 
edge of  the  annals  of  American  history,  for  which  History  13 
would  be  a  suitable  preparation.  History  10  (Colonial  History) 
is  also  very  desirable.  Government  1  (Constitutional  Govern- 
ment) and  Government  7  (Leading  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law),  are  more  elementary  courses  on  similar  lines;  and  His- 
tory 23  (Select  Topics  in  American  Institutions)  and  Govern- 
ment 10  (Modern  Governments)  are  parallel  in  degree  of 
advancement,  and  work  in  with  the  general  subject  of  Govern- 
ment 12.  The  course  in  government  is  often  taken  in  con- 
nection with  History  20e  (Seminary  in  American  History  and 
Institutions).  The  most  useful  parallel  course  is  Government 
14  (Constitutional  Law). 


14  PRELIMINARIES  [§§ 

For  students  who  expect  to  come  up  for  higher  degrees  in 
history  or  political  science  it  is  desirable  to  take  narrative 
courses  (such  as  History  10  or  13)  not  later  than  the  Junior 
year;  Government  courses  (as  Government  10,  11,  12)  not 
later  than  the  Senior  year ;  and  the  Seminary  in  the  Graduate 
School. 

§  4.    Previous  Preparation. 

HISTORY  13  is  intended  for  students  who  have  already  taken 
some  narrative  or  descriptive  work,  such  as  Government  1 
(Elementary  Constitutional  Government)  or  History  10  (Colonial 
History).  Those  who  have  had  neither  of  these  courses  will 
do  well  before  entering  the  course  to  read  at  least  one  of  the 
following  selections  :  (1)  Reuben  G.  Thwaites,  The  Colonies;  (2) 
John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  Henry  Cabot 
Lodge,  George  Washington,  Vol.  I ;  (3)  Albert  Bushnell  Hart, 
American  History  told  by  Contemporaries,  Vol.  II.  History  1 
(Mediaeval  and  Modern)  or  Economics  1  (Principles)  may  be 
accepted  as  a  sufficient  preliminary  training.  Mature  students, 
especially  those  coming  from  other  colleges,  will  be  admitted 
on  showing  that  they  have  had  such  previous  training .  as  will 
enable  them  to  profit  by  the  course  and  to  do  the  written 
work. 

HISTORY  14  is  a  special  course,  in  its  nature  available  only 
for  students  who  have  already  studied  the  narrative  background 
of  American  history,  and  are  familar  with  the  general  principles 
of  International  Law.  For  good  preliminary  reading,  which 
will  take  off  part  of  the  parallel  reading  of  the  course,  students 
should  go  through:  J.  H.  Latane,  Diplomatic  Relations  of 
the  United  States  and  Spanish  America;.  Eugene  Schuyler, 
American  Diplomacy ;  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Foundations  of 
American  Foreign  Policy. 

To  enter  GOVERNMENT   12  it  is  expected  that   the   student 


3-6]  TIME  NECESSARY  15 

shall  have  had  thorough  previous  training  in  American  history, 
and  shall  be  well  acquainted  with  some  other  contemporary 
field  of  history.  History  10  (Colonies),  History  13  (United 
States),  History  24a  (United  States  since  the  Civil  War), 
Government  1  (Elementary  Constitutional  Government),  Gov- 
ernment 10  (Modern  Government)  are  obvious  preparatory 
courses.  The  best  preliminary  reading  and  the  backbone  of 
the  course  is  James  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth  (2-volume 
edition) . 

§  5.    Time  Necessary  for  the  Courses. 

It  will  not  be  possible  to  do  the  work  expected  in  either  of 
these  courses  in  less  than  about  one-quarter  of  the  time  annually 
given  to  his  whole  group  of  studies  by  an  industrious  student. 
Of  this  time  most  students  probably  spend  about  one-half 
upon  the  preparation  for  the  written  work ;  the  other  half 
upon  the  general  reading  parallel  with  the  course. 

§  6.    Methods  employed  in  the  Courses. 

Neither  the  course  in  the  United  States  political  history  nor 
that  in  diplomatic  history  is  intended  to  be  a  complete  survey  of 
the  whole  field.  The  object  of  the  instruction  is  not  so  much 
to  furnish  a  body  of  information  as  to  train  students  to  apply 
what  they  learn,  and  to  compare  that  knowledge  with  the  new 
ideas  which  come  to  them.  Since  they  are  meant  to  be  training 
courses  rather  than  information  courses,  neither  of  them  forms 
a  complete  chronological  sequence ;  they  suggest  the  essential 
elements  of  American  history  and  diplomacy,  and  discuss  the 
things  which  have  really  made  a  difference  in  the  development 
of  the  country.  The  instructor  in  his  lectures  suggests  pro- 
portions and  arrangements  of  facts,  and  endeavors  to  show  the 
connection  of  events  with  each  other;  and  he  lays  much  stress 
upon  historical  geography,  especially  the  territorial  growth  of 


16  PRELIMINARIES  [§§  6-8} 

the  country  and  the  geography  of  the  slavery  question.  Details, 
are  to  be  filled  in  by  the  student  from  his  own  reading  parallel 
with  the  course.  Since  listening  to  lectures  and  reading  both 
tend  to  becoine  mechanical,  students  are  expected  in  preparing 
the  u  special  reports  "  to  acquire  practice  in  the  use  of  mate- 
rials and  in  the  application  to  constitutional  or  international 
questions  of  principles  which  they  have  already  learned.  A 
special  weekly  exercise,  the  so-called  "  weekly  papers,"  is  also 
introduced,  to  train  the  reasoning  powers  upon  the  questions 
discussed.  Finally,  examinations  are  intended  to  test  the 
judgment  and  the  sense  of  proportion  on  the  part  of  the  stu- 
dent. Students  in  either  of  the  three  courses  will  therefore 
be  expected  to  show  proficiency  in  each  of  the  following  fields, 
more  detailed  accounts  of  which  will  be  found  below : 

(1)  The  facts  and  principles  set  forth  in  the  lectures  and 
recorded  in  note-books,  including  the  historical  geography  of 
the  United  States;    the  results  to  be  tested  in  the  "weekly 
papers"  and  by  the  examinations.     See  Handbook,  §§  14-21. 

(2)  Facts    and   principles   derived    from    reading,  in  many 
cases  on  topics  not  discussed  in  detail  in  the  lectures ;  results 
also  tested  by  the  examinations.     See  Handbook,  §§  22-25. 

(3)  Ability  to  reason  on  brief  unfamiliar  questions  within 
recognized  fields,   as  shown  by  the   "  weekly  papers."      See 
Handbook,  §§  26-123. 

(4)  Such  knowledge  of  sources,  and  ability  to  combine  facts 
derived  from  them  into  a  statement  useful  for  other  people,  as 
may  be  shown  in  the  special  reports.     See  Handbook,  §§  124- 
153. 

(5)  An  ability  to  retain  and  to  apply  the  principles  gained 
from  the  work  of  the  course,  including  the  parallel  reading,  as 
tested  in  examinations.     See  Handbook,  §§  154-160. 


PART    II 

MATERIALS 

§  7.    Use  of  Books. 

Inasmuch  as  the  value  of  both  the  historical  and  narrative 
courses  lies  chiefly  in  the  use  of  one's  own  powers,  it  is  ex- 
pected that  all  students  will  acquire  the  habit  of  using  books, 
and  many  books.  Brief  text-books  will  be  required,  but  must 
be  supplemented  by  wide  reading  in  the  general  literature  on 
the  subject ;  and  the  courses  are  so  arranged  that  students  may 
often  read  the  most  important  chapters  of  several  books  rather 
than  the  whole  of  any  elaborate  work.  The  use  of  biblio- 
graphical helps  will  be  enforced  at  the  beginning  of  the  narra- 
tive course  (HISTORY  13)  by  a  bibliographical  report  (Handbook, 
§  129)  ;  and  constitutional  or  international  treatises  are  to  be 
examined  as  a  beginning  for  the  work  on  "papers"  (Hand- 
book, §§  26-31).  The  sources  will  be  used  for  most  of  the 
special  reports  in  all  the  courses  (Handbook,  §§  124-153). 
Throughout  the  courses,  students  will  be  expected  to  acquire 
their  knowledge  of  facts  and  their  foundation  for  conclusions 
from  a  variety  of  material. 

§  8.    Libraries  Available. 

To  make  it  possible  to  do  work  of  the  kind  just  described, 
generous   library   facilities   are   necessary.      In   the    Harvard 
College  Library  will  be  found  three  special  collections  of  books 
intended  respectively  for  the  three  courses. 
2  17 


18  MATERIALS  [§§ 

For  HISTORY  13  the  old  Art  Room  in  the  College  Library  is 
practically  an  alcove  of  reserved  books  on  Colonial  and  United 
States  history.  It  contains  most  of  the  standard  books  neces- 
sary for  the  course,  arranged  alphabetically  by  ranges,  many 
of  them  in  duplicate  or  triplicate  copies. 

For  HISTORY  14  there  is  a  special  case  of  reserved  books  in 
the  Library  Reading  Room,  in  connection  with  which  should 
also  be  used  the  adjacent  case  on  International  Law. 

In  another  place  are  the  books  for  GOVERNMENT  12,  arranged 
with  the  reserved  books  for  several  other  college  courses  on 
government,  under  the  rubric  "  Government,"  alphabetically 
by  authors,  in  one  alphabetization. 

In  the  Library  Reading  Room  are  catalogues  and  other  biblio- 
graphical aids,  and  at  the  desk  are  deposited  special  copies  of 
the  Handbook;  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide  to  the  Study  of 
American  History  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Foundations  of  American  For- 
eign Policy ;  and  A.  B.  Hart,  Actual  Government ;  each  bear- 
ing in  the  margin  the  library  numbers  of  the  books  cited. 
The  valuable  collection  of  government  documents,  records,  and 
debates  of  Congress,  including  a  set  of  the  opinions  of  the 
Attorneys  General  and  of  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
are  in  the  old  Art  Room. 

In  the  Delivery  Room  of  the  Library  is  the  card  catalogue, 
a  practical  knowledge  of  which  will  be  one  of  the  earliest 
requirements  of  the  courses. 

Several  other  collections  of  books  are  available  in  Cambridge. 
Full  sets  of  the  decisions  of  State  Courts,  and  of  the  United 
States  District,  Circuit,  and  Supreme  Courts,  and  also  the 
digests,  are  in  the  Law  School  Library,  which  is  not  accessible 
for  ordinary  use  by  college  students.  The  library  of  the  Har- 
vard Union  is  expected  to  include  books  commonly  used  for 
reference  in  college  courses ;  and  several  of  the  clubs  have  a 
like  provision.  The  Cambridge  Public  Library  on  Broadway, 


8,  9]  LIBRARIES  19 

not  far  from  the  College  Yard,  may  be  used  by  any  continuing 
resident  of  Cambridge. 

In  Boston,  the  magnificent  collections  of  the  Boston  Public 
Library  (Copley  Square)  are  generously  open  for  use  in  the 
building  to  all  comers.  A  remarkable  set  of  United  States 
Public  Documents  will  be  found  convenient  for  work  on  special 
reports  by  students  who  live  in  Boston,  or  have  not  the  use  of 
the  College  Library.  Within  the  Public  Library  is  Bates  Hall, 
with  a  large  select  collection,  open  in  the  evening.  The  Massa- 
chusetts State  Library  (State  House)  has  a  valuable  set 
of  documents  and  State  statutes.  The  Social  Law  Library 
(Suffolk  County  Court  House)  can  be  consulted  through  law- 
yers who  are  members.  The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society 
(Boylston  Street  and  the  Fenway)  has  a  special  collection  on 
early  Colonial  history,  of  great  value ;  it  can  be  used  by  intro- 
duction from  the  instructor  in  the  courses.  The  Boston  Athe- 
naeum (old  building  on  Beacon  Hill,  new  building  on  Arlington 
Street)  has  important  files  of  newspapers,  and  is  rich  in  mate- 
rials for  diplomatic  history.  It  is  a  private  library,  from  which 
books  may  be  drawn  only  by  shareholders ;  but  in  case  of 
necessity,  it  is  courteously  open  to  qualified  students  who 
have  a  definite  purpose. 

One  of  the  necessities  for  training  men  in  history  and  gov- 
ernment is  that  they  understand  how  to  use  libraries,  through 
catalogues,  check-lists,  bibliographies,  footnotes  to  secondary 
writers,  and  such  aids.  The  special  report  work  (Handbook, 
§§  124-153)  will  both  train  and  test  such  knowledge. 

§  9.    Text-books. 

Each  of  the  three  courses  will  be  backed  up  by  a  brief  general 
book  or  set  of  books,  intended  to  give  to  the  student  early  in 
his  study  a  connected  view  of  the  whole  subject,  and  to  furnish 
an  essential  body  of  facts.  Students  are  expected  to  own 


20  MATERIALS  [§§ 

these  books,  including  this   Handbook,  or   to   have   constant 
access  to  them. 

In  HISTORY  13  no  single  volume  or  set  of  books  has  yet 
been  published  which  covers  the  whole  field  in  convenient 
form.  The  basal  text-books  will  therefore  be  three,  costing 
together  about  $4 : 

Handbook  of  the  History ',  Diplomacy,  and  Government  of 
the  United  States  (Cambridge,  Harvard  University,  1901). 

Epochs  of  American  History,  Vols.  II,  III  (rev.  ed.,  N.  Y., 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  1897). 

Alexander  Johnston,  History  of  American  Politics  (rev.  ed., 
N.  Y.,  Holt,  1892). 

For  HISTORY  14  the  text-book  will  be:  John  B.  Moore, 
American  Foreign  Policy  (in  preparation,  to  be  published  by 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  N.  Y.).  Until  that  book  is  issued, 
the  text-books  will  be  the  three  following,  and  should  cost 
about  $4 : 

John  W.  Foster,  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  1776- 
1876  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  1900). 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  The  Foundations  of  American  Foreign 
Policy  (N.  Y.,  Macmillan,  1901). 

Eugene  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy  and  the  Furtherance 
of  Commerce  (N.  Y.,  Scribner,  1886). 

For  GOVERNMENT  12  the  main  text-books  will  be  two,  costing 
about  $5  : 

James  Bryce,  The  American  Commonwealth  (2  vols.,  rev. 
ed.,  N.  Y.,  Macmillan,  1893-1895). 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Actual  Government  (N.  Y.,  Longmans, 
Green  &  Co.,  1902). 


9, 10]  TEXT  AND  REFERENCE  BOOKS  21 

§  10.    Essential    Reference    Books. 

In  addition  to  the  text-books,  for  each  course  there  will  be 
necessary  a  small  number  of  books  which  all  students  will  be 
expected  to  use,  and  to  which  they  should  have  constant  access. 

In  HISTORY  13  the  essential  reference  books  are  as  follows; 
the  set  of  six  volumes  and  one  pamphlet  costs  about  $19  : 

Channiug  and  Hart,  Guide  to  the  Study  of  American  History 
(Boston,  1896).  —  A  classified  and  topical  bibliography  of  Colo- 
nial and  Federal  history  to  1865,  especially  useful  in  the  work 
on  special  reports.  Special  copy  with  library  numbers  in  the 
Reading  Room. 

Text  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  The  most 
convenient  verbatim  text  is  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  8. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  General  Principles  of  Constitutional  Law 
in  the  United  States  (3d.  ed.,  McLaughlin's,  Boston,  1898). — 
The  standard  brief  treatise  on  Constitutional  Law. 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  American  History  told  by  Contem- 
poraries, Vols.  Ill,  IV  (N.  Y.,  1901).  —  This  is  a  set  of  related 
extracts,  prepared  with  special  view  to  the  needs  of  classes 
in  United  States  History. 

James  Bradley  Thayer,  Select  Cases  in  Constitutional  Law, 
with  Notes  (2  vols.,  Cambridge,  1895). — The  standard  collec- 
tion of  cases,  almost  indispensable  for  the  "weekly  papers" 
and  available  for  later  use  in  the  Law  School.  Emlin  McClain's 
one-volume  collection  to  some  degree  serves  the  same  purpose. 

In  HISTORY  14  the  essential  books,  besides  the  text-books,  are 
as  follows.  They  should  cost  about  $8  : 

William  Edward  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.,  Oxford, 
1895).  — The  best  single-volume  treatise,  with  many  references 
to  American  precedent. 

John  H.  Latane,   The  Diplomatic  Relations   of  the    United 


22  MATERIALS  [§§ 

States  and  Spanish  America  (Baltimore,  1900). — The  best  ac- 
count of  that  subject,  with  good  footnotes. 

United  States,  Treaties  and  Conventions  concluded  between  the 
United  States  and  Other  Powers  (Washington,  1889). 

Francis  Wharton,  A  Digest  of  the  International  Law  of  the 
United  States  (3  vols.,  Washington,  1886).  —  Invaluable  ex- 
tracts from  official  instructions,  opinions,  and  dispatches ;  can 
be  picked  up  at  second-hand  for  about  $3 ;  new  edition  in 
preparation  by  J.  B.  Moore. 

GOVERNMENT  12.  The  books  most  used  in  the  course r 
besides  the  text-books,  are  as  follows.  They  should  cost 
about  $10: 

M.  P.  Follet,  The  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
(N.  Y.,  1896).  —  The  best  study  of  the  workings  of  Congres- 
sional government. 

Frank  J.  Goodnow,  Comparative  Administrative  Law  (2 
vols.,  N.  Y.,  1893).  — To  a  large  degree  a  treatise  on  Ameri- 
can practical  government,  as  established  by  court  decisions; 
valuable  on  State  and  local  government  as  well  as  national. 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  The  American  Government,  National  and 
State  (rev.  ed.,  Chicago,  1895). —  A  sane  and  comprehensive 
book,  with  special  interest  in  actual  precedent. 

Clara  Hannah  Kerr,  The  Origin  and  Development  of  the 
United  States  Senate  (Ithaca,  1895). 

Delos  F.  Wilcox,  The  Study  of  City  Government;  an  Outline 
of  the  Problem  of  Municipal  Functions,  Control,  and  Organiza- 
tion (N.  Y.,  1897).  —A  statement  in  a  single  volume  of  the  diffi- 
culties and  solutions  of  municipal  government. 

§  ii.    Special  Collections  in  History. 
Every  college  student  ought  to  be  laying  the  foundations  for 
his  own  library.     In  the  field  of  American  history,  diplomacy, 


10;  11]  SPECIAL    COLLECTIONS  IN  HISTORY  28 

and  government  there  is  a  considerable  literature  of  permanent 
interest  and  value.  For  purposes  of  study  an  excellent  plan 
is  for  several  students  to  join  together,  each  contributing  a 
share  to  a  small  collection  which  may  be  used  by  all  in  com- 
mon during  their  college  course,  dividing  them  at  the  end  or 
presenting  them  to  the  College  Library. 

In  United  States  history  three  special  bibliographies  will  aid 
in  the  intelligent  purchase  of  books. 

Channing  and  Hart,  Guide  to  the  Study  of  American  History 
(Boston,  1896),  §§  15-39.  —  Has  select  lists  of  writers,  without 
critical  notes. 

Josephus  N.  Lamed,  The  Literature  of  American  History, 
A  Bibliographical  Guide  (N.  Y.,  1902).  —  A  list  of  several 
thousand  books  on  American  history,  each  with  a  critical  note 
by  an  expert. 

New  England  History  Teachers'  Association,  Historical 
Sources  in  Schools  (N.  Y.,  1902).  — Alphabetical  and  topical 
lists  on  various  fields  of  history. 

For  HISTORY  13,  $20  will  buy  the  text-books  and  essential 
reference  books. 

For  $30  may  be  purchased  the  text-books,  essential  refer- 
ence books,  and  the  following : 

The  following  volumes  of  the  American  Statesmen  series ;  all 
these  volumes  were  issued  in  revised  editions  from  1898  to 
1900.  —  Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  George  Washington  (2  vols.),  and 
Alexander  Hamilton.  — John  T.  Morse,  Thomas  Jefferson,  and 
Abraham  Lincoln  (2  vols.).  —  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay  (2 
vols.).  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun. 

Edward  Stanwood,  History  of  the  Presidency  (Boston,  1898) 
(a  revision  of  the  author's  earlier  History  of  Presidential 
Elections) . 


24  MATERIALS  [§§ 

For  $50  the  best  choice  will  be  the  text-books  and  essential 
reference  books,  the  additional  volumes  in  the  $30  set,  and  the 
following : 

Davis  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States 
(N.Y.,  1902). 

Alexander  Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn's  ed.,  4 
vols.,  N.  Y.,  1896-1897).  —  Short  select  orations  by  the  most 
eminent  Americans,  with  notes. 

William  MacDonald,  Select  Documents  illustrative  of  the  His- 
tory of  the  United  States  (N.  Y.,  1898). —  This  volume  covers 
the  period  1776-1861. 

William  MacDonald,  Select  Statutes  (1902).  —  On  the  period 
1861-1900. 

James  Ford  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States  since  the 
Compromise  of  1850  (4  vols.,  down  to  1865,  N.  Y.,  1893-1899). 

Joseph  Story,  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  (3  vols.  or  2  vols. ;  best  edition  is  Cooley's,  Boston,  1873). 

F.  WT.  Taussig,  Tariff  History  of  the  United  States,  1789- 
1887  (4th  ed.,  N.  Y.,  1898). 

For  $100  the  best  choice  will  be  the  text-books,  essential 
reference  books,  and  the  following : 

Henry  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States  during  the 
Administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison  (9  vols.,  N.  Y., 
1889-1891). 

American  Statesmen  (31  vols.  and  1  vol.  of  index,  Boston, 
1898-1900). 

Edward  Channing,  The  United  States,  1765-1865  (N.  Y., 
1896). 

George  Ticknor  Curtis,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States  (2  vols.,  N,  Y.,  1889-1896). 

Judson  S.  Landou,  The  Constitutional  History  and  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  (rev.  ed.,  Boston,  1900). 


11,  12]          SPECIAL   COLLECTIONS  IN  DIPLOMACY  25 

John  Bach  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States  (5  vols.  published,  coming  down  to  1830,  N.Y.,  1883-). 

James  Ford  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States  since  the 
Compromise  of  1850  (4  vols.,  down  to  1865,  N.  Y.,  1893- 
1899). 

James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States  (6  vols.,  rev. 
ed.,  N.  Y.,  1895-1899). 

Joseph  Story,  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  (2  vols.,  Cooley's  ed.,  Boston,  1873). 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States  (7 
vols.  and  index  vol.,  Chicago,  1877-1892). 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law  of  the  United  States 
(Mason's  translation,  Chicago,  1887). 

§  12.    Special  Collections  in  Diplomacy. 

In  the  selection  of  handy  books  for  the  study  of  American 
diplomacy,  help  may  be  found  in  A.  B.  Hart,  The  Foundations 
of  American  Foreign  Policy,  ch.  viii,  which  is  a  brief  clas- 
sified bibliography ;  and  in  J.  N.  Lamed,  The  Literature  of 
American  History,  A  Bibliographical  Guide,  which  is  an  ex- 
tensive annotated  list  of  books.  There  will  also  be  topical 
bibliographies  in  J.  B.  Moore,  American  Foreign  Policy,  when 
published. 

For  $12  the  text-books  and  essential  reference  books  may 
be  obtained. 

For  $20  may  be  purchased  the  text-books,  essential  refer- 
ence books,  and  the  following : 

American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  2,  3,  6,  7,  14,  19,  34  (N.  Y., 
1892-). 

William  Eleroy  Curtis,  The  United  States  and  Foreign 
Powers  (N.  Y.,1899). 


26  MATERIALS  [§§ 

Alfred  T.  Mahan,  The  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  His- 
tory, 1660-1783  (Boston,  1890). —  A  very  important  book. 

Freeman  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions  in  International  Law 
(Boston,  1893). 

Ira  Dudley  Travis,  The  History  of  the  Clayton- Bulwer  Treaty 
(Ann  Arbor,  1900). 

Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  The  Study  of  International  Law  (6th 
ed.,  N.  Y.,  1891).  — An  excellent  treatise  with  a  conspectus 
of  treaties. 

For  $30  may  be  bought  the  $20  set  and  (when  the  pur- 
poses of  the  government  printing  office  are  perfected)  James 
D.  Richardson,  Compilation  of  the  Messages  and  Papers  of  the 
Presidents,  1789-1897  (10  vols.,  Washington,  1896-1899). 

For  $50  may  be  bought  the  $30  set  and  the  following  : 

Frederic  Bancroft,  Life  of  William  H.  Seward  (2  vols., 
N.  Y.,  1900). 

James  Morton  Callahan,  American  Relations  in  the  Pacific 
and  Far  East,  1784-1900  (Baltimore,  1901). 

James  Morton  Callahan,  Cuba  and  International  Relations 
(Baltimore,  1899). 

Lindley  Miller  Keasbey,  The  Nicaragua  Canal  and  the 
Monroe  Doctrine  (N.  Y.,  1896). 

Lowrie  and  Clarke,  American  State  Papers,  Foreign  (6 
vols.,  Washington,  1832-1859).  —  Only  at  second-hand. 

Alfred  T.  Mahan,  The  Interest  of  America  in  Sea  Powers, 
Present  and  Future  (Boston,  1897). 

Freeman  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics  in  American  Diplomacy 
(Boston,  1894). 

For  $100  the  collector  should  seek,  in  addition  to  the  $50  set, 
for  the  collected  works  of  John  Adams,  Benjamin  Franklin, 


12,13]      SPECIAL   COLLECTIONS  IN   GOVERNMENT  27 

John  Jay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  William  H.  Seward,  and  Daniel 
Webster ;  for  Wharton,  Correspondence  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution, and  for  any  volumes  of  the  Foreign  Relations  (since 
1861). 

§  13.    Special  Collections  in  Government. 

The  materials  on  government  in  the  United  States  are  as  yet 
very  little  systematized,  and  there  is  no  formal  bibliography. 
In  A.  B.  Hart,  Actual  Government  (N.  Y.,  1902),  will  be 
found  a  brief  list  of  general  books,  and  some  topical  bibliogra- 
phies. In  J.  N.  Larned,  The  Literature  of  American  History, 
A  Bibliographical  Guide  (N.  Y.,  1902),  will  be  found  com- 
ment, criticism,  and  descriptions  of  treatises  and  discussions 
of  American  government.  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for 
Debate  (N.  Y.,  1896),  has  seventy-five  briefs,  with  detailed 
references,  chiefly  on  governmental  subjects. 

For  about  $13  may  be  bought  the  text-books  and  essential 
reference  books. 

For  $20  should  be  purchased  the  text-books,  essential  refer- 
ence books,  and  the  following : 

Edward  C banning,  Town  and  County  Government  in  the 
English  Colonies  of  North  America  (Baltimore,  1884). 

Henry  Jones  Ford,  The  Rise  and  Growth  of  American  Poli- 
tics (N.  Y.,  1898). 

J.  Franklin  Jameson,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Con- 
stitutional and  Political  History  of  the  States  (Baltimore, 
1886). 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  Essays  on  Practical  Politics  (N.  Y., 
1888). 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law  of  the  United  States 
(Mason's  translation,  Chicago,  1887). 


28  MATERIALS  [§ 

Westel  W.  Willoughby,  Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citi- 
zenhip  (N.  Y.,  1898). 

For  $30,  the  $20  set  and  the  following  books: 

Frederick  W.  Dallinger,  Nominations  for  Elective  Office 
(N.  Y.,  1897). 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Practical  Essays  in  American  Govern- 
ment (N.  Y.,  1893). 

George  E.  Howard,  Introduction  to  the  Local  Constitutional 
History  of  the  United  States  (Baltimore,  1889). 

J.  Franklin  Jameson,  Essays  in  the  Constitutional  History 
of  the  United  States  (Boston,  1889). 

A.  Lawrence  Lowell,  Essays  on  Government  (Boston,  1889). 

Alexis  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America  (2  vols.,  1835- 
1840 ;  several  translations). 

For  $50,  the  $30  set  and  the  following  works : 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  A  Treatise  on  Constitutional  Limita- 
tions (6th  ed.,  Boston,  1890). 

Davis  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States 
(1902). 

John  Dean  Goss,  The  History  of  Tariff  Administration  in 
the  United  States  (N.  Y.,  1891). 

John  Alexander  Jameson,  A  Treatise  on  Constitutional  Con- 
ventions (4th  ed.,  Chicago,  1887). 

James  D.  Richardson,  A  Compilation  of  the  Messages  and 
Papers  of  the  Presidents,  1789-1897  (10  vols.,  Washington, 
1896-1899).  —  It  is  expected  that  this  set  will  be  sold  at  cost 
(about  $10)  by  the  government. 

Joseph  Story,  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  (2  vols., 
Cooley's  ed.,  Boston,  1873). 

Westel  W.  Willoughby,  The  Supreme  Court  (Baltimore, 
1890). 


13]  SPECIAL   COLLECTIONS  IN  GOVERNMENT  29 

Woodrow  Wilson,  The  State,  Elements  of  Historical  and 
Practical  Politics  (rev.  ed.,  Boston,  1898). 

For  $100,  the  $50  set  and  the  following : 

George  Ticknor  Curtis,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States  (2  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1889-1896). 

Judson  S.  Landon,  The  Constitutional  History  and  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  (rev.  ed.,  Boston,  1900). 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  Historical  and  Political  Essays  (Boston, 
1892). 

James  Bradley  Thayer,  Cases  on  Constitutional  Law  (2  vols., 
Cambridge,  1895). 

The  best  treatises  on  constitutional  law  (for  list  see  Hand- 
book, §  31b),  especially  Burgess,  Cooley,  Foster,  Hare,  Miller, 
Ordronaux,  Tucker,  Wharton. 

For  further  titles,  see  A.  B.  Hart,  Actual  Government, 
Introduction. 


PAET   III 
LECTURES 

§  14.   Character  of  the  Lectures. 

The  historical  lectures  in  HISTORY  13  are  not  intended  to  form 
a  continuous  narrative,  or  to  present  detailed  statements  of  fact, 
except  in  cases  where  information  in  books  is  scanty  or  inac- 
cessible ;  they  are  designed  to  show  the  relation  between  facts, 
to  point  out  causes  and  effects,  to  set  in  relief  the  principal 
public  men,  and  to  develop  principles.  Every  student  will  be 
expected  to  take  his  own  notes,  and  to  add  to  .them  from  his 
reading.  The  lectures  will  be  illustrated  by  special  maps  and 
charts.  The  lecturer  will  always  welcome  requests  from  stu- 
dents for  a  clearer  statement  of  any  point,  or  for  the  treatment 
of  omitted  subjects.  The  topics  proposed  to  be  taken  up  in 
each  lecture  may  be  seen  below  (Handbook,  §  19). 

In  HISTORY  14  the  lectures  will  form  a  closer  and  more 
specific  body  of  material,  but  must  be  diligently  supplemented 
by  reading.  For  the  list  of  lectures,  see  below  (Handbook, 
§20). 

In  GOVERNMENT  12  the  lectures  are  indispensable  to  an 
understanding  of  the  subject,  since  they  are  based  upon 
materials  little  accessible  in  books,  and  contain  much  illustra- 
tion taken  from  the  current  practice  of  government  in  the 
United  States.  The  lectures  will  be  illustrated  by  maps  and 
charts.  A  list  of  the  topics  treated  will  be  found  below  (Hand- 
book, §  21). 

30 


[§§  14-17]  ATTENDANCE  31 

§  15.   Attendance. 

Since  the  lectures  in  both  narrative  and  descriptive  courses 
are  intended  to  group  facts  and  to  show  relations  not  brought 
out  by  single  books,  to  make  up  an  omitted  lecture  by  reading 
outside  is  often  impossible.  Absence,  therefore,  beyond  what 
might  naturally  be  caused  by  sickness  and  other  accidental 
reasons,  creates  a  presumption  that  a  student  is  not  doing  the 
work  of  the  course. 

§  16.    Note-taking. 

Every  student  will  find  it  to  his  advantage  to  take  careful 
notes  on  the  lectures,  and  on  all  authorities  which  he  reads. 
The  practice  trains  the  mind  to  condense  and  to  grasp  ma- 
terials ;  and  the  note-book  should  cement  the  parts  of  the 
course  together,  and  should  receive  additions  from  the  read- 
ing. Methods  and  results  in  note-taking  are  considered  in 
Channing  and  Hart,  Guide,  §§  62,  63.  Students  are  con- 
stantly advised  to  summarize  their  notes  by  headings  and 
marginal  catchwords,  for  the  practice  is  very  helpful  for  fix- 
ing principles  in  the  mind. 

§  17.    Historical  Geography. 

An  essential  part  of  the  work  in  all  the  courses,  particularly 
in  the  historical  and  diplomatic,  will  be  a  study  of  the  histor- 
ical geography  of  the  United  States.  This  will  include  a 
sketch  of  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  country  and 
their  influence  on  its  history ;  a  general  knowledge  of  the  ter- 
ritorial growth  of  the  United  States ;  the  more  important  polit- 
ical subdivisions;  an  understanding  of  the  relations  between 
the  slavery  question  and  historical  geography ;  and  a  know- 
ledge of  the  geography  of  our  dependencies.  The  data  will  be 
furnished  in  lectures,  illustrated  by  maps.  The  things  to  be 
remembered  are  few  and  simple,  but  they  are  very  important. 


32  LECTURES  [§§ 

In  HISTORY  13  the  instructor  usually  reviews  the  geo- 
graphical questions  in  an  extra  lecture  at  the  end  of  each 
half-year. 

In  HISTORY  14  all  the  territorial  negotiations,  treaties,  and 
controversies  need  geographical  illustration. 

In  GOVERNMENT  12  the  geography  is  brought  out  particu- 
larly in  the  description  of  the  elements  of  American  govern- 
ment, and  in  the  discussion  of  territorial,  war,  and  foreign 
powers. 

The  authorities  on  the  historical  geography  of  the  United 
States  are  enumerated  and  described  in  Channing  and  Hart, 
Guide  to  the  Study  of  American  History,  §  21.  R.  H.  Lab- 
berton,  Historical  Atlas,  contains  some  historical  maps,  not 
entirely  accurate,  which  have  been  republished,  with  corrections 
and  additions,  in  Townsend  MacCoun,  Historical  Geography  of 
the  United  States.  The  Epochs  of  American  History  contains 
a  series  of  maps,  which  are  gathered  together  and  republished 
in  A.  B.  Hart,  Epoch  Maps  illustrating  American  History. 
B.  A.  Hinsdale,  How  to  Study  and  Teach  History,  has  the 
best  discussion  of  the  relations  of  American  geography  to 
history.  The  best  school  text-books  in  American  history  — 
as  Channing,  Gordy,  Johnston  (MacDonald's  ed.),  McLaugh- 
lin,  Mowry,  Thomas  —  have  good  and  abundant  historical 
maps. 

§  18.    Personality. 

All  history  is  the  record  of  the  activity  of  men,  and  neither 
narrative  nor  description  is  complete  unless  we  can  feel  the 
personality  of  those  who  have  most  affected  the  course  of 
events.  Throughout  all  the  courses,  therefore,  the  attempt 
will  be  made  to  bring  out  the  human  side,  to  portray  indi- 
viduality, to  show  the  marvelous  effect  of  leadership. 

In  HISTORY  13  the  great  Americans  will  be  taken  up  from 


17,  18]  PERSONALITY  33 

time  to  time  in  connection  with  the  events  and  policies  which 
best  illustrate  their  character  and  services ;  and  suitable  read- 
ings on  this  phase  of  the  course  are  indicated  in  the  list  of 
lectures  (Handbook,  §  19). 

In  HISTORY  14  the  personal  side  is  rather  less  evident ;  but 
the  diplomats,  American  and  foreign,  who  have  most  affected 
negotiations  and  treaties,  and  have  done  most  to  establish  prin- 
ciples of  international  law,  will  be  discussed  as  they  come 
(Handbook,  §  20). 

In  GOVERNMENT  12  the  force  of  individuality  is  less  marked, 
because  we  deal  with  general  practice  established  by  millions  of 
separate  individuals  in  localities,  municipalities,  and  States; 
nevertheless,  a  few  men  who  have  set  their  mark  on  the  theories 
and  workings  of  our  governments  will  be  mentioned  (Handbook, 
§21). 

For  the  characterization  of  public  men  the  most  convenient 
books  are  the  various  biographies ;  select  list  in  Channing  and 
Hart,  Guide,  §  25.  The  aids  and  collections  for  a  study  of 
biography  are  described  below  (Handbook,  §  129).  For  a  list 
of  encyclopedias  and  biographical  dictionaries,  Channing  and 
Hart,  Guide,  §  17.  There  are  several  series  of  handy  col- 
lected biographies,  of  which  the  following  is  a  list: 

Jared  Sparks,  editor,  American  Biographies  (25  vols.,  Bos- 
ton, 1834-1848).  —  Written  by  Sparks  and  others  under  his 
editorship,  often  very  well  done. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  editor,  American  Statesmen  (31  vols. 
and  index  vol.,  Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  1898-1900). 
—  All  the  volumes  of  this  series,  begun  about  1880,  have 
been  recently  revised,  and  a  new  edition  issued;  but  the  older 
editions  are  almost  equally  desirable. 

Beacon  Biographies  (25  vols.  to  1901,  Boston,  Small,  May- 
nard  &  Co.,   1899-).  —  Brief   and  pungent  biographies,  espe- 
cially aimed  to  bring  out  character  and  public  services. 
3 


34  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§§ 

Makers  of  America  (18  vols.,  N.  Y.,  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co., 
1890-1892). 

Riverside  Biographies  (9  vols.  to  1901,  Boston,  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.,  1900-). 

Biographical  History  of  the  United  States  (N.  Y.,  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co.,  1902-). 

The  "  True"  Biographies  (Phila.,  Lippincott). 

§  19.  List  of  Lectures  in  History  13.  Constitutional 
and  Political  History  of  the  United  States,  1781-1865. 

HISTORY  13  will  hereafter  cover  the  period  from  the  end  of 
the  Revolution  to  the  end  of  the  Civil  War.  The  first  half- 
year  will  include  the  period  1781  to  1829;  the  second  half- 
year  will  continue  from  1829  to  1865. 

Whenever  a  statesman  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  a 
lecture,  he  is  chosen  as  typifying  the  general  topic  of  the 
lecture. 

In  connection  with  the  groups  of  lectures  will  be  found  sug- 
gestions for  parallel  readings ;  and  on  most  of  the  lectures  a 
few  special  significant  references  appear.  These  readings  do 
not  include  references  to  the  text-books,  acquaintance  with 
which  is  taken  for  granted.  The  list  also  shows  the  relation 
of  the  weekly  papers  to  the  lectures. 

Exact  titles  of  the  books  to  which  reference  is  made  will  be 
found  elsewhere  in  the  Handbook  (use  the  index),  or  in  the 
Guide  (use  the  asterisks  in  the  index). 

The  abbreviated  references  in  the  List  of  Lectures  are  as 
follows : 

Contemporaries  —  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  American  History 
told  by  Contemporaries  (4  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1897-1901). 

Guide  — Edward  Channing  and  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Guide 
to  the  Study  of  American  History  (Boston,  1896). 

Handbook — this  book  (Cambridge,  1901). 


18-19a]       ELEMENTS   OF   UNITED  STATES  HISTORY       35 

§  iga.  Elements  of  United  States  History. 

READINGS  PARALLEL  TO  THE  GROUP  OF  LECTURES  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §§  56a  (p.  181),  566  (pp.    186-188). 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American  Government,  25-50. 

Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  1-56. 

W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,  ch.  xii 
(reprinted  in  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  The  American  Revolution, 
1763-1783,  1-46). 

Joseph  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  40-197. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  OF  LECTURES: 
No.  1.     Use  of  constitutional  authorities :  Handbook,  §  32. 
No.  2.     English  control  and   Colonial   government :   Hand- 
book, §  33. 

Lect.  1.  Aims  and  methods  of  the  course:  Handbook,  §§ 
1-6. 

Lect.  2.  Authorities  and  how  to  use  them:  Handbook,  §§ 
7-13,32;  Guide,  §§  15-35,  44,  55;  Contemporaries, 
III,  §§  1-9,  IV,  §§  1-6;  J.  N.  Larned,  Literature  of 
American  History;  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to 
Presidential  Administrations;  New  England  His- 
tory Teachers'  Association,  Historical  Sources  in 
Schools. 

Lect.  3.  (1492-1900)  Territorial  elements  of  United  States 
history:  Handbook,  §§  17,  63-65;  Guide,  §§  77, 
78,  144;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  How  to  Study  and  Teach 
History. 

Lect.  4.  (1607-1900)  The  people  of  the  United  States:  Hand- 
book, §§'55,  87,  94,  97,  98,  105,  119;  Guide,  §  145; 
Contemporaries,  II,  §§  80-108,  III,  §§  10-36,  151- 
157,  IV,  §§  75-83,  203-209  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Expansion 
of  the  American  People,  17-47  ;  C.  D.  Wright,  Prac- 
tical Sociology,  §§  9-32,  60-71. 


36  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§§ 

Lect.  5.  (1607-1775)  Inheritance  of  English  political  insti- 
tutions ;  and  Thomas  Hutchinson :  Handbook,  §  33 ; 
Guide,  §  146 ;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  chs.  i- 
xii;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Select  Cases,  I,  1-47;  J.  Story, 
Commentaries,  §§  146-197;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Thomas 
Hutchinson. 

Lect.  6.  (1607-1775)  Colonial  system  of  government;  and 
Benjamin  Franklin  :  Handbook,  §  33  ;  Guide,  §  147  ; 
Contemporaries,  II,  §§  45-79;  J.  Story,  Commen- 
taries, §§  159-182  ;  J.  T.  Morse,  Benjamin  Franklin  ; 
Benjamin  Franklin,  Autobiography. 

§  igb.   (1775-1788)   First  Federal  Government. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  182),  §  566  (p.  190). 

Sources  in  Contemporaries,  II,  §§  102-108,  184-190,  205- 
210,  III,  §§  37-53;  Mabel  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  chs.  xiii- 
xvi;  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  11,  14,  20,  28. 

George  Ticknor  Curtis,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States,  I,  chs.  i-xv. 

John  Fiske,  The  Critical  Period  of  American  History. 

Richard  Hildreth,  United  States,  III,  'chs.  xliv-xlviii. 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American  Government,  chs.  iv-vi  (pp. 
64-86). 

Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  57-76. 

Francis  A.  Walker,  Making  of  the  Nation,  ch.  i. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  3.    Is  the  Union  older  than  the  States?     Handbook,  §  34. 
No.  4.   Powers  and  functions  of  the  Confederation :  Hand- 
book, §  35. 

Lect.  7.    (1750-1776)  Union   and   independence;    and  Samuel 


19a,  19b]  FIRST  FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT  37 

Adams:  Handbook,  §  34;  Guide,  §§  136,  137; 
Contemporaries,  II,  §§  184-190;  American  History 
Leaflets,  Nos.  7,  11,  14;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Samuel 
Adams. 

Lect.  8.  (1775-1781)  The  Articles  of  Confederation  ;  and  John 
Dickinson:  Handbook,  §  35;  Guide,  §§  142,  149; 
Contemporaries,  II,  §§  189,  205,  209,  III,  §§  37-41; 
compared  text,  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  20; 
C.  J.  Stille,  John  Dickinson. 

Lect.  9.  (1780-1788)  First  national  territories;  and  Rufus 
Putnam:  Handbook,  §§  63-65,  69;  Guide,  §§  150, 161; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  42-47 ;  American  History 
Leaflets,  Nos.  22,  32 ;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents, 
ch.  xvi;  Cutlers,  Life,  Journals,  and  Correspond- 
ence of  Manasseh  Cutler ;  M.  Cone,  Rufus  Putnam  ; 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  II,  chs.  x-xii, 
III,,  chs.  i-vi;  T.  Roosevelt,  Episodes  from  the  Win- 
ning of  the  West,  chs.  xiv-xix ;  A .  B.  Hart,  Founda- 
tions of  American  Foreign  Policy,  §§  42-44;  B.  A. 
Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  chs.  xi-xvi. 

Lect.10.  (1781-1788)  Finances  and  commerce;  and  Robert 
Morris:  Handbook,  §  35;  Guide,  §  151;  Contem- 
poraries, II,  §§  206-208,  210,  III,  §§  48,  50;  W. 
G.  Sumner,  Financier  and  Finances  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

Lect.  11.  (1619-1788)  The  slavery  question;  and  Samuel 
Sewall :  Guide,  §§  148,  152;  Contemporaries,  I, 
§§  86,  87,  154,  II,  §§  102-108;  M.  S.  Locke,  Anti- 
slavery  in  America,  §§  124-142,  168-170. 

Lect.  12.  (1783-1788)  State  and  foreign  relations;  and  John 
Jay:  Handbook,  §§  70,  71;  Guide,  §  153;  Contem- 
poraries, III,  §§  51-53;  T.  Lyman,  American  Di- 
plomacy I,  chs.  v-vii,  xi ;  G.  Pellew,  John  Jay. 


38  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§ 

§  igc.  (1786-1793)   The  Federal  Constitution. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (pp.  182,  183),  §  566  (p.  190), 
§§  154,  156. 

Sources  in  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  54-82 ;  Mabel  Hill, 
liberty  Documents,  ch.  xvii ;  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos. 
8,  18,  28,  30. 

George  Ticknor  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  chs.  xvi- 
xxxvi  (pp.  257-697),  II,  chs.  i-vii  (pp.  1-191). 

Richard  Hildreth,  United  States,  III,  chs.  xlvii,  xlviii,  IV, 
chs.  i-vii. 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American  Government,  chs.  vii-xi  (pp. 
87-116). 

Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  76-146. 

Francis  A.  Walker,  Making  of  the  Nation,  chs.  ii-vi. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  5.    Making    and    amendment   of   constitutions :    Hand- 
book, §  36. 
No.  6.     Doctrine  of   the  separation  of  powers :    Handbook, 

§O  rr 
37. 

No.  7.     Doctrine  of  implied  powers  and  the  general  welfare  : 

Handbook,  §  38. 
No.  8.     Extent  of   the    power  of  taxation  and  protection : 

Handbook,  §  39. 

Lect.  13.  (1781-1786)  Movement  for  a  constitutional  conven- 
tion:  Guide,  §§  153,  154;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§ 
54-59  ;  text  of  propositions,  American  History  Leaf- 
lets, No.  28 ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
ch.  vi. 

Lect.  14.  (1787)  The  Federal  Convention;  and  James  Madi- 
son: Handbook,  §§  36,  99;  Guide,  §  154;  Con- 


19c]  THE  FEDERAL    CONSTITUTION  39 

temporaries,  III,  §§  60-67;  compared  text  of  Con- 
stitution, American  History  Leaflets,  No.  8 ;  H.  C. 
Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  ch.  i ;  J.  A.  Stevens, 
James  Madison. 

Lect.  15.  (1787-1790)  Ratification  of  the  Constitution;  and 
Patrick  Henry:  Handbook,  §  36;  Guide,  §  155; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  68-75;  M.  C.  Tyler,  Patrick 
Henry. 

Lect.  16.  (1787-1900)  Theories  of  the  Constitution:  Hand- 
book, §§  38,  50,  57,  61,  95;  Guide,  §  156;  Ameri- 
can History  Leaflets,  Nos.  12,  15,  18,  30;  J.  Stoiy, 
Commentaries,  §§  308-372;  P.  C.  Centz,  Republic 
of  Republics;  J.  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War, 
I,  ch.  i. 

Lect.  17.  (1789-1793)  Organization  of  Congress:  Handbook, 
§§  109-111;  Guide,  §  157;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§§  76-80  ;  M.  P.  Follett,  Speaker  of  the  House,  chs. 
i,  xi;  W.  Maclay,  Journal,  1-43. 

Lect.  18.  (1789-1793)  Organization  of  the  executive;  and 
George  Washington:  Handbook,  §§  37,  107,  108; 
Guide,  §  157;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  79,  81;  E. 
C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  chs.  iii,  vi ;  P.  L.  Ford, 
The  Real  George  Washington  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George 
Washington. 

Lect.  19.  (1789-1800)  Organization  of  the  judiciary:  Hand- 
book, §§  37,  112,  113;  Guide,  §  157;  W.  W. 
Willoughby,  Supreme  Court. 

Lect.  20.  (1789-1793)  Organization  of  a  financial  system; 
and  Alexander  Hamilton :  Handbook,  §  39  ;  Guide, 
§  158 ;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  82,  85  ;  D.  R.  Dewey, 
Financial  History ;  A.  Hamilton,  Report  on  the 
Public  Credit ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Lect.  21.    (1789-1793)  Organization  of  a  commercial  system; 


40  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§§ 

early  protection :  Handbook,  §  39 ;  Guide,  §  158 ; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §  78  ;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial 
History  ;  A.  Hamilton,  Report  on  Manufactures. 

Lect.  22.  (1791-1900)  Question  of  a  national  bank:  Hand- 
book, §  38 ;  Guide,  §  159 ;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§  82 ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  1259-1271  ;  A. 
Hamilton,  Report  on  a  National  Bank. 

Lect.  23.  (1790-1797)  National  questions  of  slavery :  Hand- 
book, §§  197i,  216,  47,  51,  53,  55,  132c;  Guide,  §  161; 
M.  S.  Locke,  Anti-slavery  in  America,  §§  107-123, 
171-204;  M.  Gk  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  §§  16- 
19 ;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Suppression  of  the  Slave-Trade, 
ch.  vii. 

§  igd.    (1793-1801)    Federalist  Supremacy. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 
Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  183),  §  566  (p.  190). 
Sources  in  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  10-36,  83-105 ;  William 
MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  13-23. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton,  chs.  vii-ix. 

John  T.  Morse,  John  Adams,  chs.  x,  xi. 

John  T.  Morse,  Thomas  Jefferson,  chs.  viii-xii. 

WEEKLY  PAPER  IN  THE   GROUP: 

No.  9.     Rights  of  citizens  :  Handbook,  §  40. 

Lect.  24.  (1780-1800)  Social  and  economic  conditions  of  the 
Americans:  Guide,  §  148;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§ 
10-36;  H.  Adams,  United  States,  I,  chs.  i,  ii;  J.  B. 
McMaster,  People  of  the  United  States,  I,  1-101, 
II,  1-24,  538-582  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Expansion  of  the 
American  People,  chs.  viii-xvi. 


19c-19e]  FEDERAL  SUPREMACY  41 

Lect.  25.  (1780-1800)  Political  theories  of  the  Americans: 
Handbook,  §§  40,  95,  96;  H.  Adams,  United  States, 
I,  chs.  iii-vi. 

Lect.  26.  (1789-1801)  Development  of  political  parties;  and 
Aaron  Burr:  Guide,  §  160;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§§  83-91;  A.  D.  Morse,  Party  History  (in  prepara- 
tion) ;  H.  Adams,  United  States,  I,  chs.  iii-v ;  Jabez 
Hammond,  Political  Parties  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  I,  chs.  i-v. 

Lect.  27.  (1789-1796)  Foreign  policy  ;  and  Edmund  Randolph  : 
Handbook,  §§  72,  73;  Guide,  §§  162,  163;  Contem- 
poraries, III,  §§  92-97  ;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents, 
ch.  xviii;  J.  W.  Foster,  American  Foreign  Policy, 
chs.  iv,  v  ;  M.  D.  Conway,  Edmund  Randolph. 

Lect.  28.  (1797-1801)  Decline  of  the  Federals;  and  John 
Adams:  Guide,  §§  164-166;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§§  98-105  ;  J.  T.  Morse,  John  Adams. 

Lect.  29.  (1798-1800)  Virginia  and  Kentucky  Resolutions: 
Handbook,  §§  50,  57 ;  Guide,  §  165 ;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §  101 ;  texts,  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  15;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  I,  142-167. 

§  ige.    (1801-1815)   Foreign    Complications. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  183),  §  566  (p.  191). 

Sources  in  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  106-129  ;  William  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  24-32. 

Henry  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States  during  the  Ad- 
ministrations of  Jefferson  and  Madison. 

John  T.  Morse,    Thomas  Jefferson,  chs.  xiii-xviii. 

John  Austin  Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin,  176-337. 


42  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§§ 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 
No.  10.    Jeffersonian  democracy  :  Handbook,  §  41. 
No.  11.    Government  of   dependent   territories:   Handbook, 
§  42. 

Lect.  30.  (1801-1809)  Thomas  Jefferson:  his  principles  and 
policy:  Handbook,  §  41  ;  Guide,  §§  167,  169;  Con- 
temporaries, III,  §§  25-30,  86,  104-110;  H.  Adams, 
United  States,  I,  143-148,  185-217,  247-263;  J.  T. 
Morse,  Thomas  Jefferson;  H.  C.  Merwin,  Thomas 
Jefferson. 

Lect.  31.  (1800-1803)  Annexation  of  Louisiana;  and  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte :  Handbook,  §  75 ;  Guide,  §  168 ; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  111-115;  H.  Adams,  United 
States  I,  II ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  IV, 
ch.  vi ;  W.  M.  Sloane,  Napoleon,  II,  chs.  xviii,  xxi, 
xxv,  xxvi,  IV,  247-248. 

Lect.  32.  (1780-1900)  Administration  of  dependent  territory: 
Handbook,  §§42,  75,  82;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§ 
186-191  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Foundations  of  American  For- 
eign Policy,  chs.  v,  vi. 

Lect.  33.  (1801-1812)  Economic  development;  and  Albert 
Gallatin:  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History ;  C.  D. 
Wright,  Industrial  Evolution,  chs.  x,  xi;  H.  Adams, 
Albert  Gallatin,  book  iii;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert 
Gallatin,  chs.  vi,  vii. 

Lect.  34.  (1803-1809)  Neutral  trade  and  the  Embargo;  and 
John  Randolph:  Handbook,  §§  74,  76;  Guide,  §§ 
170,  171;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  116-122;  H. 
Adams,  John  Randolph. 

Lect.  35.  (1809-1815)  War  of  1812;  and  David  Porter: 
Guide,  §  172;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  123-129; 
T.  Roosevelt,  Naval  War  of  181% ;  I.  N.  Hollis, 


19e,  19f]        GROWTH  OF  NATIONAL  SENTIMENT  43 

The  Constitution  ;   D.  D.  Porter,  Commodore  David 
Porter. 

Lect.  36.  (1811-1815)  Internal  opposition  to  the  war;  and 
Josiah  Quincy :  Guide,  §  173  ;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§  123  ;  T.  D  wight,  Hartford  Convention  •  E.  Quincy, 
Josiah  Quincy,  chs.  ix-xiv. 

§  igf.   (1815-1829)    Growth  of  National  Sentiment. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56o,  (p.  183),  §  566  (pp.  191,  192). 

Sources  in  Contemporaries,  III,  §§   130-150. 

John  W.  Burgess,  The  Middle  Period,  chs.  i-vii. 

John  Bach  McMaster,  People  of  the   United  States,  IV,  V. 

James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  III. 

Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  chs.  vii-xi. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 
No.  12.    Impairment  of  contracts:  Handbook,  §  43. 
No.  13.    Regulation  of  commerce :  Handbook,  §  44. 
No.  14.    Internal  improvements  :  Handbook,  §  45. 
No.  15.    Application  of   the   Monroe   Doctrine:  Handbook, 
§  46. 

Lect.  37.  (1800-1830)  Social  regeneration  and  the  West;  and 
Thomas  H.  Benton  :  Guide,  §§  174,  180;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §§  137-141  ;  T,  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years' 
View ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  United  States,  IV,  chs.  xxxiii, 
xxxvii,  V,  chs.  xliii,  xliv,  xlix  ,  E.  E.  Sparks,  Expan- 
sion of  the  American  People,  chs.  xvii-xxv ;  B.  A. 
Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  chs.  xvi-xix;  T.  Roosevelt, 
Thomas  H.  Benton. 

Lect.  38.  (1815-1819)  Financial  and  commercial  reorgani- 
zation;  and  James  Monroe:  Guide,  §§  174,  176; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  130-134;  D.  R.  Dewey, 


44  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§§ 

Financial  History  •  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History, 
17-24,  68-74;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe. 

Lect.  39.  (1802-1819)  The  great  constitutional  decisions; 
and  John  Marshall:  Handbook,  §§  43,  44;  Guide, 
§  175;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  133;  M.  Hill,  Lib- 
erty Documents,  ch.  xix ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  John  Mar- 
shall;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  ch.  iii;.  Boyd, 
McClain  and  Thayer,  Cases  in  Constitutional  Law. 

Lect.  40.  (1808-1829)  Slavery  and  anti-slavery :  Handbook, 
§§  47,  51-53;  B.  Lundy,  Journal;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois, 
Suppression  of  the  Slave  Trade,  chs.  viii-x;  J.  H.  T. 
McPherson,  Liberia. 

Lect.  41.  (1819-1821)  The  Missouri  struggle  ;  and  James  Tall- 
in adge  :  Guide,  §  177;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  135, 
136;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  VI,  chs.  xxxi, 
xxxii;  C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  ch.  viii. 

Lect.  42.  (1815-1829)  Internal  improvements ;  and  DeWitt 
Clinton:  Handbook,  §§  38,  45;  Guide,  §§  174,  179, 
180  ;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  131 ;  J.  Renwick,  DeWitt 
Clinton. 

Lect.  43.  (1808-1819) '  Disintegration  of  Spanish  America; 
and  San  Martin  :  Handbook,  §§  67,  78  :  Guide,  §  178  ; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  142-146. 

Lect.  44.  (1819-1820)  The  Monroe  Doctrine ;  and  John 
Quincy  Adams  :  Handbook,  §§  46,  79 ;  Guide,  §  178  ; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  147-150;  American  His- 
tory Leaflets,  Nos.  4,  34 ;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Docu- 
ments, ch.  xx  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Foundations  of  American 
Foreign  Policy,  ch.  vii;  J.  T.  Morse,  John  Quincy 
Adams ;  D.  C.  Gilmau,  James  Monroe. 

Lect.  45.  (1825-1829)  Decline  of  the  presidency :  Guide,  § 
179;  J.  T.  Morse,  John  Quincy  Adams,  ch.  ii; 
C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  chs.  x,  xi. 


1 9f ,  1 9g]  DEMO  CRA  TIZA  TION  45 

§  igg.  (1829-1841)  Democratization  of  the  National 
Government. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  184),  §  566  (pp.  192,  193). 

Sources  in  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  151-184;  William  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  46-68;  American  History 
Leaflets,  Nos.  24,  30. 

Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  ch.  x  (pp.  178- 
206). 

H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  II,  ch.  i. 

C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  chs.  xiv-xxiii. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  16.    Social   and    economic    status   of    slavery:    Hand- 
book, §  47. 

No.  17.    Jacksonian  democracy:  Handbook,  §  48. 
No.  18.    Civil  service  :  Handbook,  §  49. 
No.  19.    Nullification :  Handbook,  §  50. 
No.  20.    Constitutional  status  of  slavery :  Handbook,  §  51. 
No.  21.    Right  of  expression  of  opinion  :  Handbook,  §  52. 

Lect.  46.  (1830-1850)  Economic  and  social  conditions  in  the 
United  States ;  and  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson :  Guide, 
§  180;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  151-157  ;  J.  Schouler, 
United  States,  IV,  1-31 ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Expansion 
of  the  United  States,  chs.  xxvi-xxviii ;  C.  D.  Wright, 
Industrial  Evolution,  chs.  x,  xi ;  J.  E.  Cabot,  Ealph 
Waldo  Emerson. 

Lect.  47.  (1830-1860)  Negro  slavery ;  and  Frederick  Douglass  : 
Handbook,  §§47,  51 ;  Guide,  §  186  ;  Contemporaries, 
III,  §§  169-173;  IV,  §§  23-28;  F.  L.  Olmsted, 
Seaboard  Slave  States  ;  F.  Douglass,  My  Bondage 
and  Freedom ;  C.  W.  Chesnutt,  Frederick  Douglass. 


46  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§ 

Lect.  48.  (1830-1860)  The  slave  power;  and  Robert  Toombs : 
Guide,  §  186 ;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  10 ; 
H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
United  States,  I,  ch.  ix ;  P.  A.  Stovall,  Robert 
Toombs. 

Lect.  49.  (1830-1860)  Effects  of  slavery;  and  James  G. 
Birney :  Handbook,  §  47 ;  Guide,  §  186 ;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Salmon  P.  Chase,  44-102;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Black 
Diamonds ;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United.  States,  I,  ch.  iv ; 
H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  275-332 ;  W.  Birney, 
James  G.  Birney. 

Lect.  50.  (1830-1840)  State  and  local  governments,  and  the 
development  of  political  organizations ;  and  Martin 
Van  Buren :  M.  Van  Buren,  Political  Parties ;  F. 
W.  Dallinger,  Nominations  for  Elective  Office,  ch.  i; 
E.  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Buren. 

Lect.  51.  (1829-1837)  Andrew  Jackson  and  his  principles  of 
government:  Handbook,  §  48;  Guide,  §  181;  Contem- 
poraries, III,  §§  160,  162-164  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United 
States,  II,  ch.  i ;  W.  G.  Brown,  Andrew  Jackson  • 
W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson. 

Lect.  52.  (1829-1900)  The  national  civil  service :  Handbook, 
§  49;  Guide,  §  181;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  158; 
L.  M.  Salmon,  Appointing  Power. 

Lect.  53.  (1829-1837)  War  on  the  bank  ;  and  Nicholas  Biddle  : 
Guide,  §§  182,  184,  185;  texts,  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  24  ;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
Nos.  46,  50-52,  57-68. 

Lect.  54.  (1824-1832)  The  protective  tariff;  and  Henry  Clay  : 
Guide,  §  183 ;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History,  74- 
110;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  chs.  ix,  xiii ; 
C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  chs.  ix,  xi. 

Lect.  55.    (1828-1833)    Nullification;    and   John    C.    Calhoun: 


19g]  DEMOCRATIZATION  47 

Handbook,  §  50;  Guide,  §  183;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§§  159,  161;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  30; 
W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  47-49,  53, 
55,  56;  D.  F.  Houston,  Nullification  ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
John  C.  Calhoun. 

Lect.  56.  (1789-1865)  The  Indians  and  Indian  policy:  Hand- 
book, §  98  ;  Guide,  §  185 ;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  139. 

Lect.  57.  (1789-1865)  Public  lands  and  public  land  policy: 
Guide,  §  185 ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  x ; 
Shosuke  Sato,  Public  Lands. 

Lect.  58.  (1829-1865)  Internal  improvements:  Handbook,  §  45; 
Guide,  §  185;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  165,  168; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  ix  ;  E.  C.  Mason, 
Veto  Power,  §§  83-94. 

Lect.  59.  (1836-1841)  Economic  difficulties  and  panic  of 
1837  :  Guide,  §  190;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Surplus  Revenue; 
£.  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Buren,  chs.  viii,  ix. 

Lect.  60.  (1831-1860)  The  abolition  movement;  and  William 
Lloyd  Garrison  :  Guide,  §  187  ;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§§  174-178;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  chs.  iii, 
iv;  O.  Johnson,  William  Lloyd  Garrison  ;  Garrisons, 
William  Lloyd  Garrison. 

Lect.  61.  (1831-1841)  National  questions  of  slavery;  and 
Joshua  R.  Giddings  :  Handbook,  §  52  ;  Guide,  §  188  ; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  179-181,  184;  H.  Von 
Hoist,  United  States,  II,  120-146,235-291;  G.  W. 
Julian,  Joshua  R.  Giddings. 

Lect.  62.  (1820-1850)  Interstate  and  international  questions 
of  slavery :  Handbook,  §  20#,  55,  80 ;  Guide,  §  189  ; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  182,  183;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
United  States,  II,  312-329;  M.  G.  McDougall,  Fugi- 
tive Slaves,  §§  22-28,  36-50,  77-79  ;  A.  C.  McLaugh- 
lin,  Lewis  Cass,  176-190. 


48  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§ 

§  igh.    (1841-1860)    Territory  and  Slavery. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD: 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  184),  §  566  (pp.  192,  193). 

Sources  in  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  185-189,  IV,  §§  7-48; 
William  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  69-92. 

Frederic  Bancroft,    William  H.  Seward,  I,  chs.  ix-xxiv. 

George  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  chs.  viii,  ix. 

John  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I. 

James  Ford  Ehodes,  United  States,  I,  II. 

H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  II,  chs.  vi,  vii,  III- VI,  VII, 
chs.  i-vi. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  22.     Ethics  of  the  Mexican  War  :  Handbook,  §  53. 

No.  23.     Popular  sovereignty  :  Handbook,  §  54. 

No.  24.     Rights  of  Indians,  aliens,   Chinese,  and   negroes : 

Handbook,  §  55. 
No.  25.     Ethics  of  John  Brown's  career  :  Handbook,  §  56. 

Lect.  63.  (1840-1842)  Whig  policy;  and  John  Tyler:  Guide^ 
§  191;  C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  chs.  xxii,  xxiii; 
L.  G.  Tyler,  Letters  and  Times  of  the  Tylers,  II,  chs. 
i-vi. 

Lect.  64.  (1783-1846)  Northeastern  and  northwestern  boun- 
daries:  Handbook,  §§  20e,  200;  Guide,  §  192;  A. 
Gallatin,  Northeastern  Boundary ;  J.  B.  Moore, 
Arbitrations,  I,  1-215. 

Lect.  65.  (1836-1845)  Annexation  of  Texas ;  and  Sam  Hous- 
ton :  Handbook,  §  200;  Guide,  §  193;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §§  185-189  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States, 
II,  ch.  vii,  III,  ch.  iii ;  H.  Bruce,  Sam  Houston. 

Lect.  66.  (1846-1848)  The  Mexican  War ;  and  James  K.  Polk  : 
Handbook,  §  53  ;  Guide,  §  194  ;  Contemporaries,  IV  > 


19h]  TERRITORY  AND   SLAVERY  49 

§§  7-14;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criti- 
cism, No.  ix ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  III,  chs. 
iv,  vii-x,  xii ;  J.  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers. 

Lect.  67.  (1846-1849)  Wilrnot  Proviso  and  crisis  over  territo- 
rial slavery  ;  and  Lewis  Cass  :  Handbook,  §  §  20(/, 
42,  115;  Guide,  §  196;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  15- 
18 ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass. 

Lect.  68.  (1849-1850)  Compromise  of  1850;  and  Daniel  Web- 
ster :  Guide,  §  197;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  19-22; 
J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  I,  ch.  ii;  A.  Johnston, 
American  Orations,  II,  123-218;  C.  Schurz,  Henry 
Clay,  II,  ch.  xxvi;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster. 

Lect.  69.  (1850-1860)  Fugitive  slaves,  underground  railroad, 
and  Personal  Liberty  bills ;  and  Wendell  Phillips : 
Guide,  §  198  ;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  29-33 ;  W.  H. 
Siebert,  Underground  Railroad  •  M.  G.  McDougall, 
Fugitive  Slaves,  §§  52-83;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Wen- 
dell Phillips;  C.  F.  Adams,  Richard  H.  Dana^ 
I,  chs.  xiv,  xv. 

Lect.  70.  (1853-1854)  Kansas  Nebraska  Bill  and  Cuba ;  and 
Stephen  A.  Douglas:  Handbook,  §§  54,  84;  Guide^ 
§  199 ;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  34,  46 ;  American 
History  Leaflets,  Nos.  2,  17  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon  P. 
Chase,  ch.  v ;  W.  G.  Brown,  Stephen  A.  Douglas. 

Lect.  71.  (1854-1857)  The  struggle  for  Kansas:  Guide,  § 
200;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  36-40;  Nicolay  and 
Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  chs.  xxii-xxv,  II,  chs.  i, 
vi ;  James  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  II,  chs.  vii-ix. 

Lect.  72.  (1854-1859)  The  rise  of  the  Republican  Party;  and 
Salmon  P.  Chase:  Handbook,  §  55;  Guide,  §§  201, 
202  ;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §  35  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon 
P.  Chase. 

Lect.  73.    (1857-1860)   Dred-Scott  decision  and   principles  of 


50  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§§ 

political  anti-slavery ;  and  Roger  B.  Taney :  Guide, 
§§  201,  202;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  41-46;  Amer- 
ican History  Leaflets,  No.  23 ;  M.  Hill,  Liberty 
Documents,  ch.  xxi ;  S.  Tyler,  Roger  B.  Taney, 
ch.  v. 

Lect.  74.  (1840-1860)  Principles  of  radical  abolition  ;  and  John 
Brown :  Handbook,  §  56 ;  Guide,  §  202 ;  Contem- 
poraries, IV,  §§  45-48  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  Brown  ; 
F.  Sanborn,  John  Brown  ;  J.  Redpath,  John  Brown. 

Lect.  75.  (1859-1860)  Presidential  election  of  1860 ;  and 
Abraham  Lincoln:  Guide,  §  203;  Contemporaries, 
IV,  §§  49-52 ;  F.  Bancroft,  William  H.  Seward,  I, 
ch.  xxiv ;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  II,  ch.  xi; 
C.  Schurz,  Abraham  Lincoln;  J.  T.  Morse,  Abra- 
ham Lincoln. 

§  igi.    (1860-1861)    Coming  on  of  the  Civil  War. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  184),  §  566  (pp.  193,  194). 

Sources  in  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  49-74  ;  William  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  93-97;  American  History 
Leaflets,  Nos.  12,  18. 

Frederic  Bancroft,  William  H.  Seward,  II,  chs.  xxv,  xxviii, 
xxix. 

George  Ticknor  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  ch.  x  (pp. 
300-338). 

Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  ch.  xi  (pp.  207- 
249). 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Works,  I,  652-695,  II,  1-33. 

John  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  ch.  vii. 

James  Ford  Rhodes,  United  States,  III,  chs.  xiii,  xiv. 

Alexander  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  chs. 
xviii-xx. 


19h,  19i]  COMING   ON  OF   CIVIL    WAR  51 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  26.    Doctrine  of  secession :  Handbook,  §  57. 

No.  27.    Responsibility  for  the  Civil  War :  Handbook,  §  58. 

Lect.  76.  (1789-1861)  Theory  of  secession  ;  and  Alexander  H. 
Stephens :  Handbook,  §  57  ;  Guide,  §  205 ;  Contem- 
poraries, IV,  §§  53-57;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  be- 
tween the  States,  I,  ch.  xi. 

Lect.  77.  (1850-1861)  Causes  of  secession;  and  Robert 
Toombs :  Guide,  §  205 ;  Toombs  in  Stephen's  War 
between  the  States,  II,  App. ;  A.  Johnston,  American 
Orations,  III,  235-274,  294-311;  P.  A.  Stovall, 
Robert  Toombs. 

Lect.  78.  (1860-1861)  Process  of  secession:  Guide,  §  206; 
Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  58-62;  texts,  American 
History  Leaflets,  No.  12. 

Lect.  79.  (1860-1861)  Questions  of  coercion;  and  James 
Buchanan:  Guide,  §  207;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§ 
64,  67;  J.  Buchanan,  Mr.  Buchanan's  Adminis- 
tration. 

Lect.  80.  (1860-1861)  Propositions  of  compromise;  and  Wil- 
liam H.  Seward  :  Guide,  §  207 ;  Contemporaries,  IV, 
§§  63-69;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  ch.  viii; 
A.  Johnston,  American  Orations,  III,  275-293,  312- 
319  ;  F.  Bancroft,  W.  H.  Seward. 

Lect.  81.  (1861)  The  status  of  Fort  Sumter:  Guide,  §  208; 
Contemporaries,  IV,  §  70 ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  III,  chs.  xxiii-xxvi,  IV,  chs.  i,  ii. 
Lect.  82.  (1861)  Outbreak  of  the  war;  and  Robert  E.  Lee: 
Handbook,  §  58  ;  Guide,  §  208 ;  Contemporaries,  IV, 
§§  71-74;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  18; 
Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  IV ;  W.  P. 
Trent,  Robert  E.  Lee. 


52  HISTORY  LECTURES  [§§ 

§  igj.    (1861-1865)    The  Civil  War. 
PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD: 
Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  184),  §  565  (p.  194). 
Sources  in   Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  75-144;    William  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Statutes. 

John  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  chs.  viii-xii,  II. 
James  Ford  Rhodes,  United  States,  III,  IV. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  28.    Lincoln's  democracy :  Handbook,  §  59. 

No.  29.    Military  powers  of  the  President:  Handbook,  §  60. 

No.  30.    Reconstruction:  Handbook,  §  61. 

Lect.  83.  (1861-1865)  The  political  problem ;  and  Abraham 
Lincoln :  Handbook,  §  59 ;  Guide,  §  208 ;  Contem- 
poraries, IV,  §§  75-79,  96,  97,  101;  American  His- 
tory Leaflets,  Nos.  18,  26  ;  N.  Hapgood,  Abraham 
Lincoln  ;  J.  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln  ;  C.  Schurz, 
Abraham  Lincoln,;  G.  Welles,  Lincoln  and  Seward. 

Lect.  84.  (1861-1865)  The  Southern  Confederacy;  and  Jef- 
ferson Davis :  Guide,  §  209 ;  Contemporaries,  IV, 
§§  80-83,  91-95;  T.  H.  Alfriend,  Jefferson  Davis; 
J.  Davis,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate 
Government. 

Lect.  85.  (1861-1865)  The  military  problem;  and  U.  S. 
Grant:  Guide,  §  210;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  84- 
90,  102-123,  132-140;  O.  Wister,  U.  S.  Grant; 
U.  S.  Grant,  Memoirs. 

Lect.  86.  (1861-1865)  The  diplomacy  of  the  Civil  War; 
and  Charles  Francis  Adams  :  Handbook,  §§  20A,  85- 
88;  Guide,  §212;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  98-100; 
C.  F.  Adams,  Jr.,  Charles  Francis  Adams. 

Lect.  87.  (1861-1865)  Social,  economic,  and  financial  con- 
ditions of  the  Civil  War:  Guide,  §§  204,  211,  213; 


19j,  20]  THE   CIVIL    WAR  53 

Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  75-101;  A.  B.  Hart,  Sal- 
mon P.  Ckase,  chs.  viii,  ix,  xi ;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Finan- 
cial History. 

Lect.  88.  (1861-1865)  Abolition  of  slavery ;  and  Abraham 
Lincoln:  Guide,  §  214;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  124- 
131 ;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xxii ;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  ch.  x;  Nicolay  and  Hay, 
Abraham  Lincoln,  especially  VI,  chs.  v-viii,  xvii, 
xix,  X,  ch.  iv ;  J.  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln  ;  II, 
chs.  i,  iv,  xii;  F.  Carpenter,  Six  Months  in  the 
White  House. 

Lect.  89.  (1861-1865)  Military  government  for  civilians ;  and 
Edwin  M.  Stanton:  Handbook,  §  60;  Guide,  §  213; 
J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  IV,  ch.  xix;.G.  C. 
Gorham.  Edwin  M.  Stanton. 

Lect.  90.  (1865)  Problems  at  the  end  of  the  war ;  and  Thad- 
deus  Stevens:  Handbook,  §  61;  Contemporaries,  IV, 
§§  141-157;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Statutes;  M. 
Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xxiii ;  W.  A.  Dunning, 
Essays  on  the  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction  ;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  chs.  xiii,  xiv;  S.  A.  McCall, 
Thaddeus  Stevens. 

§  20.  List  of  Lectures  in  History  14  (American  Diplo- 
macy). 

The  course  covers  the  whole  field  of  diplomacy  respecting 
America.  The  first  half-year  will  include  the  period  1492  to 
1815 ;  the  second  half-year  covers  the  time  from  1815  to  the 
present  day. 

Abbreviated  references  in  this  list  are  as  follows  : 

Arbitrations  —  John  Bassett  Moore,  History  and  Digest  of 
the  International  Arbitrations  to  which  the  United  States  has 
been  a  Party  (6  vols.,  Washington,  1895). 


54  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

Contemporaries  —  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  American  History 
told  by  Contemporaries  (4  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1897-1901). 

Digest  —  Francis  Wharton,  A  Digest  of  the  International 
Law  of  the  United  States  (3  vols.,  Washington,  1886). 

Foundations  —  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  The  Foundations  of 
American  Foreign  Policy  (N.  Y.,  1901). 

Guide —  Edward  Channing  and  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Guide 
to  the  Study  of  American  History  (Boston,  1896). 

Handbook  —  this  book  (Cambridge,  1901). 

Source-Book  —  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Source-Book  of 
American  History  (N.  Y.,  1899). 

The  references  appended  to  the  separate  lectures  are  to 
selected  monographs  or  to  special  treatment  in  secondary 
works ;  they  do  not  in  general  include  detailed  references  to 
books  included  in  the  "Parallel  Readings"  nor  to  sources, 
and  they  call  attention  to  only  a  small  part  of  the  available 
literature. 

§  2oa.    (1492-1607)    European  Claims  to  America. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  181),  §  56£  (pp.  185-186). 
J.  R.  Seeley,  Expansion  of  England,  course  i,  lects.  iii-vii. 
Justin  Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus. 

Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  II,  III,  chs. 
i-iv,  IV,  chs.  i,  ii. 
Digest,  §§  2,  6,  209. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  1.  Basis  of  European  claims  to  wild  territory:  Hand- 
book, §  63. 

No.  2.  Foundations  of  English  claims  to  America:  Hand- 
book, §  64. 


20-20a]  EUROPEAN  CLAIMS   TO  AMERICA  55 

Lect.  1.  Aims  and  methods  of  the  course ;  and  materials  :  Bib- 
liography and  suggestions  in  Handbook,  §§  1-10,  12, 
20,  62-92,  135-137;  Foundations,  ch.  viii;  Guide^ 
§§  17,  21,  25,  28,  29,  32,  35. 

Lect.  2.  Territorial  and  commercial  conceptions :  rivalries  in 
Europe ;  conditions  of  foreign  trade  ;  Oriental  trade  : 
Contemporaries,  I,  §§  44-47  ;  J.  R.  Seeley,  Growth 
of  British  Policy,  I,  part  i,  ch.  vi. 

Lect.  3.  (1492-1500)  Discovery  of  America  and  diplomatic 
adjustments :  Bull  of  1493 ;  treaty  of  Tordesillas : 
Handbook,  §  63;  Guide,  §§  82-84;  Contemporaries, 
I,  §§  17-20;  Source-Book,  §  1 ;  J.  Winsor,  Colum- 
bus; E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism, 
Nos.  vi-viii;  H.  Harrisse,  Diplomatic  History  of 
America. 

Lect.  4.  (1500-1600)  Spanish  explorations  and  establishment 
of  Spanish  colonies :  Handbook,  §  67 ;  Guide,  §§85, 
86  ;  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  21-25  ;  B.  Moses,  Spanish 
Rule ;  R.  G.  Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  in 
South  America,  I;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Crit- 
ical History,  II,  chs.  iii-viii. 

Lect.  5.  (1498-1600)  English  discoveries  and  claims  ;  Armada 
of  1588:  Handbook,  §  64;  Guide,  §§  92-96;  Con- 
temporaries, I,  §§  26-33,48;  Source-Book,  §§  2,  4, 
5 ;  J.  A.  Doyle,  English  Colonies,  I,  ch.  iv ;  C.  P. 
Lucas,  Historical  Geography,  V,  ch.  i ;  J.  Winsor, 
Mississippi  Basin,  ch.  xv. 

Lect.  6.  (1536-1600)  .French  discoveries  and  claims:  Guide, 
§§  87-89;  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  34-36;  Source- 
Book,  §  6 ;  J.  Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac,  chs. 
i-iii,  ix-xiii;  J.  A.  Doyle,  English  Colonies,  I,  82- 
100. 


56  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

§  2ob.    (1607-1689)    Rival  Colonial  Systems. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 
Bibliography  in  Guide,  §§  90,  91,  97,  104. 
J.  R.  Seeley,  Growth  of  .British  Policy,  I,  parts  ii-iv. 
Justin  Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac. 

Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  III,  chs.  v, 
vi,  IV,  chs.  in,  v,  viii,  ix. 

WEEKLY  PAPER  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  3.    Theory  of  Indian  land-holding :  Handbook,  §  65. 

Lect.  7.  (1600-1700)  Treaties  with  the  Indians:  Handbook, 
§  65  ;  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  60,  64,  91,  92,  113,  123, 
127,  133,  152. 

Lect.  8.  (1600-1689)  English-foreign  relations  in  America: 
treaties  of  St.  Germain  (1632),  Westphalia  (1648), 
Breda  (1667),  Madrid  (1670):  Guide,  §§  90,  91, 
131;  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  37,  43;  Source-Book, 
§36. 

Lect.  9.  (1620-1664)  The  Dutch  and  the  Swedes  expelled: 
Guide,  §§  104,107;  Contemporaries,!,  §§  150-155, 
158,  159. 

Lect.  10.  (1660-1690)  The  English  Acts  of  Trade:  piracy  and 
smuggling ;  and  Edward  Randolph :  Handbook, 
§  66;  Guide,  §  133  ;  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  83,  154, 
II,  §§  19,  45,  46,  85,  87;  American  History  Leaf- 
lets, No.  19;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  Nos. 
22,  23,  25,  28,  34;  E.  Channing,  Navigation  Laws  ; 
G.  L.  Beer,  Commercial  Policy  of  England  toward 
the  Colonies*  chs.  i-iv ;  W.  J.  Ashley,  Surveys, 
Historic  and  Economic,  309-360 ;  Edward  Ran- 
dolph, Letters  •  P.  S.  Reinsch,  Colonial  Govern- 
ment. 


20b,  20c]  STRUGGLE   FOR  SUPREMACY  57 

§  2oc.  (1689-1763)  Struggle  for  Supremacy  in  America. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56«  (p.  181),  §  56b  (p.  188),  §§  131, 
132. 

Montagu  Burrows,  Foreign  Policy  of  Great  Britain,  chs.  iii-vi. 

W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,  I-III. 

A.  T.  Mahan,  Influence  of  Sea  Power  on  History,  1600- 
1783. 

Francis  Parkman,  Frontenac  and  New  France  /  Half-  Cen- 
tury of  Conflict ;  Montcalm  and  Wolfe. 

Spencer  Walpole,  Foreign  delations,  ch.  i. 

Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  IV,  chs.  iv, 
vii,  V,  chs.  i,  vii,  viii. 

Justin  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  4.    Execution  of  the  Acts  of  Trade  :  Handbook,  §  66. 

No.  5.    Execution  of  the  Spanish  colonial  policy:  Handbook, 

§  67. 
No.  6.    Rule  of  1756:  Handbook,  §  68. 

Lect.  11.  (1689-1740)  Intercolonial  wars  :  Spanish  Succession ; 
Louisiana;  Indian  allies;  treaties  of  Ryswick  (1697), 
Utrecht  (1715),  Assiento ;  Boundaries  of  Florida; 
and  Louis  XIV:  Guide,  §  131  ;  Contemporaries,  II, 
§§117-121  ;  J.  W.  Gerard,  Peace  of  Utrecht. 

Lect.  12.  (1740-1756)  War  renewed:  claims  on  the  Ohio;  sea 
power;  peace  of  Aix  la  Ohapelle  (1748)  ;  war  in  the 
West  (1754);  and  Robert  Walpole:  Guide,  §  132; 
Contemporaries,  II,  §§  122-127;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Sea 
Power,  chs.  vii,  viii. 

Lect.  13.  (1756-1763)  Seven  Years' War :  privateering;  neu- 
tral trade  and  the  Rule  of  1756;  treaty  of  Paris 
(1763)  ;  reconstruction  of  the  map  of  America;  and 


58  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

Earl  of  Chatham:  Handbook,  §  68;  Guide,  §  132; 
Contemporaries,  II,  §§  128,  129;  Source-Book,  §§ 
38-40 ;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  5 ;  F. 
Parkman,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe ;  B.  Fernow,  Ohio 
Valley  in  Colonial  Days,  chs.  iv-vii ;  F.  Snow, 
Cases,  §  47 ;  H.  Wheaton,  History  of  the  Law  of 
Nations,  200-229. 

Lect.  14.  (1689-1775)  Intercolonial  relations  :  judicial  appeals  ; 
representation  in  England;  Proclamation  of  1763; 
the  Quebec  Act:  Guide,  §§  133,  135;  Contem- 
poraries, II,  §  73 ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the 
West,  I ;  V.  Coffin,  Province  of  Quebec,  chs.  v,  vi. 

Lect  15.  (1689-1775)  Foreign  immigration  :  English  ;  Hugue- 
not; German;  Scotch-Irish;  Irish;  West  Indian; 
slave-trade;  naturalization  and  denization:  Guide, 
§  145  ;  R.  Mayo-Smith,  Emigration  and  Immigra- 
tion, 12-15,  33-40;  E.  E.  Proper,  Colonial  Immigra- 
tion Laws. 

§  2od.  (1775-1788)  Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution  and 
the  Confederation. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  5Ga  (p.  182),  §  566  (pp.  189,  190). 

George  Bancroft,   United  States  (last  revision),  IV- VI. 

John  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  chs.  i,  ii. 

Foundations,  §§  1-5,  14,  23,  42-44,  57-61. 

W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,  IV, 
chs.  xiv,  xv. 

Theodore  Lyman,  American  Diplomacy,  I,  chs.  i-vii,  xi- 
xiii. 

John  T.  Morse,  John  Adams,  chs.  vii-ix. 

George  Pellew,  John  Jay,  chs.  vi-ix. 

William  Henry  Trescot,  Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution. 


20c,  20d]  REVOLUTION  59 

Francis  Wharton,  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  Revo- 
lution, I,  Introduction. 

Henry  Wheaton,  History  of  the  Law  of  Nations,  290-309. 

Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  VI,  chs. 
vii,  viii,  VII,  chs.  i,  ii,  iii  (Note  A). 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  7.    Territorial    policy    of     the    Continental    Congress : 

Handbook,  §  69. 

No.  8.    Breaking  instructions  of  Congress:  Handbook,  §  70. 
No.  9.    Navigation  of   the   Mississippi   and    St.   Lawrence: 

Handbook,  §  71. 

Lect.  16.  (1774-1776)  The  new  nation:  formation;  govern- 
ment; Declaration  of  Independence  ;  question  of  rec- 
ognition :  Guide,  §§  136,  137;  Contemporaries,  II, 
§§  184-189. 

Lect.  17.  (1775-1781)  Organization  of  a  foreign  office:  com- 
mittees ;  representatives  abroad ;  superintendent ;  and 
Robert  R.  Livingston :  Guide,  §  153 ;  Contempora- 
ries, II,  §  199  ;  Wharton,  Diplomatic  Correspond- 
ence, I. 

Lect.  18.  (1775-1782)  Military  and  naval  questions:  belliger- 
ency; privateering;  prize;  spies;  prisoners;  conquests; 
and  John  Paul  Jones:  Contemporaries,  II,  §§  177, 
178,  183,  194,  201,  213,  214;  A.  C.  Buell,  Paul  Jones. 

Lect.  19.  (1776-1778)  Negotiations  with  France:  loans;  Span- 
ish relations ;  treaties  of  1778;  subsidies;  and  Silas 
Deane  :  Guide,  §  139  ;  New  York  Historical  Society, 
Deane  Papers ;  Digest,  §  148. 

Lect.  20.  (1776-1788)  National  colonization  :  Northwest  con- 
quests; early  territories  ;  Indian  wars;  Indian  treaties 
of  1778-1788  ;  and  George  Rogers  Clark  :  Handbook, 
§  69;  Guide,  §  150;  American  History  Leaflets, 


60  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

Nos.   22,  32  ;  T.  Roosevelt,    'Winning  of  the  West, 
II,  III ;   J.  Winsor,   Westward  Movement. 

Lect.  21.  (1778-1782)  Commercial  negotiations  on  the  Conti- 
nent: Armed  Neutrality  of  1780;  and  John  Adams: 
Guide,  §  153 ;  John  Adams,  Works,  VII 

Lect.  22.  (1776-1782)  Negotiations  with  England:  peace  ne- 
gotiations of  1778  ;  instructions  of  1778  ;  instructions 
of  1781;  and  Lord  North:  Guide,  §§  139,  141; 
W.  B.  Donne,  Correspondence  of  George  III  and 
Lord  North. 

Lect.  23.  (1782-1783)  Negotiations  for  peace :  preliminary 
treaty  of  Paris  (1782);  definitive  treaty  (1783); 
and  Benjamin  Franklin:  Handbook,  §  70;  Guide, 
§  141  ;  Contemporaries,  II,  §§  215-217,  III,  §  48 ; 
Digest,  §  150. 

Lect.  24.  (1782-1788)  General  commercial  negotiations :  Swed- 
ish treaty  of  1783  ;  Prussian  treaty  of  1785  ;  Barbary 
powers ;  Spanish  boundary  ;  Mississippi  question  and 
draft  treaty  (1786) ;  French  consular  convention 
(1788);  and  Thomas  Jefferson:  Handbook,  §  71; 
Guide,  §  153;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I, 
chs.  xi-xiii ;  Earl  of  Sheffield,  Observations. 

Lect.  25.  (1783-1788)  Relations  with  England:  boundaries; 
West  Indian  trade ;  commerce ;  posts ;  debts ; 
negroes;  loyalists;  and  William  Pitt:  Guide,  §  153; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  49-53,  92;  Arbitrations,  I, 
1-5,  90-118,  271-273;  Earl  Russell,  Charles  James 
Fox;  Earl  Stanhope,  William  Pitt. 

§  2oe.   (1789-1815)   Complications  of  the   Napoleonic 
Wars. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Handbook,  §§  I9d,   19e;    Guide,   §  56a  (p. 
183),  §  566  (pp.  190,  191). 


20d,  20e]  PERIOD   OF  NAPOLEONIC  WARS  61 

Sources  in  Contemporaries,  111,  §§  93-98,  111-129. 

Henry  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States  during  the 
Administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison. 

John  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  chs. 
iv-vii. 

Daniel  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe,  chs.  iii,  iv. 

Theodore  Lyman,  American  Diplomacy,  I,  chs.  vi-x. 

A.  T.  Mahan,  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  the  French  Revo- 
lution and  Empire. 

William  Henry  Trescot,  Diplomatic  History  of  the  Admin- 
istrations of  Washington  and  Adams. 

Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  VII,  ch.  vii. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  10.   Policy  of  American  isolation  :  Handbook,  §  72. 

No.  11.  Was  France  entitled  to  complain  of  the  Jay  treaty? 
Handbook,  §73. 

No.  12.    Allegiance  and  impressment:  Handbook,  §  74. 

No.  13.  Status  of  territory  annexed  but  not  yet  organized : 
Handbook,  §  75. 

No.  14.  Legal  objections  to  the  Orders  in  Council  and 
Decrees :  Handbook,  §  76. 

No.  15.  Fishery  rights  in  and  about  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence :  Handbook,  §  77. 

Lect.  26.  (1789)  Status  of  international  law:  neutral  trade; 
tradition  of  isolation :  Handbook,  §  72 ;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §  26 ;  H.  Wheaton,  History  of  the  Law 
of  Nations,  78-88,  106-175;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Docu- 
ments, ch.  xviii;  M.  Burrows,  Foreign  Policy  of 
Great  Britain,  chs.  vii,  viii. 

Lect.  27.  (1789-1901)  Organization  and  development  of  the 
Department  of  State  :  officials  ;  functions  ;  directing 


62  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§ 

minds  :  Guide,  §  157  ;  E.  Schuyler,  American  Diplo- 
macy, chs.  i-iii  ;  W.  E.  Curtis,  United  States  and 
Foreign  Powers,  ch.  i. 

Lect.  28.  (1789-1794)  Attempt  to  come  to  a  settlement  with 
England:  execution  of  treaty  of  1783;  loyalists; 
posts  ;  debts  ;  negroes  ;  and  Gouverneur  Morris  : 
Arbitrations,  I,  273-274  ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Gouverneur 
Morris,  chs.  vii-x. 

Lect.  29.  (1689-1793)  France  and  neutrality:  Proclamation  of 
1793;  and  Edmond  Genet:  Guide,  §  162;  Con- 
temporaries, III,  §§  92-95;  Arbitrations,  V,  4399- 
4414  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  II, 
ch.  iv. 

Lect.  30.  (1793-1796)  Neutral  trade  and  agreement  with  Eng- 
land :  Jay  treaty  (1794);  ratification  (1796);  and 
John  Jay:  Handbook,  §  73;  Guide,  §  162;  Con- 
temporaries, III,  §§  96,  97;  Arbitrations,  I,  299- 
316;  E.  Randolph,  Vindication  of  Mr.  Randolphs 
'Resignation;  G.  Pellew,  John  Jay  ;  Digest,  § 


Lect.  31.  (1789-1800)  Adjustment  with  Spain:  treaty  of  the 
Escurial  (1795);  Miranda  project  (1798);  claims 
convention  ;  French  influence  ;  draft  convention  of 
1802;  and  C.  C.  Pinckney  :  Guide,  §  162;  Arbitra- 
tions, II,  991-1005;  Digest,  §161;  E.  Schuyler, 
American  Diplomacy,  271-281. 

Lect.  32.  (1794-1800)  Collision  with  France  :  Pinckney  epi- 
sode (1796);  X.  Y.  Z.  episode  (1797);  informal 
war  (1798);  treaty  of  1800;  spoliation  claims; 
and  James  Monroe  :  Guide,  §  164;  Contemporaries, 
III,  §  99  ;  J.  Monroe,  View  of  the  Conduct  of  the 
Executive;  Arbitrations,  V,  4414-4432;  D.  C.  Gil- 
man,  James  Monroe;  Digest,  §§  148a,  265-281. 


20e]  NAPOLEONIC  PERIOD  63 

Lect.  33.  (1796-1802)  Adjustment  with  England:  Henfield 
case  ;  neutral  trade ;  impressments  ;  debts  ;  boundary 
commissions  of  1798 ;  and  Rufus  King :  Arbitra- 
tions, I,  5-43  (boundaries),  271-298  (debts),  316- 
349  (neutral  trade)  ;  H.  Wheaton,  History  of  the  Law 
of  Nations,  345-401. 

Lect.  34.  (1800-1815)  Napoleon  Bonaparte:  influence  on  inter- 
national law ;  on  American  diplomacy  :  W.  M.  Sloane, 
Napoleon  .Bonaparte ;  H.  Adams,  United  States. 

Lect.  35.  (1800-1803)  Annexation  of  Louisiana :  treaty  of 
1803  ;  claims  ;  boundaries  ;  and  Robert  R.  Livingston  : 
Handbook,  §  75;  Guide,  §  168;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§§  111-114;  Source- Book,  §  78;  Arbitrations,  V ', 
4432-4446  (claims);  Foundations,  §§  7,  25,  46,  62- 
66  ;  H.  Adams,  United  States,  I,  II ;  Digest,  §  I486 ; 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  IV,  261-286. 

Lect.  36.  (1803-1812)  West  Florida  question :  claims  conven- 
tion (1802);  annexations  of  1810  and  1812  ;  diplomatic 
relations  :  Guide,  §  168  ;  H.  Adams,  United  States, 
II-V;  Arbitrations,  V,  4487-4494,  4519-4524. 

Lect.  37.  (1800-1 815)  Barbary  wars:  treaties  of  tribute  (1795- 
1800);  Tunis;  Tripoli;  Algiers:  Contemporaries, 
III,  §  108;  I.  N.  Hollis,  The  Constitution  ;  Digest, 
§  141  a  ;  E.  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  iv. 

Lect.  38.  (1803-1807)  Neutral  trade:  decisions;  impress- 
ments ;  draft  treaty  of  1807 ;  embargo  ;  orders  and 
decrees;  Chesapeake-Leopard;  and  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son: Handbook,  §76;  Guide,  §  170;  Contempora- 
ries, III,  §§  116-121;  Source-Book,  §§  79,  81; 
Arbitrations,  V,  4447-4452;  Digest,  §§  150£,  319, 
320,  327,  331,  388;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison, 
chs.  xv,  xvii;  M.  Burrows,  Foreign  Policy  of  Great 
Britain,  chs.  ix-xi. 


64  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

Lect.  39.  (1808-1811)  Neutral  trade:  draft  Erskine  treaty 
(1809);  French  decrees  (1810)  ;  non-intercourse  ;  Jack- 
son, Rose,  and  Foster  missions;  and  James  Madi- 
son: Guide,  §  171;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  122; 
Source-Book,  §  82;  Arbitrations,  V,  4452-4456; 
S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison. 

Lect.  40.  (1811-1815)  War  of  1812  :  Indian  hostilities  ;  Pinck- 
ney's  ultimatum ;  declaration  of  war ;  belligerent 
rights;  prisoners;  privateering  and  prizes;  destruction 
of  cities  :  Guide,  §  172  ;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  124, 
127;  Source-Book,  §§  83-86;  T.  Roosevelt,  Naval 
War  of  1812 ;  G.  Coggeshall,  American  Privateers  ; 
Arbitrations,  II,  1071-1132  (General  Armstrong)  ; 
Digest,  §  348& ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  ch.  xix. 

Lect.  41.  (1812-1815)  Negotiations  for  peace:  mediation; 
treaty  of  Ghent  (1814):  Guide,  §  172;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §§  128,  129  ;  Source-Book,  §  87  ;  C. 
Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  ch.  vi;  J.  T.  Morse,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  74-98;  Digest,  §  150c;  J.  A.  Ste- 
vens, Albert  Gallatin,  ch.  viii. 

Lect.  42.  (1815-1818)  British  trade  and  fisheries :  commercial 
treaties  (1815)  ;  Fishery  convention  (1818)  :  Sand- 
book,  §  77 ;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  427- 
440  ;  C.  Isham,  The  Fisheries,  1-49  ;  J.  B.  Hen- 
derson, Diplomatic  Questions,  472-501  ;  Arbitra- 
tions, I,  350-390  (slaves),  703-710  (fisheries);  Di- 
gest, §§  150c?,  301-304;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and 
Topics,  427-445. 

Lect.  43.  (1792-1828)  Oregon  question :  Nootka  Sound  con- 
vention (1790)  ;  discovery  of  Columbia  River 
(1792)  ;  expedition  (1803-1806)  ;  settlement  (1810)  ; 
reservation  of  Astoria  (1815) ;  joint  agreement 
(1818) ;  Russian  treaty  (1824)  ;  renewed  joint  con- 


20e,  20f]  WAR  AND   TERRITORY  65 

vention  (1828):    Guide,  §168;  Contemporaries,  III, 

§  115;  Source-Book,  §  80;    R.  Greenhow,    Oregon, 
chs.  viii-xvi. 
Lect.  44.    (1798-1830)  Northeastern  boundary  :  commission  of 

1798;  commission  of  1818;  lake  boundary  (1822); 

Lake  of  the  Woods  (1827) ;  arbitration  treaty  (1827) ; 

award   declined    (1831)  :    A.  Gallatin,    Memoir    on 

Northeastern  Boundary;  Arbitrations,  I,  45-138, 

162-195. 
Lect.  45.    (1815-1829)   Improved    international  status  of  the 

United  States. 

§  2of.  (1815-1829)  Latin- American  Diplomacy  and  the 
Monroe  Doctrine. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Handbook,  §§  19/,  46,  79  ;  Guide,  §  56a 
(p.  183),  §  565  (pp.  191,  192);  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe, 
A  pp.  iv. 

Sources  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  4  ;  Contempora- 
ries, §§  142-150;  Digest,  §§  57-58a,  159;  John  Quincy  Adams, 
Memoirs,  IV-VIII ;  Richard  Rush,  Memoirs  of  a  Residence  at 
the  Court  of  London,  especially  chs.  xx-xxiv. 

John  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  chs. 
vii,  xii. 

Foundations,  §§  8,  68-75. 

Daniel  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe,  ch.  vii. 

John  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions,  part 
iv,  289-450. 

Lindley  Miller  Keasbey,  Nicaragua  Canal  and  Monroe  Doc- 
trine, §§  52-58. 

John  H.  Latane",  Diplomatic  Relations  of  the  United  States 
and  /Spanish  America,  1-103. 

Theodore  Lyman,  American  Diplomacy,  II,  chs.  ix-xiv. 
5 


66  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

John  T.  Morse,  John  Quincy  Adams,  ch.  ii. 
W.  F.  Reddaway,  Monroe  Doctrine. 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  American  Ideals,  ch.  xi. 
Freeman  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  237-312,  422-427. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  16.    Doctrine  of  the  recognition  of  new  States:  Hand- 
book, §  78. 
No.  17.    Extent  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  Handbook,  §  79. 

Lect.  46.  (1815-1821)  Spanish  cession  of  the  Floridas :  inva- 
sions of  1818;  treaty  of  cession  (1819);  claims: 
Guide,  §  176;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  143,  144; 
R.  Hildreth,  United  /States,  VI,  ch.  xxxii;  Arbitra- 
tions,-^, 4495-453T;  Digest,  §§  161a,  348«;  L.  de 
Onis,  Memoir. 

Lect.  47.  (1808-1812)  Destruction  of  the  Spanish  Empire  in 
America:  Guide,  §  178;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and 
Critical  History,  VIII,  chs.  iv,  v ;  Arbitrations,  V, 
1107  110o,1533  1517}  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Mexico,  IV. 

Lect.  48.  (1815-1823)  Recognition  of  the  new  Latin-American 
States:  Cuba;  Isthmus;  Holy  Alliance  of  1815; 
Congresses  of  1818-1822;  Russian  claims  on  the 
Pacific;  and  George  Canning :  Guide,  §178;  Con- 
temporaries, III,  §§  142,  145,  146;  Arbitrations,  I, 
755-757  (Alaska,1). 

Lect.  49.  (1822-1823)  The  Monroe  Doctrine  ;  and  John  Quincy 
Adams:  Handbook,  §  79  ;  Guide,  §178;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §§  147,  148;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Docu- 
ments, ch.  xx ;  Arbitration*,  I,  757"  760  (Alaokft)»- 

Lect.  50.  (1823-1826)  The  Panama  Congress:  Hayti;  Cuba; 
and  Henry  Clay:  Guide,  §  179;  Contemporaries, 
III,  §§  149,  150;  J.  M.  Callahan,  Cuba  and  Inter- 
national  Relations,  ch.  v. 


20f,  20g]  MONROE  DOCTRINE  67 

§  2og.    (1829-1861)    Aggressive  Foreign  Policy. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD: 

Bibliography  in  Handbook,  §§  19<?,  19A  ;  Guide,  §  56« 
(p.  184),  §  566  (pp.  192,  193). 

Sources  in  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  185-189,  IV,  §§  7-14,  46. 

John  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  chs. 
viii,  ix. 

Foundations,  §§  9,  10,  16-18,  24-26,  37,  38,  48-52. 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  especially  II,  ch.  vii, 
III,  IV,  ch.  ii,  V,  chs.  i,  x. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  18.    Application  of  personal  status  in  a  foreign  country  : 

Handbook,  §  80. 
No.  19.    Responsibility  of  a  government  for  not  carrying  out 

a  treaty:  Handbook,  §  81. 
No.  20.    Government    of    military    conquests,    previous    to 

cession:  Handbook,  §  82. 

No.  21.    The  Mosquito  question:  Handbook,  §  83. 
No.  22.    Responsibility  for  filibusters :  Handbook,  §  84. 

Lect.  51.  (1825-1846)  Commercial  policy:  countervailing; 
tariff  policy  ;  treaties  :  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jack- 
son, 194-206. 

Lect.  52.  (1829-1841)  Spoliation  claims:  French  imbroglio; 
treaties ;  and  Andrew  Jackson :  Handbook,  §  81 ; 
Arbitrations,  V,  1167  1105  (FiauLL),  1510  1630 
(•Dimumik  and  Naples),  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew 
Jackson,  chs.  viii,  xv ;  Digest,  §§  148c,  318. 

Lect.  53.  (1815-1842)  Diplomacy  of  slavery:  treaty  of  Ghent; 
colonization ;  Liberia ;  draft  treaty  on  slave-trade 
(1824);  cases  in  British  colonies;  Quintuple  treaty 
(1841) :  Handbook,  §  80  ;  Guide,  §  189  ;  Contempo- 


68  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§ 

varies,  III,  §  182;  Lawrence's  Wheaton,  Note  42; 
E.  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy,  233-257 ;  W. 
E.  B.  DuBois,  Suppression  of  the  Slave- Trade, 
§§  68-73  ;  Arbitrations,  I,  801  126;  Z%es£,  §  66 ; 
E.  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  v ;  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  ch.  vi. 

Lect.  54.  (1829-1842)  Texan  diplomacy:  Mexican  boundary 
treaty  (1832) ;  independence  (1836) ;  recognition 
(1837);  diplomatic  relations;  plans  of  annexation; 
Mexican  claims  convention  (1839)  ;  and  John  Tyler : 
Guide,  §  193;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  185,  186; 
Arbitrations,  II,  1209-1245  (Mexican  claims)  ;  H. 
H.  Bancroft,  Texas,  II,  chs.  xii,  xiii. 

Lect.  55.  (1829-1842)  Northeastern  boundary:  Caroline  and 
McCleod  affairs ;  attitude  of  Maine ;  Ashburton 
treaty  (1842);  kt  Battle  of  the  Maps";  and  Daniel 
Webster:  Guide,  §  192;  F.  Bancroft,  W.  H.  Sew- 
ard,  I,  111-116;  A.  Gallatin,  Eight  of  the  United 
States  to  a  Northeastern  Boundary  /  G.  F.  Curtis, 
Daniel  Webster,  II,  chs.  xxvii-xxix ;  Arbitrations, 
I,  139-161;  Digest,  §  150e;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel 
Webster,  ch.  viii. 

Lect.  56.  (1842-1845)  Annexation  of  Texas:  draft  treaty 
(1844) ;  joint  resolution  (1845)  ;  designs  on  Califor- 
nia ;  and  John  C.  Calhoun  :  Guide,  §  193  ;  Contem- 
poraries, III,  §§  187-189  ;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Texas,  II, 
ch.  xiv  ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  297-315. 

Lect.  57.  (1828-1846)  Northwestern  boundary:  joint  occu- 
pation ;  Folk's  policy ;  compromise  treaty  (1846)  ; 
San  Juan  question:  Guide,  §  192;  R.  Greenhow, 
Oregon,  chs.  xvii,  xviii;  T.  Twiss,  Oregon  Question; 
chs.  xvii,  xviii;  Arbitrations,  I,  209-222;  E.  G. 
Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism,  No.  i. 


20g]  AGGRESSIVE  FOREIGN  POLICY  69 

Lect.  58.  (1845-1846)  Mexican  War:  Slidell  negotiations  of 
1846  ;  declaration  ;  government  of  conquests  ;  and 
James  K.  Polk:  Handbook,  §  82;  Guide,  §  194; 
Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  7-13;  Source-Book,  §  104; 
W.  Thompson,  Recollections  of  Mexico,  223-241 ; 
G.  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan,  I,  ch.  xxi;  H.  H. 
Bancroft,  Mexico,  V,  ch.  xiii. 

Lect.  59.  (1846-1848)  Peace  :  Wilmot  Proviso  ;  negotiations  ; 
treaty  of  Guadalupe-Hidalgo  (1848)  :  Guide,  §  194 ; 
Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  14-17;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Es- 
says in  Historical  Criticism,  No.  ix ;  Arbitrations, 
II,  1245-1286;  Digest,  §  154;  H.H.Bancroft,  Cali- 
fornia, V. 

Lect.  60.  (1823-1846)  Isthmus  question:  canal  plans;  Co- 
lombian treaty  (1846)  :  J.  H.  Latane,  United  States 
and  Spanish  America,  176-185;  L.  M.  Keasbey, 
Nicaragua  Canal  and  Monroe  Doctrine,  §§  57-65, 
72-75  ;  Digest,  §§  287-292  ;  J.  B.  Henderson,  Amer- 
ican Diplomatic  Questions,  65-103. 

Lect.  61.  (1846-1860)  Isthmus  question:  Mosquito  coast; 
Hise's  and  Squier's  draft  treaties  (1848,  1849) ; 
Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  (1850)  ;  British  claims  con- 
vention (1853) ;  Canadian  reciprocity  (1854) :  Sand- 
book,  §  83  ;  I.  D.  Travis,  Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty  ;  T. 
J.  Lawrence,  Essays  on  Disputed  Questions,  No.  iii ; 
Arbitrations,  I,  391-425  (claims),  426-494,  710-712 
(fisheries) ;  J.  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic 
Questions,  104-136,  508-512;  Digest,  §  150/. 

Lect.  62.  (1848-1851)  Democratic  propaganda:  revolution  of 
1848  ;  Hulsemann  episode  (1850)  ;  Kossuth  episode 
(1851)  :  F.  Bancroft,  W.  H.  Seword,  I,  ch.  xvii ;  J. 
F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  I,  205-206,  231-243;  H. 
Von  Hoist,  United  States,  IV,  63-100. 


70  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

Lect.  63.  (1848-1854)  Designs  on  Cuba:  offer  of  purchase 
(1848) ;  filibusters  (1850)  ;  tripartite  proposition 
(1851-1852)  ;  Ostend  manifesto  (1854)  ;  and  Edward 
Everett:  Handbook,  §  84;  Guide,  §199;  American 
History  Leaflets,  No.  2 ;  J.  H.  Latane",  Diplomatic 
Relations  of  the  United  States  and  ^Spanish  America, 
103-135  ;  J.  M.  Callahan,  Cuba  and  International 
Relations,  chs.  vii-ix ;  Digest,  §  60. 

Lect.  64.  (1840-1860)  Beginning  of  Oriental  relations :  Chinese 
treaty  (1844) ;  Japanese  treaty  (1854) ;  Hawaii ; 
Pacific  islands;  and  Caleb  Gushing:  J.  M.  Callahan, 
American  Relations  in  the  Pacific  and  Far  East, 
chs.  v-viii;  W.  E.  Griffis,  America  in  the  East; 
Arbitrations,  V,  4627-4637  (Chinese  indemnity)  ; 
Digest,  §§  67,  68. 

Lect.  65.  (1848-1861)  Pressure  on  Latin  America:  Yucatan 
(1848);  Isthmus  questions;  Paraguay;  Nicaragua; 
Cuba;  Mexico;  and  James  Buchanan  :  J.  T.  Curtis, 
James  Buchanan,  II,  ch.  x ;  J.  Buchanan,  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan's Administration,  ch.  xiii  ;  Arbitrations,  II  r 
1361-1390  (Isthmus),  1449-1468  (Chile),  1485-1549 
(Paraguay),  1551-1577  (Costa  Rica,  Ecuador)  > 
1593-1657  (Peru),  V,  4591-4626  (Peru  and  Brazil). 

§  2oh.    (1861-1865)    Diplomacy  of  the  Civil  War. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD  : 

Bibliography  in  Handbook,  §  19J;  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  184), 
§  56£  (p.  194). 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Jr.,  Charles  Francis  Adams,  chs. 
ix-xviii. 

Frederic  Bancroft,  Life  of  William  H.  Seward,  II,  chs. 
xxx-xxxviii. 


20g,  20h]  THE   CIVIL    WAR  71 

John  Morton  Callahan,  Diplomatic  History  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy. 

John  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  x. 

Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln^  IV,  ch.  xv,  V,  ch.  ii, 
VI,  chs.  ii-iv,  VII,  ch.  xiv,  VIII,  ch.  x. 

James  Ford  Rhodes,  United  States,  III,  415-434,  502-543, 
IV,  76-95,  337-394. 

Henry  Wheaton,  International  Law  (Boyd's  ed.),  §§  412- 
537. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  23.    Effect  of  Lincoln's  blockade  proclamations:  Hand- 
book, §  85. 
No.  24.    Doctrine  of  continuous  voyages:  Handbook,  §  86. 

Lect.  66.  (1861-1865)  Questions  of  belligerency:  blockade 
proclamations  (1861)  ;  French  and  English  proclama- 
tions (1861)  ;  Trent  affair  (1861) ;  prize  cases;  claims; 
and  Abraham  Lincoln :  Guide,  §  212 ;  Contempo- 
raries, IV,  §§  97-99;  J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and 
Cruisers;  Arbitrations,  I,  560-623  passim ;  J.  L. 
Harris,  Trent  Affair  ;  Digest,  §§  359-363,  374,  383- 
385  ;  M.  Bernard,  Neutrality  of  Great  Britain,  chs. 
vi-x. 

Lect.  67.  (1861-1865)  Confederate  diplomacy  in  Europe ;  and 
John  Slidell :  Guide,  §  209 ;  Contemporaries,  IV, 
§  100;  J.  Bigelow,  France  and  Confederate  Navy ; 
J.  D.  Bulloch,  Secret  Service ;  J.  T.  Scharf,  Con- 
federate States  Navy,  ch.  xxvi ;  R.  Semmes,  Service 
Afloat. 

Lect.  68.  (1862-1865)  Confederate  cruisers:  responsibility  of 
England ;  question  of  piracy ;  and  Charles  Francis 
Adams:  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  116,  133;  C.  F. 


72  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

Adams,  Charles  Francis  Adams ;  Arbitrations,  I, 
500-623  passim,  IV,  4057-4178;  M.  Bernard,  Neu- 
trality of  Great  Britain,  chs.  xi,  xiv,  xv ;  Digest, 
§§  368,  369,  393,  401. 

Lect.  69.  (1861-1865)  Neutral  trade:  prize  cases;  contra- 
band and  continuous  voyages;  and  Lord  John 
Russell :  F.  Snow,  Cases  in  International  Law, 
462-520  passim;  P.  Cobbett,  Cases,  327-330, 
335-340;  Arbitrations,  I,  692-702;  M.  Bernard, 
Neutrality  of  Great  J3ritain,  ch.  xiii;  Digest,  §§ 
368-375. 

Lect.  70.  (1861-1865)  Relations  between  the  United  States 
and  the  Confederacy :  prisoners ;  border  trade ; 
Hampton  Roads  conference  (1865)  ;  and  Alexander  H. 
Stephens :  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  224-229. 

Lect.  71.  (1866-1867)  The  French  in  Mexico:  invasion  (1862); 
Empire  (1863);  intervention  of  the  United  States 
(1866) ;  Mexican  claims  convention  (1868)  ;  and 
Napoleon  III :  F.  Bancroft,  William  H.  Seward, 
II,  ch.  xl ;  Foundations,  §  19  ;  Arbitrations,  II, 
1287-1358  (claims)  ;  John  B.  Henderson,  American 
Diplomatic  Questions,  389-406  ;  Digest,  §  58 ;  J. 
H.  Latan6,  Diplomatic  Relations  of  the  United 
States  and  Spanish  America,  ch.  v. 

§  2oi.   (1865-1890)   Period  of  Peaceful  Influence. 
PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD: 

Bibliography  in  Guide,  §  56a  (p.  184),  §  565  (pp.  194,  195). 
John  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  xi. 
Foundations,  §§  19,  20,  27,  28,  39,  40,  53-55. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  25.    Right  of  expatriation  :  Handbook,  §  87. 


20h,  20i]  PEACEFUL  INFLUENCE  73 

No.  26.    Consequential  damages  :  Handbook,  §  88. 

No.  27.    Questions  of  the  Isthmus  Canal :  Handbook,  §  89. 


Lect.  72.  (1867-1875)  Personal  relations:  immigration  and 
naturalization;  German  treaty  (1868);  and  George 
Bancroft:  Handbook,  §  87;  Digest,  §§  171-182. 

Lect.  73.  (1867-1900)  Status  of  the  Chinese  and  Japanese: 
treaty  of  1868;  treaty  of  1880;  acts  of  1882,  1884, 
1888,  1892;  convention  of  1894:  Digest,  §§  67,  144, 
153. 

Lect.  74.  (1865-1871)  The  Alabama  question:  Johnson-Clar- 
endon draft  treaty  (1868) ;  treaty  of  Washington 
(1871) :  C.  C.  Beaman,  National  and  Private  Ala- 
bama Claims;  G.  Bemis,  American  Neutrality; 
Arbitrations,  I,  495-554;  Digest,  §§  1506,  402, 
402a;  C.  F.  Adams,  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
ch.  xix. 

Lect.  75.  (1871-1890)  Arbitration:  Hudson  Bay  (1869); 
Geneva  tribunal  (1872);  claims;  San  Juan  (1872)  ; 
fisheries  (1875) ;  French  claims  (1880)  ;  claims 
courts  (1884-1886);  Delagoa  Bay  (1890):  Hand- 
book, §  88;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  173,  175;  Caleb 
Gushing,  Treaty  of  Washington ;  Arbitrations,  I, 
222-236  (San  Juan),  237-270  (Hudson  Bay),  555- 
560,  623-682  (Geneva),  683-702  (claims),  712- 
753  (fisheries),  II,  1133-1184  (French  claims),  1865- 
1899  (Delagoa),  V,  4639-4685  (claims  courts) ;  W. 
F.  Milton,  San  Juan  Water  Boundary. 

Lect.  76.  (1865-1877)  Projects  of  American  extension:  Hon- 
duras treaty  (1864) ;  Alaska  treaty  (1867)  ;  draft  of 
St.  Thomas  treaty  (1867) ;  Nicaragua  treaty  (1867)  ; 
San  Domingo  project  (1871) ;  and  William  H. 


74  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

Seward :  F.  Bancroft,  William  H.  Seward,  II,  ch. 
xlii;  Digest,  §§  61,  6 la. 

Lect.  77.  (1868-1878)  Cuban  War  (1868)  :  claims  (1871)  ;  Vir- 
ginias, episode  (1873);  proposed  intervention  (1875)  ; 
peace  (1878):  Contemporaries,  IV,  §  176;  J.  H.  La- 
tane,  Diplomatic  Relations  of  the  United  States  and 
Spanish  America,  135-174;  J.  M.  Callahan,  Cuba 
and  International  Relations,  ch.  xii ;  Arbitrations, 
II,  1007-1069  ;  Foundations,  §  39 ;  Digest,  §  60. 

Lect.  78.  (1877-1889)  Isthmus  question :  French  canal  (1879) ; 
Evart's  protest  (1880);  Blame's  protest  (1881); 
draft  Nicaragua  treaty  (1884)  ;  failure  of  French 
company  (1889)  ;  and  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps  :  L.  M. 
Keasbey,  Nicaragua  Canal  and  Monroe  Doctrine, 
§§  124-158;  J.  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic 
Questions,  137-158;  Digest,  §§  145,  146,  150/,  292- 
297;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  326-347;  T.  J. 
Lawrence,  Essays,  No.  iii ;  J.  H.  Latan6,  Diplomatic 
Relations,  ch.  iv. 

Lect.  79.  (1881-1893)  Hegemony  in  Latin  America:  Chile-Peru 
(1881) ;  Pan-American  Congress  (1890)  ;  Chilean  epi- 
sode (1891-1892);  and  James  G.  Blaine :  Contem- 
poraries, IV,  §  177;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays, 
No.  v;  Arbitrations,  II,  1396-1447  (claims),  1469- 
1484  (Chile),  1579-1592  (Ecuador),  1659-1724 
(Venezuela),  1749-1853  (Hayti),  1909-2108  (United 
States  as  arbiter);  Digest,  §  59  ;  F.  Snow,  Treaties 
and  Topics,  312-326;  M.  Romero,  Mexico  and  the 
United  States. 

Lect.  80.  (1867-1889)  Fishery  questions:  draft  convention 
(1884);  Bering  Sea  imbroglio:  C.  Isham,  Fisheries, 
58-84 ;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  445-481 ; 
Arbitrations,  I,  763-790 ;  J.  B.  Henderson,  Ameri- 


20i,  20j]  WORLD  POWER  75 

can  Diplomatic  Questions,  3-29,  513-525;  Digest, 
§§  305-308;  S.  B.  Stanton,  Behring  Sea  Contro- 
versy; C.  B.  Elliot,  Northeastern  Fisheries. 

§  2oj.    (1890-1901)    United  States  as  a  World  Power. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  PERIOD: 

American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science,  Foreign 
Policy. 

John  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  xii. 

Foundations,  §§  11,  12,  21,  27,  29,  41,  56. 

A.  T.  Mahan,  Interest  of  America  in  Sea  Power  ;  Lessons 
of  the  War  with  Spain;  and  Problem  of  Asia. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 
No.  28.    Control  of  seal  catching :   Handbook,  §  90. 
No.  29.    Protectorate  of  Cuba:  Handbook,  §  91. 
No.  30.    Policy  of  the  Open  Door :  Handbook,  §  92. 

Lect.  81.  (1889-1895)  Settlement  of  the  Bering  Sea  contro- 
versy :  judicial  cases  ;  arbitration  treaty ;  arbitration 
of  1893  ;  Alaska  boundary;  and  James  A.  Bayard: 
Handbook,  §  90  ;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §  1 78 ;  F. 
Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  481-509;  Arbitrations, 
I,  790-960 ;  John  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplo- 
matic Questions,  29-64. 

Lect.  82.  (1885-1900)  Samoan  question :  tripartite  treaty 
(1889);  division  treaty  (1899)  :  John  B.  Henderson, 
American  Diplomatic  Questions,  part  iii  (pp.  209- 
288) ;  Digest,  §  63  ;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics, 
398-422. 

Lect.  83.  (1885-1900)  Hawaiian  questions  :  revolution  of  1892; 
annexation  of  1898  ;  and  Grover  Cleveland :  E.  J. 


76  DIPLOMATIC  LECTURES  [§§ 

Carpenter,  America  in  Hawaii,  chs.  x-xv ;  Digest, 
§  62  ;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  361-397. 

Lect.  84.  (1894-1897)  Venezuela  episode :  claims  against 
Latin- American  powers ;  crisis  of  1895 ;  commission 
(1896) ;  arbitration  (1897) :  draft  permanent  treaty 
of  arbitration  (1897);  and  Richard  Olney :  Contem- 
poraries, IV,  §  179;  Arbitrations,  I,  962-989  (draft 
treaty) ;  J.  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic 
Questions,  411-451;  J.  H.  Latane,  Diplomatic  Rela- 
tions and  Spanish  America,  ch.  vi. 

Lect.  85.  (1895-1899)  The  Spanish  War:  Cuban  War  (1895); 
declaration  (1898)  ;  prizes  ;  conquests  :  Contempo- 
raries, IV,  §§  180-184;  Source-Book,  §§  140-144; 
A.  T.  Mahan,  Lessons  of  the  War  with  Spain  ;  T. 
S.  Woolsey,  American  Foreign  Policy,  7-111. 

Lect.  86.  (1898-1900)  Negotiations  for  peace :  protocol  (1898)  ; 
treaty  of  Paris  (1899)  ;  Hague  treaty  of  arbitra- 
tion;  and  William  McKinley :  Handbook,  §  91; 
Contemporaries,  IV,  §  185 ;  F.  W.  Holls,  Peace 
Conference  at  the  Hague  •  Arbitrations,  V,  5058- 
5067  (proposed  arbitrations). 

Lect.  87.  (1899-1902)  Relations  with  Cuba:  occupation;  re- 
organization; protectorate;  and  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Lect.  88.  (1898-1901)  Colonies  and  colonial  policy :  military 
government ;  civil  government ;  tariff ;  Supreme  Court 
cases  (1901):  Bibliography.- in  A.  P.  C.  Griffin, 
List  of  Books  relating  to  Colonization ;  Contem- 
poraries, IV,  §§  186-191  ;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Docu- 
ments, ch.  xxiv ;  Source-Book,  §  143  ;  D.  S.  Jordan, 
Imperial  Democracy,  chs.  i-iv,  vii ;  A.  H.  Howe, 
Insular  Cases  (House  Exec.  Docs.,  56  Cong.,  2  sess., 
No.  509). 

Lect.  89.    (1899-1900)    Eastern    complications:     Chinese    im- 


20j,  21]  WORLD  POWER  77 

broglio ;  Boxer  rising ;  intervention ;  Open  Door ; 
international  agreements ;  and  John  Hay :  Hand- 
look,  §  92;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  193,  194,  196; 
C.  A.  Conant,  United  States  in  the  Orient ;  P.  S. 
Reinsch,  World  Politics ;  W.  E.  Griffis,  America  in 
the  East. 

Lect.  90.  (1889-1901)  Canal  diplomacy :  Nicaragua  projects; 
commissions ;  Hay-Pauncefote  draft  treaty  (1900)  ; 
report  of  commission;  prospects:  Contemporaries, 
IV,  §  195  ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Interest  of  America  in 
Sea  Power;  J.  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic 
Questions,  159-208. 

§  21.    List  of  Lectures  in  Government  12. 

Abbreviated  references  in  this  list  are  as  follows: 

Actual  Government  —  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Actual  Govern- 
ment as  applied  under  American  Conditions  (N.  Y.,  1902). 

American  Government  —  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American  Gov- 
ernment, National  and  State  (rev.  ed.,  Chicago,  1895). 

Commonwealth  —  James  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth 
(2  vols.,  rev.  ed.,  N.  Y.,  1893-1895). 

Contemporaries  —  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  American  History 
told  by  Contemporaries  (4  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1897-1901). 

Foundations  —  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  The  Foundations  of 
American  Foreign  Policy  (N.  Y. ,  1901). 

Guide —  Edward  Channing  and  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Guide 
to  the  Study  of  American  History  (Boston,  1896). 

Handbook  —this  book  (Cambridge,  1901). 

Liberty  Documents  —  Mabel  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  with 
Contemporary  Exposition  and  Critical  Comments  drawn  from 
Various  Writers  (N.  Y.,  1901). 

Full  titles  of  most  of  the  books  cited  will  be  found  in  the  Hand- 
book (use  the  index),  or  in  Actual  Government  (use  the  index). 


78  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§ 

§  2ia.   Fundamental  Basis  of  American  Government. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP  : 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  ch.  i. 

Emile  Boutmy,  Studies  in  Constitutional  Law,  part  ii. 

Commonwealth,  II,  parts  iv-vi. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  General  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law,  ch.  i. 

A.  V.  Dicey,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Law  of  the 
Constitution. 

Charles  William  Eliot,  American  Contributions  to  Civiliza- 
tion, chs.  i-vi. 

Edwin  Lawrence  Godkin,  Problems  of  Modern  Democracy, 
Nos.  i,  ii,  vii,  x. 

James  K.  Hosmer,  A  Short  History  of  Anglo-Saxon  Free- 
dom. 

Louis  J.  Jennings,  Eighty  Years  of  Republican  Government, 
chs.  i,  ix,  x. 

W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  Democracy  and  Liberty,  I.  63-136. 

Liberty  Documents,  chs.  i-xiv. 

Francis  Lieber,  On  Civil  Liberty  and  Self-  Government. 

Elisha  Mulford,   The  Nation. 

Alexis  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America,  I,  chs.  i-iv, 
xi,  xii,  xiv-xvii,  II,  passim. 

Christopher  G.  Tiedeman,  The  Unwritten  Constitution  of  the 
United  States. 

Westel  Woodbury  Willoughby,  An  Examination  of  the 
Nature  of  the  State. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  1.    Growth  of  urban  population  :  Handbook,  §  94. 
No.  2.    Theory  of  the  social  compact :  Handbook,  §  95. 
No.  3.    Theory  of  religious  liberty  :  Handbook,  §  96. 

Lect.  1.    Aim  and  methods  of  the  course,  and  materials  :  Hand- 


21a]  BASIS    OF  AMERICAN   GOVERNMENT  79 

book,  §§  1-18,  22,  26,  93,  124,  138,  154;  Guide, 
§§  30-34;  Actual  Government,  Introduction. 

Lect.  2.  Territorial  basis  of  national  life:  physiography;  na- 
tural resources ;  principles  of  territorial  subdivision : 
Guide,  §§  21,  77,  78,  144;  J.  D.  Whitney,  The 
United  States,  I,  and  Suppl.  ;  N.  S.  Shaler,  The 
United  States,  chs.  i-iii;  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of 
the  Union,  ch.  i;  J.  H.  Patton,  Natural  Resources 
of  America. 

Lect.  3.  The  people  within  the  United  States :  numbers ;  dis- 
tribution; origin;  races;  color;  sex;  occupations: 
Handbook,  §  94;  Guide,  §§  145,  180,  204;  E.  C. 
Lunt,  Key  to  the  United  States  Census  ;  J.  Strong, 
Our  Country ;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  10-36,  151- 
157,  IV,  §§  75-83,  203-209;  C.  D.  Wright,  Practical 
Sociology,  chs.  ii,  iv,  vii,  viii;  N.  S.  Shaler,  Nature 
and  Man  in  America  ;  Compendium  of  the  Twelfth 
Census  ;  America's  Race  Problems  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol. 
Sci.,  Annals,  XVIII,  9-178). 

Lect.  4.  American  society  as  a  basis  of  government :  Common- 
wealth, II,  chs.  xci,  xciii,  cxiii-cxix;  A.  B.  Hart, 
American  Character  in  Politics  (  Chautauquan,  Nov., 
1895)  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Puritan  Politics  (Orange,  N.  J., 
New  England  Society)  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Moral  Stan- 
dards (Forum,  Jan.,  1895)  ;  M.  M.  Cohu,  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Study  of  the  Constitution  ;  A.  Carnegie, 
Triumphant  Democracy ;  H.  J.  Ford,  American 
Politics,  chs.  i-v. 

Lect.  5a.  American  theories  of  popular  government :  status  of 
women  ;  equality ;  the  social  compact ;  democracy ; 
local  self-government ;  distribution  of  powers:  Hand- 
book, §  95;  Guide,  §§  156,  165,  183,  205;  Com- 
monwealth, I,  chs.  xxvi-xxx,  II,  chs.  cviii,  cix; 


80  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

W.  W.  Willoughby,  Nature  of  the  State,  ch.  xiv; 
A.  L.  Lowell,  Essays  on  Government,  Nos.  ii,  iv ; 
A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Social  Compact  (Amer.  Hist. 
Rev.,  April,  1900)  ;  F.  A.  Cleveland,  Growth  of 
Democracy,  chs.  ii-iv;  H.  Holt,  Talks  on  Civics; 
F.  J.  Goodnow,  Politics  and  Administration,  ch.  i ; 
T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  chs.  iii,  vii. 

Lect.  5ft.  American  theories  of  Federal  government:  prece- 
dents ;  two  spheres ;  division  of  powers ;  ultimate 
authority :  Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  ii-iv,  xxvi-xxx ; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Federal 
Government,  §§  33-40 ;  American  Government,  chs. 
xii-xv,  xliv-xlvi ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Nature  of  the 
State,  ch.  x ;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History, 
chs.  xvii,  xviii. 

Lect.  6.  Theory  of  education :  public  and  private ;  primary ; 
secondary  ;  college ;  university  ;  technical :  Brookings 
and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  liii,  Ixviii; 
C.  D.  Wright,  Practical  Sociology,  ch.  xi;  C.  W. 
Eliot,  Educational  Reform;  A.  B.  Hart,  Studies  in 
American  Education ;  Commonwealth,  II,  chs.  cv> 
ex,  cxi;  American  Government,  ch.  Ivi ;  J.  H. 
Crooker,  Problems  in  American  Society,  ch.  v ;  W.  T. 
Harris,  in  N.  S.  Shaler,  The  United  States,  II,  ch.  vi ; 
H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §  97. 

Lect.  7.  Religious  freedom  :  sects ;  central  system ;  religious 
qualifications :  Handbook,  £  96 ;  C.  D.  Wright,  Prac- 
tical Sociology,  §§  38,  39  ;  P.  Schaff,  Church  and 
State  (Ainer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  II,  391);  J.  H. 
Crooker,  Problems  in  American  Society,  ch.  vi; 
Commonwealth,  II,  chs.  cvi,  cvii;  T.  M.  Cooley, 
Constitutional  Limitations,  ch.  xiii. 

Lect.  8.    Public  opinion:  the  press;  public  meetings;  personal 


21a,  21  b]          MEMBERSHIP  IN  THE   COMMUNITY  81 

influence ;  mobs :  Commonwealth,  II,  chs.  Ixxvi- 
Ixxxvii,  xcv;  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  Democracy  and 
Liberty,  I,  ch.  vi ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional 
Limitations,  ch.  xii ;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Politics  and 
Administration,  ch.  ii;  A.  L.  Lowell,  Essays  on 
Government,  No.  ii ;  A.  L.  Lowell,  Public  Opinion 
and  Popular  Government  (in  preparation). 
Lect.  9.  Historical  development  of  American  government, 
from  1606  to  1902 :  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the 
Republic ;  F.  N.  Thorpe,  History  of  the  American 
People, •  G.  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution;  Common- 
wealth, I,  chs.  ii-iv,  II,  chs.  xcvii-c ;  American  Gov- 
ernment, chs.  i-xi;  H.  J.  Ford,  American  Politics, 
chs.  xxvi,  xxviii. 

§  2ib.    Membership  in  the  Community. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP  : 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  chs.  ii,  iii. 

American  Government,  chs.  xlvii,  xlviii. 

George  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  chs. 
x,  xxii,  xxiii,  xliv,  liii-lviii,  Ixiii,  Ixiv. 

Henry  Brannon,  A  Treatise  on  the  Fourteenth  Amendment. 

John  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science  and  Comparative  Con- 
stitutional Law,  I,  174-252. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  General  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law,  ch.  iv,  §§3,  14,  chs.  xii-xvi. 

H.  Von  Hoist,   Constitutional  Law,  §§  72-78,  84-87. 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on 
Cherokee  Case,  Civil  Rights  Bill,  Dred  Scott  Case,  Ex-Post 
Facto  Laws,  Habeas  Corpus  (U.  S.),  Jury  (Trial),  Personal 
Liberty  Laws,  Petition,  Slavery. 

Liberty  Documents. 

Alexis  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America,  I,  ch.  xviii. 

6 


82  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

Christopher  G.  Tiedeman,  The  Umcritten  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  chs.  vi,  viii. 

Westel  Wood  bury  Willoughby,  The  Eights  and  Duties  of 
American  Citizenship,  part  i. 

James  Wilson,  Works,  II,  ch.  xii. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  4.    Citizenship  by  annexation :  Handbook,  §  97. 

No.  5.    Rights  of  Indians  :  Handbook,  §  98. 

Lect.  10.  Doctrine  of  fundamental  rights:  colonial  precedent; 
bills  of  rights ;  Federal  constitution ;  "  civil  rights  :  " 
Guide,  §§  146,  147;  Handbook,  §  40;  W.  W. 
Willoughby,  American  Citizenship,  chs.  i-vii;  J. 
Story,  Commentaries,  §§  301,  304,  1858-1868;  Lib- 
erty Documents,  chs.  ii-vi,  viii,  ix,  xi,  xiii;  T.  M. 
Cooley,  Constitutional  Limitations,  chs.  ix,  x. 

Lect.  11.  Citizenship:  birth;  naturalization;  annexation; 
aliens;  "  heimathlose  " ;  Chinese;  loss  of  citizen- 
ship: Handbook,  §§  74,  87,  97;  G-.  S.  Boutwell, 
Constitution,  ch.  xliv. 

Lect.  12.  Liberty:  personal  freedom  ;  movement;  occupations; 
expression  of  opinions ;  religion ;  trial ;  habeas 
corpus:  Handbook,  §§  40,  52,  55,  60,  87,  96,  98; 
Guide,  §§  148,  186,  214;  R.  C.  Kurd,  Habeas 
Corpus  ;  J.  C.  Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bond- 
age ;  Liberty  Documents,  chs.  viii,  xxi-xxiii ;  Con- 
temporaries, IV,  §§  124-129;  American  Government, 
chs.  xlvii,  xlviii;  Adolphe  de  Chambrun,  Droits  et 
Libertes  aux  J&tats  Unis  /  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitu- 
tional Limitations,  chs.  xi-xiii;  G.  K.  Holmes, 
Peons  of  the  South  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals, 
IV,  265-274). 


21b,21c]  WRITTEN  CONSTITUTIONS  83 

Lect.  13.  Special  status  of  inhabitants  of  dependencies :  In- 
dians;  Alaskans;  Filipinos:  etc. :  Handbook,  §§  55, 
91,  97,  98;  Guide,  §§  185,  196;  Liberty  Docu- 
ments, ch.  xxiv;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  186-191, 
204. 

Lect.  14,  Privileges  and  obligations  of  citizens  and  residents : 
protection  ;  obedience ;  military  service ;  taxation ; 
status  of  citizens  abroad:  Handbook,  §§  40,  74, 
80,  87 ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  American  Citizenship, 
26-29,  37-41 ;  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xxiii. 

§  2ic.  Written  Constitutions. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP: 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  ch.  iv. 

S.  E.  Baldwin,  Modern  Political  Institutions,  chs.  ii,  iii. 

Henry  Campbell  Black,  Handbook  of  Constitutional  Law, 
ch.  iii. 

Charles  Borgeaud,  The  Origin  of  Written  Constitutions 
(Political  Science  Quarterly,  VII,  613-632). 

John  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science  and  Comparative  Con- 
stitutional Law,  I,  142-154. 

Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xxii-xxxix. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Limitations,  chs.  ii-iv,  vii. 

Sidney  George  Fisher,  Trial  of  the  Constitution,  ch.  i. 

Franklin  B.  Hough,  American  Constitutions. 

John  Alexander  Jameson,  A  Treatise  on  Constitutional 
Conventions. 

J.  J.  Lator,  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on 
Amendment,  Convention  (Constitutional),  Convention  (of  1787). 

Liberty  Documents,  chs.  vii,  xi,  xiii,  xv,  xvii. 

William  C.  Morey,  Genesis  of  a  Written  Constitution,  First 
State  Constitutions  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  I,  529- 
557,  IV,  201-232). 


84  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

James  Harvey  Robinson,  The  Original  and  Derived  Fea- 
tures of  the  United  States  Constitution. 

Christopher  G.  Tiedeman,  The  Unwritten  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  ch.  xii. 

WEEKLY  PAPER  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  6.    Limits  on  constitutional  conventions :  Handbook,  § 


Lect.  15.  Principle  of  fundamental  limitations:  corporations; 
colonial  charters :  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional 
Limitations  ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  1331-1406, 
1906-1909;  Liberty  Documents,  chs.  ii,  vi,  viii,  ix, 
xiv,  xix ;  J.  Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies,  part  ii, 
ch.  vii ;  G-.  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution,  chs.  Ii,  lii,  lix; 
Commonwealth,  I,  App.,  pp.  687,  711;  American 
Government,  chs.  xxvi,  xxvii ;  J.  F.  Dillon,  Muni- 
cipal  Corporations,  I,  ch.  iv ;  A.  V.  Dicey,  Law  of 
the  Constitution,  Introduction. 

Lect.  16.  Constitutional  conventions:  Handbook,  §§  36,  99; 
Guide,  §  154 ;  J.  A.  Jameson,  Constitutional  Con- 
ventions;  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xvii;  Common- 
wealth, I,  App.,  pp.  667,  670;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§§  60-75  ;  American  Government,  chs.  vii-ix. 

Lect.  17.  Amendment  of  constitutions  through  legislatures : 
national;  state:  C.  Borgeaud,  Adoption  and  Amend- 
ment of  Constitutions,  3-25,  131-191 ;  Common- 
wealth, I,  chs.  xxxii,  xxxvii,  xxxviii;  American 
Government,  chs.  xliii,  1,  §  661  ;  G.  S.  Boutwell, 
Constitution,  chs.  1,  lii-lxiv. 

Lect.  18&.  Popular  votes  on  constitutional  changes:  single 
amendments ;  complete  constitutions :  C.  Borgeaud, 
Adoption  and  Amendment  of  Constitutions,  part 


21c,  21d]  POPULAR    GOVERNMENT  85 

iii,  book  i;  F.  A.  Cleveland,  Growth  of  Democ- 
racy, chs.  v,  ix ;  E.  P.  Oberholzer,  Referendum  in 
America,  chs.  iii-vl ;  Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xxxii, 
xxx  vii. 

Lect.  iSb.  Interpretation  of  written  constitutions:  principles; 
status  of  courts  ;  unwritten  usage  :  Commonwealth, 
I,  chs.  xxxiii,  xxxv,  xxxviii. 


§  2id.  Machinery  of  Popular  Government. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP: 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  chs.  v-vii ;  Brookings 
and  Ringwalt,  JZriefsfor  Debate,  Nos.  i-xi. 

Gamaliel  Bradford,  The  Lesson  of  Popular  Government. 

Frederick  A.  Cleveland,  Growth  of  Democracy  in  the  United 
States,  chs.  x,  xii. 

John  R.  Commons,  Proportional  Representation. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Limitations,  ch.  xvii. 

Frederick  W.  Dallinger,  Nominations  for  Elective  Office. 

Henry  Jones  Ford,  Rise  and  Growth  of  American  Politics, 
chs.  vii-xvii,  xxiii-xxv. 

Edwin  Lawrence  Godkin,  Problems  of  Modern  Democracy, 
No.  iv. 

Frank  J.  Goodnow,  Politics  and  Administration. 

J.  B.  Harrison,  Certain  Dangerous  Tendencies. 

Louis  J.  Jennings,  Eighty  Years  of  Republican  Govern- 
ment, chs.  vii,  viii. 

W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  Democracy  and  Liberty,  I,  223-304,  II, 
543-560. 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on 
Assessments,  Bill  of  Rights,  Caucus  (Congressional),  Caucus 
System,  Civil  Service  Reform,  Disputed  Elections,  Gerry- 
mander, Instructions,  Lobby,  Nominating  Conventions,  Party 


86  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

Government,  Returning  Boards,  Spoils  System,  Tammany 
Hall. 

M.  Ostrogorski,  Democracy  and  the  Organization  of  Politi- 
cal Parties. 

Alexis  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America,  I,  chs.  x, 
xiii. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  7.    Question  of  limiting  the  suffrage:  Handbook,  §  100. 
No.  8.    Question  of  popular  nomination  machinery :  Sand- 
book,  §  101. 

Lect.  19.  The  suffrage:  history;  conditions;  exercise;  woman 
suffrage;  property  qualifications:  Handbook,  §  100; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  163,  164  ;  American  Gov- 
ernment, ch.  liv;  F.  A.  Cleveland,  Growth  of 
Democracy,  ch.  vi ;  G.  H.  Haynes,  Representation  in 
State  Legislatures  ;  R.Foster,  Commentaries,  §§  50- 
59  ;  M.  D.  Naar,  Law  of  Suffrage  and  Elections. 

Lect.  20.  The  ballot :  methods  of  voting ;  counting  votes  \ 
minority  and  proportional  voting ;  corrupt  influences  : 
Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No. 
xviii ;  J.  R.  Commons,  Proportional  Representa- 
tion;  F.  J.  Stimson,  Methods  of  Bribery ;  Com- 
monwealth, II,  chs.  Ixvi,  Ixvii,  xcvi;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Practical  Essays,  No.  ii ;  D.  B.  Eaton,  Government 
of  Municipalities,  chs.  ii,  ix,  App. 

Lect.  21.  The  referendum  and  initiative:  E.  P.  Oberholzer, 
Referendum  in  America,  chs.  vii-xvi ;  Common- 
wealth, I,  ch.  xxxix;  F.  A.  Cleveland,  Growth  of 
Democracy,  chs.  vii-x. 

Lect.  22.  Parties  and  party  organization :  history  of  parties: 
Guide,  §§  160,  181,  201 ;  J.  Macy,  Party  History  ,* 
A.  D.  Morse,  What  is  a  Party?  (Political  Science 


21d,21e]  COMMONWEALTHS  87 

Quarterly,  XI,  68-81) ;  A.  D.  Morse,  Political  Par- 
ties (in  preparation) ;  Commonwealth,  II,  chs.  liii- 
Ivi;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  83,  IV,  §  197;  H.  C. 
Lodge,  Historical  and  Political  Essays,  198-213; 
H.  J.  Ford,  American  Politics,  chs.  vii,  xxiii-xxv ; 

F.  J.   Goodnow,  Politics  and  Administration,  chs. 
ii,  iii,  ix. 

Lect.  23.  Nominating  machinery :  conventions  and  caucuses  : 
Handbook,  §  101 ;  F.  W.  Dallinger,  Nominations  for 
Elective  Office ;  Commonwealth,  II,  chs.  Ixix-lxxiii; 

G.  W.   Lawton,   Caucus  System;  F.  W.  Whitridge, 
Caucus    System;    National    Conference    for    Good 
City  Government,  Proceedings,  1901,  pp.  187-207. 

Lect.  24.  The  machine,  the  ring,  and  the  boss:  rise;  system; 
powers ;  remedies :  Commonwealth,  II,  chs.  Ivii. 
Ix-lxiv,  Ixviii,  Ixxiv,  Ixxv,  Ixxxviii,  Ixxxix ;  G. 
Myers,  Histori/  of  Tammany  Hall ;  F.  J.  Goodnow, 
Politics  and  Administration,  ch.  viii;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §  88,  IV,  §  202  ;  T.  Roosevelt,  American 
Ideals,  No.  vi ;  D.  B.  Eaton,  Government  of  Muni- 
cipalities, chs.  iv-vi. 

§  2ie.    Government  of  the  Commonwealths. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP  : 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government^  chs.  viii-xi. 

S.  E.  Baldwin,  Modern  Political  Institutions,  chs.  iii-ix,  xi. 

William  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional  Law, 
§§  186-193,  253-265,  283-285. 

Henry  Campbell  Black,  Handbook  of  Constitutional  Law, 
chs.  xi-xiii. 

John  W.  Burgess,  American  Commonwealths  (Political 
Science  Quarterly,  I,  9-35). 

Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xl-xlvi,  App.,  p.  711. 


GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§ 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  The  General  Principles  of  Constitu- 
tional Law,  clis.  x,  xi. 

Lawrence  B.  Evans  (editor),  Handbooks  of  American 
Government.  —  Monographs  on  government  of  individual 
States. 

F.  J.  Goodnow,  Comparative  Administrative  Law,  I,  books 
ii,  iii. 

Henry  Hitchcock,  American  State  Constitutions :  A  Study 
of  their  Growth. 

H.  Von  Hoist,   Constitutional  Law,  79-83,  89,  90. 

J.  Franklin  Jameson,  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the 
Constitutional  and  Political  History  of  the  States  (Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Studies,  IV,  No.  5). 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on 
Assembly,  Judiciary  (Elective),  Nullification,  Reconstruction, 
Secession,  State  Sovereignty,  States  (Constitutional  and  Legal 
Diversities). 

James  Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies,  203-308. 

Francis  Newton  Thorpe,  A  Constitutional  History  of  the 
American  People. 

William  F.  Willoughby,  State  Activities  and  Politics  (Amer. 
Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  V,  113). 

Woodrow  Wilson,  The  State,  §§  1087-1208. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.   9.    How  to  secure  good  legislation  :  Handbook,  §  102. 

No.  10.  Question  of  executive  boards :   Handbook,  §   103. 

Lect.  25.  Colonial  government  as  a  precedent:  Handbook,  § 
33  ;  Guide,  §§  146,  147 ;  Contemporaries,  II,  §§  45- 
74;  A.  B.  Hart,  Source-Book,  §§  48-51;  E.  B. 
Greene,  Provincial  Governor;  J.  S.  Landon,  Con- 
stitutional History,  chs.  i-iv ;  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Con- 
stitutional History  of  the  American  People,  I,  chs. 


21  e]  COMMONWEALTHS  89 

i,  ii;  J.  Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies,  part  i; 
W.  Wilson,  The  State,  §§  1042-1056;  P.  L.  Kaye, 
Colonial  Executive  prior  to  the  Restoration  (Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Studies,  XVIII,  No.  5-6)  ;  H. 
L.  Obgood,  in  Political  Science  Quarterly,  II,  440, 
VI,  1,  201,  XI,  259,  502,  694,  XIV,  251,  and  in 
American  Historical  Review,  II,  644,  III,  31. 

Lect.  26.  States  in  the  Union:  admission;  privileges;  duties; 
interstate  obligations:  Handbook,  §§  34,  50,  61; 
D.  F.  Houston,  Nullification;  W.  A.  Dunning, 
Essays  on  the  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction,  63- 
135,  304-352;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  145-157; 
American  Government,  chs.  xl-xlii,  xlix ;  Common- 
wealth, I,  chs.  ii,  xxviii,  xxxvi,  xliv,  xlv,  xlvi ;  G. 
S.  Boutwell,  Constitution,  chs.  xxix-xxxi,  xliii, 
xlv,  xlvi,  xlix,  Ix;  J.  Schouler,  Constitutional 
Studies,  part  ii,  ch.  x ;  J.  Ordronaux,  Constitutional 
Legislation,  ch.  iii ;  J.  K  Tucker,  Constitution,  I, 
chs.  v,  vii;  J.  C.  Hurd,  Theory  of  Our  National 
Existence;  R.  C.  Hurd,  Habeas  Corpus,  book  iii; 
T.  Farrar,  Manual  of  the  Constitution,  chs.  xxix, 
xxx ;  L.  J.  Jennings,  Eighty  Years  of  Republican 
Government,  ch.  ii;  G.  H.  Alden,  Forming  and 
Admitting  New  States  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  An- 
nals, XVIII,  469-479). 

Lect.  27.  State  legislatures  and  legislation:  Handbook,  § 
102 ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Essays  on  Practical  Politics, 
No.  i,  or  American  Ideals,  No.  v;  M.  Storey,  A 
Year  of  State  Legislation  ;  F.  A.  Cleveland,  Growth 
of  Democracy,  chs.  xiii,  xiv  ;  Commonwealth,  I,  chs. 
xl,  xliii;  University  of  New  York,  State  Library 
Bulletins  •  Contemporaries,  IV,  §  198 ;  J.  Ordro- 
naux, Constitutional  Legislation,  ch.  x;  S.  N.  Pat- 


90  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§$ 

ten,  Decay  of  State  and  Local  Governments  (Amer. 
Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  I,  26-42). 

Lect.  28.  The  State  governor:  E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial 
Governor ;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Comparative  Adminis- 
trative Law,  I,  74-82. 

Lect.  29.  The  State  executive  :  departments  ;  boards ;  officials  ; 
control:  Handbook,  §  103;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Com- 
parative Administrative  Law,  I,  102-106,  134-137, 
146-161,  II,  1-100;  Commonwealth,  I,  ch.  xli ; 
J.  A.  Fairlie,  Centralization  of  Administration  in 
New  York  State  ;  R.  H.  Whitten,  Public  Adminis- 
tration in  Massachusetts. 

Lect.  30.  The  State  judiciary :  bar  and  bench ;  relation  to 
statutes;  relation  to  appeal;  courts;  lynch  law: 
T.  M.  Cooley  and  others,  Constitutional  History  of 
the  United  States,  ch.  v ;  A.  L.  Lowell,  Essays  on 
Government,  No.  iii ;  Commonwealth,  I,  ch.  xlii,  II, 
chs.  ci,  oii ;  S.  E.  Baldwin,  Modern  Political  Institu- 
tions, ch.  vii ;  J.  F.  Dillon,  Municipal  Corporations, 
II,  chs.  xx-xxiii;  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in 
America,  I,  chs.  vi,  vii. 


§  2if.    Government  of  the  Localities. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP: 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  chs.  xii-xiv ;  Municipal 
Affairs,  V,  No.  i  (March,  1901). 

American  Government,  ch.  Iv. 

Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xlviii-lii. 

Alfred  R.  Conkling,  City  Government  in  the  United  States. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  The  General  Principles  of  Constitu- 
tional Law,  ch.  xvii. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Limitations,  ch.  viii. 


21e,21f]  THE  LOCALITIES  91 

John  F.  Dillon,  Commentaries  on  the  Law  of  Municipal 
Corporations. 

Dorman  B.  Eaton,  Government  of  Municipalities. 

John  Archibald  Fairlie,  Municipal  Administration. 

Frank  J.  Goodnpw,  Comparative  Administrative  Law,  I, 
162-233. 

Frank  J.  Goodnow,  Municipal  Home  Rule. 

Frank  J.  Goodnow,  Municipal  Problems. 

H.  Von  Hoist,   Constitutional  Law,  §§  98-102. 

James  K.  Hosmer,  Anglo-Saxon  Freedom,  ch.  xvii. 

George  E.  Howard,  An  Introduction  to  the  Local  Constitu- 
tional History  of  the  United  States,  I,  62-99,  135-238,  408- 
470. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies  in  Historical  and  Polit- 
ical Science,  passim. 

National  Conference  for  Good  City  Government,  Proceedings. 

Alexis  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America,  I,  ch.  v. 

Delos  F.  Wilcox,  The  Study  of  City  Government. 

Woodrow  Wilson,  The  State,  §§  1209-1259. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  11.  Improvement  of  county  government:  Handbook,  § 
104. 

No.  12.  Effect  of  foreigners  on  city  government:  Hand- 
book, §  105. 

No.  13.  Question  of  responsible  mayoralty :  Handbook,  § 
106. 

Lect.  31.  Colonial  and  early  precedents :  Guide,  §  147;  Con- 
temporaries, II,  §§  75-79;  A.  B.  Hart,  Source-Book, 
§  52 ;  E.  Channing,  Town  and  County  Government ; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  Nos.  vi,  vii;  J.  A. 
Fairlie,  Borough  Government ;  J.  A.  Fairlie,  Muni- 


92  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

cipal  Colorations  in  the  Colonies  (Municipal  Af- 
fairs, II,  341-381)  ;  F.A.Cleveland,  Growth  of  De- 
mocracy, ch.  iii;  G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional 
History,  I;  W.  Wilson,  The  State,  §§  1033-1040. 

Lect.  32.  Towns  and  townships ;  and  the  town-meeting :  A.  B. 
Hart,  in  The  Nation,  May  11,  1893  ;  E.  Channiug, 
Town  and  County  Government;  Commonwealth,  I, 
ch.  xlviii. 

Lect.  33.  Counties  and  the  county  system:  Handbook,  §  104; 
Commonwealth,  I,  ch.  xlix. 

Lect.  34.  Mixed  systems:  township;  county;  county  precinct; 
villages  and  boroughs ;  school  districts. 

Lect.  35.  American  cities:  population;  growth;  problems: 
Handbook,  §§  94,  105;  C.  D.  Wright,  Practical 
Sociology,  chs.  viii,  ix ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical 
Essays,  No.  viii;  G.  E.  Waring,  in  N.  S.  Shaler, 
The  United  States,  II,  ch.  v ;  D.  F.  Wilcox,  Party 
Government  in  Cities  (Political  Science  Quarterly, 
XIV,  681-698). 

Lect.  36.  Legislative  power  in  cities :  charters ;  councils ; 
boards;  state  legislatures:  D.  F.  Wilcox,  Municipal 
Government;  A.  R.  Conkling,  City  Government; 
H.  C.  Black,  Handbook  of  Constitutional  Law,  ch. 
xvii;  National  Conference  for  Good  City  Govern- 
ment, Proceedings,  1901,  pp.  128-157. 

Lect.  37.  Executive  power  in  cities:  mayors;  city  boards; 
State  boards ;  State  supervision ;  the  police  :  Hand- 
book, §  106 ;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for 
Debate,  No.  xix. 

Lect.  38.  Defects  of  city  government :  Commonwealth,  I, 
chs.  1-lii ;  N.  Matthews,  City  Government  of  Bos- 
ton; B.  S.  Coler,  Municipal  Government  (N.  Y.); 
D.  B.  Eaton,  Government  of  Municipalities. 


21f,2lg]  NATIONAL  EXECUTIVE  93 

Lect.  39.  Franchises:  docks;  traction;  question  of  municipal 
ownership:  E.  W.  Bemis,  Municipal  Monopolies; 
J.  F.  Dillon,  Municipal  Corporations,  II,  chs.  xv- 
xviii. 

Lect.  40.  Remedies  for  misgovernment  in  American  cities : 
Report  of  Tilden  Commission,  in  Municipal  Affairs, 
III,  434-454;  Seth  Low,  Problem  of  Municipal 
Government  /  A.  P.  Wilder,  Municipal  Problem  r- 
L.  S.  Rowe,  Municipal  Government  as  it  should 
be  (National  Conference  for  Good  City  Govern- 
ment, Proceedings,  1894,  pp.  111-122);  N.  Mat- 
thews, City  Government  of  Boston,  174-185 ;  J.  A. 
Fairlie,  Municipal  Administration,  ch.  xx. 


§  2ig.    National  Executive. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP  : 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  chs.  xvii,  xviii. 

American  Government,  chs.  xxviii-xxxiii. 

George  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  chs. 
xxxii-xxxv,  Ixi. 

John  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science  and  Comparative  Con- 
stitutional Law,  II,  216-263,  307-319. 

Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  v-ix. 

Alfred  Conkling,  The  Powers  of  the  Executive  Department. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  The  General  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law,  ch.  v. 

Henry  Jones  Ford,  The  Rise  and  Growth  of  American  Politics, 
ch.  xxii. 

Frank  J.  Goodnow,  Comparative  Administrative  Law,  I,  53- 
82,  102-105,  127-138,  146-161,  II,  29-46. 

Benjamin  Harrison,  This  Country  of  Ours,  chs.  iv-xix. 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  25,  26,  55,  59,  60. 


94  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

Louis  J.  Jennings,  Eighty  Tears  of  Republican  Government, 
chs.  iii,  iv. 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on  Con- 
firmation, Electoral  College,  Electoral  Commission,  Executive 
Impeachment,  Removals,  Resignations,  Veto. 

Edward  Campbell  Mason,   Veto  Power. 

James  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents. 

John  Randolph  Tucker,  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
II,  ch.  xii. 

Woodrow  Wilson,  The  State,  §§  1323-1351. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  14.    Development  of  the  Cabinet :  Handbook,  §  107. 

No.  15.   Needs  of  civil  service  reform  :  Handbook,  §  108. 

Lect.  41.  Historical  status  of  the  presidency:  Guide,  §  157; 
E.  Stan  wood,  History  of  the  Presidency ;  A.  L.  Lowell, 
jEssays  on  Government,  No.  ii;  Commonwealth,  I,  chs. 
v-vii;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  79,  106,  162;  H.  C. 
Lock  wood,  Abolition  of  the  Presidency. 

Lect.  42.  Choice  of  the  President :  Brookings  and  Ringwalt, 
Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  xii;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical 
Essays,  No.  iii;  Commonwealth,  I,  ch.  viii;  E.  Stan- 
wood,  History  of  the  Presidency. 

Lect.  43.  The  Cabinet :  Handbook,  §  107  ;  Brookings  and  Ring- 
wait,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  xv,  xvi ;  A.  L.  Lowell, 
Essays  on  Government,  No.  i;  Commomvealth,  I,  ch. 
x;  J.  F.  Jameson,  Essays  in  Constitutional  History, 
No.  iii. 

Lect.  44.  Executive  organization  and  the  civil  service :  ad- 
ministrative tribunals:  Handbook,  §  108;  L.  M.  Sal- 
mon, Appointing  Power.;  C.  R.  Fish,  in  Amer.  Hist. 
Assoc.,  Report  for  1899,  I,  67;  H.  C.  Lodge,  His- 


21g,  21h]  CONGRESS  95 

torical  and  Political  Essays,   114-137;   A.  Conkling, 
Powers  of  the  Executive  Department. 

Lect.  45.  Civil  service  reform :  Guide,  §  181  ;  Brookings  and 
Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  xvii;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §§  81,  158,  IV,  §  199;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Practical  Essays,  No.  iv ;  T.  Roosevelt,  American 
Ideals,  No.  vii. 


§  2ih.    Congress. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP: 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  chs.  xv,  xvi. 

American  Government,  chs.  xvi-xxv. 

George  S.  Bontwell,   Constitution  of  the  United  States,  ch.  vi. 

Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  x-xxi. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  The  General  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law,  chs.  iii,  iv,  §§  15,  16. 

M.  P.  Follett,  The  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Henry  Jones  Ford,  The  Rise  and  Growth  of  American  Politics, 
chs.  xviii-xxi. 

Benjamin  Harrison,  This  Country  of  Ours,  chs.  ii,  iii. 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  20-24,  28-34. 

Clara  Hannah  Kerr,  The  Origin  and  Development  of  the  United 
States  Senate. 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on 
Censures,  Congress  (U.  S.),  Congress  (Powers),  Congress 
(Sessions),  House  of  Representatives,  Riders,  Salary  Grab, 
Senate. 

W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  Democracy  and  Liberty,  I,  137-167. 

A.  Lawrence  Lowell,  Essays  on  Government. 

Thomas  Hudson  McKee,  A  Manual  of  Congressional  Practice. 

John  Randolph  Tucker,  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
I,  381-455. 


96  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

Woodrow  Wilson,  Congressional  Government. 
Woodrow  Wilson,  The  State,  §§  1273-1305. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  16.    Choice   of   Senators    by   popular   vote:    Handbook, 

§  101). 

No.  17.    Defects  of  the  committee  system  :  Handbook,  §  110. 
No.  18.    Influences  on  the  legislation  of  Congress  :  Handbook, 

§  111. 

Lect.  46.  Members  of  Congress:  appointment;  choice;  term; 
character :  Handbook,  §  109 ;  G.  S.  Boutwell,  Consti- 
tution, ch.  vi;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science,  IT, 
41-58, 106-130. 

Lect.  47.  Characteristics  and  special  functions  of  the  Senate 
and  of  the  House  of  Representatives :  C.  H.  Kerr, 
United  States  Senate  ;  Gomm.onwealth,  I,  chs.  x-xiv. 

Lect.  48.  The  Speaker,  Vice-President,  and  other  officers : 
M.  P.  Follett,  The  Speaker,  chs.  ii,  iii,  x,  xi;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  i. 

Lect.  49.  The  committee  system:  Handbook,  §  110;  L.  G. 
McConachie,  Congressional  Committees ;  W.  Wilson, 
Congressional  Government,  chs.  ii,  iii;  Commonwealth, 
I,  chs.  xiv,  xv  ;  M.  P.  Follett,  The  Speaker,  ch.  viii. 

Lect.  50.  Influences  on  Congress:  constitutents ;  the  executive; 
the  press  ;  private  interest :  E.  C.  Mason,  Congres- 
sional Demands  for  Information  (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc., 
Papers,  V,  367)  ;  F.  Snow,  Defence  of  Congressional 
Government  (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  IV,  309). 

Lect.  51.  Congress  at  work:  sessions;  secrecy;  order;  par- 
liamentary practice ;  obstructions :  Brookings  and 
Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  xxxii,  xxxiii;  H. 
C.  Lodge,  Historical  and  Political  Essays,  169-197; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  ix;  Commonwealth, 


21h.  21  i]  NATIONAL  JUDICIARY  97 

I,  chs.  xvi-xix,  App.,  pp.  673-681;  M.  P.  Follett, 
The  Speaker,  chs.  iv-vi;  F.  A.  Cleveland,  Growth  of 
Democracy,  ch.  xiii. 

Lect.  52.  Procedure  of  Congress  and  debate :  A.  B.  Hart, 
Practical  Essays,  No.  ix;  M.  P.  Follett,  The  Speaker, 
chs.  vii-ix ;  B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences. 

Lect.  53.  The  legislative  output  of  Congress:  amount  of 
legislation ;  relation  to  executive  ;  the  veto  :  Hand- 
book, §  111 ;  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power ;  Commonwealth, 
I,  chs.  xx,  xxi. 

§  2ii.    National  Judiciary. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP: 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  ch.  xix;  Handbook,  §§  43- 
45,  112,  113;    Guide,  §§  157,  175,  202. 

American  Government,  chs.  xxxiv-xxxix. 

George  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  chs.  xv, 
xxxvi-xlii. 

John  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science  and  Comparative  Constitu- 
tional Law,  II,  320-337. 

Hampton  L.  Carson,  The  Supreme  Court. 

Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xxii-xxiv. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  The   General  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law,  ch.  vi. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley  and  others,  Constitutional  History  of  the 
United  States. 

Benjamin  Harrison,  This  Country  of  Ours,  chs.  xx,  xxi. 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  17-19,  43-46,  61-71. 

Judson  S.  Landon,    The   Constitutional  History   and    Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  chs.  xiii-xvi. 

James  Bradley  Thayer,  John  Marshall. 

John  Randolph  Tucker,  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
I,  ch.  xiii. 
7 


98  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

Westel  W.  Willoughby,  The  Supreme  Court. 
Woodrow  Wilson,  The  State,  §§  1306-1322. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  19.    Administrative  decisions :  Handbook,  §  112. 

No.  20.    Principles  of  declaring  acts  void :  Handbook,  §  113. 

Lect.  54.  United  States  judges  and  judicial  organization :  last 
Report  of  the  Attorney  General ;  Commonwealth,  I,  ch. 
xxii ;  J.  F.  Jameson,  Essays  in  Constitutional  History, 
No.  i. 

Lect.  55.  Judicial  functions  of  the  courts :  cases ;  writs ; 
special  jurisdictions :  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional 
Law,  ch.  vi ;  Commonwealth,  I,  ch.  xxiv. 

Lect.  56.  Political  functions  of  the  courts:  impeachments; 
relation  to  the  States;  constitutional  law;  adminis- 
trative jurisdiction:  Guide,  §  175;  Handbook,  §§  43- 
45,  112;  Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xxiii,  xxv. 

Lect.  57.  Declaring  statutes  void :  principles  and  instances : 
Handbook,  §§  43-45,  113;  C.  M.  Benneson,  Power 
of  the  United  States  Courts  over  United  States  Statutes ; 
Commonwealth,  I,  ch.  xxxiii ;  B.  Coxe,  Judicial  Power 
and  Unconstitutional  Legislation  ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Con- 
stitutional Limitations,  ch.  vii. 

§  21  j.    Territorial  Functions  in  the  United  States. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP  : 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  chs.  xx-xxii. 

American  Government,  chs.  xxv,  §§  409-412,  xli. 

George  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  chs.  xix, 
xlvii,  xlviii. 

Foundations,  §§  42-67. 

Franklin  Henry  Giddings,  Democracy  and  Empire,  chs.  i,  xvii, 
xviii. 


21i,  21j]  TERRITORIAL  FUNCTIONS  99 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Epoch  Maps. 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  How  to  Study  and  Teach  History. 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on 
Annexation,  Capital  (National),  Ordinance  of  1787,  Popular 
Sovereignty,  Territorial  Waters,  Territories. 

Townsend  MacCoun,  Historical  Atlas. 

Edward  Campbell  Mason,    Veto  Power,  §§  45-51. 

Josiah  Strong,  Expansion  under  New  World  Conditions. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  21.    Status  of  territory  conquered  but  not  yet  ceded: 

Handbook,  §  114. 
No.  22.    Status  of  territory  ceded  but  not  yet  organized: 

Handbook,  §  115. 

Lect.  58.  Acquirement  of  territory:  private  landholding ;  co- 
lonial landholding  ;  annexations ;  methods  ;  status 
of  occupied  territory:  Handbook,  §  91;  Guide,  §§ 
150,  168,  193,  194;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  How  to  Study 
and  Teach  History;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the 
West;  Foundations,  ch.  vi. 

Lect.  59.  Boundaries:  external;  water  boundaries;  internal: 
H.  Gannet,  Boundaries  of  the  United  States  and  of  the 
Several  States  ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Bounding  the  Original 
United  States;  F.  J.  Turner,  Western  State  Making 
(American  Historical  Review,  I,  70,  251) ;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §§  111,  112,  115. 

Lect.  60.  Status  of  territories :  conquests ;  unorganized ; 
organized;  protectorates:  Handbook,  §§  69,  75,  82, 
91,  114,  115  ;  Guide,  §§  150,  168,  194;  Max  Farrand, 
Legislation  for  the  Government  of  Territories  ;  American 
History  Leaflets,  Nos.  22,  32  ;  Commonwealth,  I,  ch. 
xlvii ;  Foundations,  ch.  v;  C.  C.  Langdell  and  S.  E. 


100  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

Baldwin,  in  Harvard  Law  Review,  XII,  365-416  ;  Sir 
G.  C.  Lewis,  Government  of  Dependencies  (Lucas* 
ed.),  Introduction;  Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Foreign 
Policy  of  the  United  States. 

Lect.  61.  National  public  domain  :  seat  of  government ;  public 
lands ;  parks  ;  forests  ;  military  reservations  ;  sites  ; 
public  works  ;  public  buildings  ;  irrigation  :  Brookings 
and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  Iv ;  S.  Sato, 
History  of  the  Land  Question  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical 
Essays,  No.  x;  last  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Public  Lands ;  J.  B.  Varnum,  Seat  of  Government ; 
G.  W.  Knight,  Land  Grants  for  Education  (Amer. 
Hist.  Assoc. ,  Papers,  I,  79-294);  C.  H.  Haskins, 
Yazoo  Land  Companies  (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers, 
V,  395-437);  J.  C.  Welling,  States' -Rights  Conflict 
(Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  III,  411-432)  ;  C.  Meri- 
wether,  Washington  City  Government  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  XII,  407-419). 

Lect.  62.  State  and  local  public  domain:  eminent  domain; 
forests  ;  school  lands ;  parks  ;  sites ;  etc. :  Reports  of 
local  Park  Commissioners ;  J.  Lewis,  Treatise  on  the 
Law  of  Eminent  Domain;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitu- 
tional Limitations,  ch.  xv. 

Lect.  63.  The  Indians  and  Indian  reservations :  H.  Welsh, 
Indian  Question  (New  England  Magazine,  Oct.,  1890)  ; 
F.  A.  Walker,  Indian  Question  ;  last  Report  of  Com- 
missioner of  Indian  Affairs. 

§  2ik.   Financial  Functions  in  the  United  States. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP: 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  chs.  xxiii,  xxiv ;  Handbook, 
§§  38,  39,  116,  117  ;  Guide,  §§  151, 158,  174,  182-185, 195,  211 ; 
Charles  J.  Bullock,  Essays  on  the  Monetary  History  of  the  United 


21j,  21k]  FINANCIAL  FUNCTIONS  101 

States,  275-288  ;  Bogart  and  Rawles,  Trial  Bibliography  in  the 
Financial  History  of  the  United  States. 

Henry  Carter  Adams,  The  Science  of  Finance. 

George  S.  Bontwell,  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  chs.  vii, 
viii,  xxiv,  xxv,  xxix,  xxxi. 

Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xvii,  xlii. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  The  General  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law,  ch.  iv,  §  1. 

Winthrop  More  Daniels,  The  Elements  of  Public  Finance. 

Davis  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States. 

Richard  T.  Ely,  Taxation  in  American  States  and  Cities. 

J.  I.  Clark  Hare,  American  Constitutional  Law,  I,  lects. 
xv— xvii. 

II.  Von  Hoist,   Constitutional  Law,  §§  35-37,  96. 

John  Watts  Kearney,  Sketch  of  American  Finances. 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on  Cities, 
Debts,  Deposits,  Income  Tax,  Independent  Treasury,  Internal 
Revenue,  Municipal  Bonds,  Refunding,  Repudiation,  United 
States  Notes  (two  articles),  United  States  Surplus,  Whiskey 
Ring. 

Edward  Campbell  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  18-20,  35,  52-81. 

National  Conference  for  Good  City  Government,  Proceedings, 
1899,  pp.  99-161,  1900,  pp.  239-256. 

Alexander  D.  Noyes,  Thirty  Years  of  American  Finance. 

John  Randolph  Tucker,  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
I,  455-518. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  23.    Difficulties  in  assessing  personal  taxes :   Handbook, 

§  116. 
No.  24.    Difficulties  of  tariff  administration  :  Handbook,  §  117. 

Lect.  64.    Sources  of  State  and  local  revenue  :  land  ;  poll ;  per- 
sonal ;   license ;    excise    fees ;    etc. :    Brookings   and 


102  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  xlv,  xlvi ;  E.  R.  A. 
Seligman,  Essays  in  Taxation,  and  Shifting  and  Inci- 
dence of  Taxation,  part  ii ;  W.  H.  Jones,  Federal  Taxes 
and  State  Expenses ;  M.  West,  Inheritance  Tax ; 
D.  F.  Wilcox,  City  Government,  52-64 ;  T.  K.  Urdahl, 
Fee  System  in  the  United  States;  R.  T.  Ely,  Taxa- 
tion in  American  States  and  Cities ;  T.  M.  Cooley, 
Constitutional  Limitations,  ch.  xiv ;  N.  Matthews, 
Double  Taxation  of  Mortgaged  Real  Estate  (  Quar.  Jour. 
ofEcon.,  IV,  339-345). 

Lect.  65.  Apportionment  of  taxes :  assessment ;  collection : 
Handbook,  §116;  E.  R.  A.  Seligman,  Essays  in  Tax- 
ation ;  V.  Rosewater,  Special  Assessments ;  Francis 
Walker,  Double  Taxation;  J.  F.  Dillon,  Municipal 
Corporations,  II,  ch.  xix;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Law  of 
Taxation;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Limitations, 
ch.  xiv. 

Lect.  66.  The  Federal  tariff  and  its  administration  :  Handbook^ 
§  117;  Guide,  §§  158,  174,  183;  Brookings  and  Ring- 
wait,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  xxxvii-xliv;  F.  W.  Taus- 
sig,  Tariff History  ;  J.  D.  Goss,  Tariff  Administration  ; 
W.  Hill,  Colonial  Tariffs  (Quar.  Jour,  of  Econ.,  VII, 
78-100)  ;  M.  E.  Kelley,  Tariff  Acts  under  the  Confed- 
eration (Quar.  Jour,  of  Econ.,  II,  473-481)  ;  W.  Hill, 
First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy  ;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§§  49,  50,  78,  130,  IV,  §§  164,  166  ;  O.  L.  Elliott, 
Tariff  Controversy. 

Lect.  67.  Direct  taxes ;  excise  and  other  internal  revenue 
taxes,  and  their  administration  :  F.  C.  Howe,  Taxa- 
tion in  the  United  States  under  the  Internal  Revenue 
System ;  C.  F.  Dnnbar,  Direct  Tax,  Income  Tax 
(Quar.  Jour,  of  Econ.,  Ill,  436-461,  IX,  26-46); 
J.  A.  Hill,  Civil  War  Income  Tax  (Quar.  Jour,  of 


21k,  211]  FINANCIAL  AND   COMMERCIAL  103 

Econ.,  VIII,  416-452,  491-498);  C.  J.  Bullock, 
Direct  Taxes  under  the  Constitution  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  XV,  217-239,  452-481);  F.  L.  Olmstead, 
Tobacco  Tax  (Quar.  Jour,  of  Econ., V,  193-219,  262). 

Lect.  68.  Budgets ;  appropriations ;  expenditures :  public  ac- 
counts: C.  J.  Bullock,  Finances  of  the  United  States, 
part  ii,  chs.  ii,  iii ;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Comparative 
Administrative  Law,  II,  275-295  ;  National  Confer- 
ence for  Good  City  Government,  Proceedings,  1901, 
pp.  248-314;  J.  A.  Fairlie,  Municipal  Administration, 
chs.  xiii,  xv,  xvi;  J.  H.  Hollander,  Studies  in  State 
Taxation  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  XVIII, 
No.  1-4)  ;  R.  Ogden,  Rationale  of  Congressional  Ex- 
travagance {Yale  Review,  VI,  37-49);  D.  Kinley, 
Independent  Treasury ;  H.  C.  Barmard,  Oleomargarine 
Law  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  II,  545)  ;  H,  C. 
Adams,  Science  of  Finance,  part  i,  book  ii ;  E.  I. 
Renick  and  N.  H.  Thompson,  National  Expenditures 
(Political  Science  Quarterly,  VI,  248,  VII,  468). 

Lect.  69.  State,  local,  and  national  debts  :  H.  C.  Adams,  Public 
Debts;  W.  A.  Scott,  Repudiation  of  State  Debts; 
J.  A.  Fairlie,  Municipal  Administration,  ch.  xiv. 

§  2il.   Commercial  Functions  in  the  United  States. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP: 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  ch.  xxv;  Handbook,  §§  35, 
38,  44,  45,  66,  67,  71,  76,  77,  92,  118, 119  ;  Guide,  §§  133,  153, 
158,  170,  171,  174,  195. 

George  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  chs.  ix, 
xi-xiv,  xxi,  xx vi,  xxviii. 

Andrew  Carnegie,  Triumphant  Democracy,  chs.  ix-xiii. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  The  General  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law,  ch.  iv,  §§  2,  4-10. 


104  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§ 

J.  I.  Clark  Hare,  Constitutional  Law,  I,  lects.  xxi-xxiii. 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on  Cor- 
porations (Law  of),  Embargo  (U.  S.),  Emigration  and  Immi- 
gration, Internal  Improvements. 

William  Draper  Lewis,  Federal  Power  over  Commerce. 

William  Z.  Ripley,  American  Transportation  Problems  (in 
preparation). 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  38-42,  79. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  25.    City  ownership  of  traction  lines  :  Handbook,  §  118. 

No.  26.   Limitation  of  immigration :  Handbook,  §  119. 

Lect.  70.  Commercial  organization:  individuals;  corporate 
concerns  ;  corporations  ;  trusts  ;  syndicates  ;  interna- 
tional agencies  ;  Wall  Street ;  doctrine  of  contracts  : 
Brookings  and  Ring  wait,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  li ; 
Commonwealth,  II,  ch.  civ  ;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§ 
162-167;  H.  C.  Emery,  Speculation  on  the  Stock  and 
Produce  Exchanges;  R.  T.  Ely,  Monopolies  and  Trusts; 
J.  B.  Clark,  Control  of  Trusts ;  J.  P.  Davis,  Nature  of 
Corporations  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XII,  273- 
294);  C.  F.  Adams,  in  N.  S.  Shaler,  The  United 
States,  II,  ch.  iv  ;  J.  W.  Jenks,  Trust  Problem ;  H.  D. 
Lloyd,  Wealth  against  Commonwealth ;  W.  M.  Collier, 
The  Trusts;  C.  F.  Randolph.  Federal  Trust  Legisla- 
tion (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XII,  622-665)  ;  G.  K. 
Holmes,  State  Control  of  Corporations  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  V,  411)  ;  American  Academy  of  Political 
and  Social  Science,  Corporations  and  Public  Welfare. 

Lect.  71.  Circulating  media  :  coinage  ;  currency  ;  legal  tenders  ; 
commercial  paper:  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs 
for  Debate,  Nos.  xxxiv,  xxxv;  last  Report  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  last  Report  of  the 


211]  COMMERCIAL  105 

Register ;  W.  G-.  Sumner,  American  Currency ;  Con- 
temporaries, IV,  §§  168-172;  C.  J.  Bullock,  Mone- 
tary History,  79-124;  J.  J.  Knox,  United  States 
Notes;  H.  White,  Money  and  Banking;  D.  K. 
Watson,  History  of  American  Coinage. 

Lect.  72.  Banks :  national ;  State  owned ;  State  chartered  ; 
private;  syndicates:  Handbook,  §  38  ;  Guide,  §  159  ; 
Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No. 
xxxvi ;  J.  J.  Knox,  History  of  Banking  ;  last  Report 
of  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  ;  Contemporaries, 
III,  §  132;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  National  Banking  System 
(Quar.  Jour,  of  Econ.,  XII,  1-26);  C.  A.  Conant, 
History  of  Modern  Banks  of  Issue,  chs.  xiii-xv  ;  W. 
Gr.  Sumner,  History  of  Banking  in  the  United  States; 
F.  A.  Walker,  Political  Economy  (3d  ed.),  433-462. 
Lect.  73.  Land  transportation :  railroads;  roads;  State  owned 
railroads ;  intramural ;  government  regulation  ;  In- 
terstate Commerce  Commission:  Guide,  §§  174, 
175 ;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate, 
Nos.  xlvii,  lii ;  W.  Z.  Ripley,  Transportation  (in 
preparation)  ;  last  Report  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission;  E.  W.  Bemis,  Municipal  Monopolies, 
ch.  vii ;  E.  R.  A.  Seligman,  Railway  Tariff  and  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Law  (Political  Science  Quarterly, 
II,  223-264,  369-413) ;  Commomcealth,  II,  ch.  ciii ; 
F.  H.  Dixon,  State  Railroad  Control ;  T.  M.  and  C. 
H.  Cooley,  in  N.  S.  Shaler,  The  United  States,  II, 
ch.  ii ;  A.  T.  Hadley,  Railroad  Transportation,  chs. 
ii-vii ;  Industrial  Commission  and  Transportation, 
Report,  IV,  1-32 ;  J.  P.  Davis,  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
way (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  VIII,  259-303). 
Lect.  74.  Water  transportation :  canals;  rivers;  external  navi- 
gation ;  government  regulations :  last  Report  of  the 


106  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

Commissioner  of  Navigation ;  W.  Z.  Ripley,  Trans- 
portation (in  preparation) ;  J.  D.  J.  Kelley,  Question 
of  Ships;  J.  R.  Soley,  in  N.  S.  Shaler,  The  United 
States,  I,  ch.  x. 

Lect.  75.  Encouragement  of  transportation :  internal  im- 
provements ;  bounties ;  subsidies ;  public  owner- 
ship:  Handbook,  §  118;  Guide,  §§  167,  174,  179, 
185,  195  ;  Brookings  and  Riugwalt,  Briefs  for  De- 
bate, Nos.  xl,  xli ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays, 
No.  x;  last  Report  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers  ;  W.  Z. 
Ripley,  Transportation  (in  preparation) ;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  131,  165-168;  E.  R.  Johnson,  River  and 
Harbor  Bills,  Inland  Waterways  (Amer.  Acad.  PoL 
Sci.,  Annals,  II,  782-812,  SuppL,  Sept.,  1893)  ;  C.  N. 
Morris,  Internal  Improvements  in  Ohio,  1825-1850 
(Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  III,  351-380). 
Lect.  76.  Transportation  of  intelligence :  post  office;  telegraph; 

telephone  :  last  Report  of  Postmaster  General. 
Lect.  77.    Movement   of  persons :     immigration :    Handbook,    § 
119  ;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos. 
xxvi-xxviii ;   R.  Mayo-Smith,  Emigration  and  Immi- 
gration;  last  Report  of  Commissioner  of  Immigration. 
Lect.  78a.  Conveniences    of    commerce :    patents ;    copyright ; 
weights  and  measures  ;  bankruptcy :  J.  Story,  Com- 
mentaries,   §§    1105-1115,    1122,    1151-1155;  S.    W. 
Dunscomb,  Bankruptcy. 

Lect.  78b.  Regulation  of  labor :  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs 
for  Debate,  Nos.  Ivii-lxv;  C.  D.  Wright,  Practical 
Sociology,  part  v  ;  C.  D.  Wright,  Industrial  Evolution  ; 
C.  B.  Spahr,  America's  Working  People ;  D.  A.  Weils, 
Recent  Economic  Changes,  chs.  ix,  x ;  W.  F.  Wil- 
loughby,  State  Activities  in  Relation  to  Labor  (Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Studies,  XIX,  No.  4-5). 


211,  21m]  FOREIGN  AND  MILITARY  107 

§  2im.    Foreign  and  Military  Powers. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP  : 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  chs.  xxvi,  xxvii ;  Hand- 
look,  §§  12,  20,  71,  72,  81,  87,  89,  92;  Guide,  §§  153,  162, 
168-173,  178,  189,  192-194,  212;  Foundations,  ch.  viii. 

George  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  chs. 
xvi-xviii,  xxx,  xxxiv. 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  The  General  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law,  ch.  iv,  §  12. 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  47-50,  56-58. 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on  Army, 
Drafts,  Military  Commissions,  Navy,  Treaties  (Fishery), 
Treaties  (U.  S.). 

John  Bassett  Moore,  American  Foreign  Policy  (in  preparation). 

Eugene  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy  and  the  Furtherance  of 
Commerce. 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP: 

No.  27.    Status  of  consuls :  Handbook,  §  120. 

No.  28.    The  pension  system:  Handbook,  §  121. 

Lect.  79.  Principles  of  American  foreign  policy :  Handbook, 
§§  72,  89,  92  ;  Commonwealth,  II,  chs.  xciv,  cxii;  Con- 
temporaries, IV,  §§  173-179,  192-196;  Foundations. 

Lect.  80.  Diplomatic  representatives :  correspondence  and 
negotiations :  Handbook,  §  20 ;  last  Report  of  the 
Secretary  of  State. 

Lect.  81.  Treaty  power:  Handbook,  §§  81,  120;  F.  Wbarton, 
Commentaries,  §§  155-161,  383,  505,  506. 

Lect.  82.  The  army  and  militia  in  time  of  peace :  education  of 
officers ;  recruiting  ;  pay  ;  discipline  ;  use  :  last  Report 
of  the  Secretary  of  War ;  T.  A.  Dodge,  in  N.  S. 


108  GOVERNMENT  LECTURES  [§§ 

Shaler,  The  United  States,  I,  ch.  xi ;  L.  D.  Ingersoll, 
War  Department. 

Lect.  83.  The  navy:  education  of  officers;  recruiting;  pay; 
discipline ;  use :  E.  S.  Maclay,  United  States  Navy  ; 
last  Report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy ;  T.  Roose- 
velt, Strenuous  Life,  167-188;  T.  Roosevelt,  Amer- 
ican Ideals,  No.  xii. 

Lect  84.  Declaring  war  and  carrying  on  war:  W.  Whiting, 
War  Powers  under  the  Constitution;  W.  A.  Dunning, 
JZssays  on  the  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction,  1-62. 

Lect.  85.  Military  and  naval  pensions :  Handbook,  §  121  ; 
W.  H.  Glasson,  Military  Pension  Legislation;  E.  H. 
Hall,  Indignity  to  our  Citizen  Soldiers. 

§  2in.   General  Welfare  and  Police  Powers. 

PARALLEL  READINGS  ON  THE  GROUP  : 

Bibliography,  Actual  Government,  ch.  xxix;  Handbook,  §§  38, 
44,  122,  123;  Boston  Public  Library,  List  of  Books  on  Public 
Reform  ;  C.  D.  Wright,  Practical  Sociology,  pp.  ix-xvi. 

George  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  chs.  xx. 

J.  H.  Crooker,  Problems  in  American  Society. 

John  Archibald  Fairlie,  Municipal  Administration,  chs.  viii- 
xii. 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science,  articles  on  Insur- 
rection, Mormons,  Police  Power  of  a  State,  Prohibition. 

Milo  R.  Maltbie,  Municipal  Functions  (Municipal  Affairs,  II, 
581-787). 

Delos  F.  Wilcox,  The  Study  of  City  Government,  24-52,  93- 
101. 

Carroll  D.  Wright,  Outline  of  Practical  Sociology,  parts  iii,  iv, 
vi-viii. 

Charles  Zueblin,  American  Municipal  Progress. 


21m,  21n]  GENERAL    WELFARE  109 

WEEKLY  PAPERS  IN  THE  GROUP  : 

No.  29.   Best  regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic :  Handbook,  §  122. 

No.  30.    Injunctions  against  rioters:  Handbook,  §  123. 

Lect.  86.  Public  health  and  morals :  quarantine ;  practice  of 
medicine ;  boards  of  health  5  police  ;  hospitals  ;  police 
regulations :  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for 
Debate,  Nos.  Ivi,  Ivii ;  A.  G.  Warner,  American 
Charities;  W.  H.  Allen,  National  Board  of  Health 
(Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XV,  51-68). 

Lect.  87.  Police  protection ;  crime  and  punishment ;  liquor 
question  :  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate, 
Nos.  Ixvi,  Ixvii;  F.  H.  Wines  and  J.  Koren,  Liquor 
Problem  in  its  Legislative  Aspects  /  J.  Koren,  Economic 
Aspects  of  the  Liquor  Problem  ;  S.  E.  Sparling,  State 
Boards  of  Control  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals, 
XVII,  74-91)  ;  F.  H.  Wines,  Punishment  and  Refor- 
mation; T.  Roosevelt,  American  Ideals,  No.  viii. 

Lect.  88.  Public  charity  :  care  of  the  delinquent  and  defective ; 
poor  relief :  last  Proceedings  of  the  National  Conference 
of  Associated  Charities  and  Correction  ;  J.  H.  Crooker, 
Problems  in  American  Society,  ch.  ii ;  J.  A.  Riis,  Chil- 
dren of  the  Poor  ;  A.  G.  Warner,  American  Charities. 

Lect.  89.  State  industries  and  regulation  of  private  occupa- 
tions :  Handbook,  §  122 ;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt, 
Brief s  for  Debate,  Nos.  xlvii-1;  A.  T.  Hadley,  Gov- 
ernment Administration  of  Industrial  Enterprise  {Yale 
Review,  IV,  398-408). 

Lect.  90.  Public  order  :  obedience ;  resistance ;  riot ;  insurrec- 
tion; ultimate  defence  of  organized  society:  Hand- 
book, §  123 ;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for 
Debate,  No.  Ixxv;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Comparative  Ad- 
ministrative Law,  II,  119-129;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Con- 
stitutional Law,  I,  ch.  xli. 


PAET  IV 
PARALLEL  READINGS 

§  22.    Requirement  of  Reading. 

In  all  the  courses  it  is  assumed  that  the  student  is  doing 
regular  and  systematic  reading;  no  one  can  expect  in  any 
other  way  to  follow  the  lectures,  to  profit  by  the  courses,  or  to 
pass  the  examinations.  The  careful  reading  of  the  text-books 
(Handbook,  §  9)  is  obligatory,  and  considerable  parts  of  the 
essential  reference  books  (Handbook,  §  10)  will  be  necessary. 
Beyond,  there  is  no  requirement  as  to  the  manner  in  which  the 
reading  shall  be  done,  and  either  of  three  ways  will  be  accept- 
able :  (1)  The  student  may  choose  books  at  his  discretion  and 
read  them  according  to  his  judgment  (Handbook,  §  23) ;  (2)  he 
may  choose  groups  out  of  the  "general  readings  "  given  in  the 
Guide,  §56,  and  elsewhere  (Handbook,  §  24)  ;  (3)  if  he  desire 
to  keep  more  closely  within  the  limits  of  the  course,  he  may 
read  one  or  more  references  under  each  topic  as  it  is  taken  up 
in  the  lectures  (Handbook,  §  25). 

For  the  ordinary  student  it  may  be  found  most  convenient 
to  use  the  lists  of  general  readings  printed  in  the  Guide,  §  56. 
It  must  be  understood  that  the  system  lacks  the  advantage 
gained  by  search  in  books  to  find  passages  useful  for  immediate 
purposes.  Such  reading  must,  therefore,  be  supplemented  by 
other  parts  of  the  work  which  give  distinct  training  in  the 
selection  of  material,  especially  the  weekly  papers  and  the 
special  reports.  Many  students  have  the  commendable  habit 
of  keeping  ahead  of  the  lectures  with  their  reading,  so  that 

110 


[§§  22-24]  REQUIREMENT  OF  READING  111 

they  may  have  a  basis  of  fact  upon  which  to  apply  the  lectures 
as  they  are  delivered.  But  for  the  student  who  desires  to 
keep  a  complete  and  consecutive  abstract  of  his  work  it  will 
probably  be  found  most  convenient  to  take  notes  on  the 
lectures  in  a  systematic  form,  leaving  space  to  be  filled  in 
with  an  abstract  from  later  collateral  reading. 

The  system  of  reading  recommended  by  the  instructor  is  a 
combination  of  the  three  methods  described  below :  a  few  brief 
books  should  be  read  entire,  —  the  text-books,  considerable 
parts  of  the  Contemporaries,  some  of  the  American  Statesmen 
series,  and  Edward  Stanwood,  History  of  the  Presidency,  will 
answer ;  then  the  general  readings  may  be  used,  and  the  student 
may  go  to  special  references  in  the  Guide  for  important  and 
difficul  points. 

§  23.   Consecutive  Readings. 

For  the  students  who  are  willing  to  give  most  time  to  the 
course,  perhaps  the  best  method  of  reading  is  simply  to  follow 
out  the  standard  books  which  most  interest  them,  reading 
one  after  another,  and  comparing  them  with  each  other  and 
with  the  lectures.  The  books  recommended  in  the  special 
collections  (Handbook,  §§  11-13)  are  the  best  for  such  a  prin- 
ciple. The  student  should  not  fail  to  use  contemporary  narra- 
tives. In  using  this  method,  which  will  be  most  useful  in 
GOVERNMENT  12,  special  attention  should  be  given  to  the  topics 
upon  which  the  student  finds  himself  most  uncertain  or  ignorant 
when  they  are  touched  upon  in  the  lectures. 

§  24.   General  Readings. 

The  difficulty  of  getting  the  certain  use  of  a  large  number 
of  books  by  considerable  bodies  of  students  is  such  that  another 
method  of  keeping  abreast  of  the  courses  has  been  devised, 
—  that,  of  "general  readings."  Several  lectures  are  thrown 


112  PARALLEL  READINGS  [§§ 

together  into  a  period,  and  for  each  period  is  arranged  a  series 
of  groups  of  associated  books. 

For  HISTORY  13  special  provision  has  been  made  for  this 
kind  of  work,  by  the  preparation,  in  the  Guide,  §  56,  of  a  series 
of  blocks  of  readings  under  each  of  the  main  topics  of  the 
course.  Any  one  of  these  blocks  is  therefore  sufficient  on  its 
topics,  and  the  choice  involves  the  use  of  a  variety  of  books. 
Groups  are  roughly  arranged  in  an  order  of  preference,  but 
there  is  very  little  difference  in  the  value  of  the  first  half- 
dozen  under  each  period.  It  will  be  well  to  use  the  books  in 
the  order  in  which  they  are  printed  in  the  groups,  and  so  to 
choose  them  in  successive  periods  as  to  bring  into  use  a  number 
of  volumes.  The  system  is  adapted  to  the  special  collections 
(Handbook,  §§  11-13).  At  the  head  of  each  group  of  lectures 
in  the  list  for  HISTORY  13  (Handbook,  §  19)  will  be  found  a  few 
selected  parallel  readings. 

For  HISTORY  14  no  set  of  grouped  readings  has  as  yet  been 
prepared,  except  in  the  List  of  Lectures  (Handbook,  §  20). 

For  GOVERNMENT  12  readings  can  be  made  up  from  the 
chapter  bibliographies  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Actual  Government,  and 
from  the  parallel  readings  in  the  List  of  Lectures  (Handbook, 
§  21).  A  different  list  of  general  readings  in  government  was 
printed  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  33. 

§  25.    Topical  Readings. 

Many  students  prefer  to  read  specific  references  on  the 
topics  which  come  up  in  the  lectures.  To  this  end  for  HISTORY 
13  there  will  be  found  arranged  in  the  Guide,  §§  144-214,  a 
series  of  topics,  most  of  which  will  be  taken  up  in  the  lectures, 
although  many  points  will  there  be  discussed  which  are  not 
directly  included  in  any  of  these  topics.  An  excellent  way  of 
following  the  course  is  after  each  lecture  to  read  up  one  or  more 
of  the  references  under  each  topic  which  has  been  discussed. 


24,25]  GENERAL   AND   TOPICAL  113 

The  references  in  each  section  are  loosely  arranged  in  the 
order  of  preference,  but  all  that  are  inserted  -  have  a  value. 
The  topical  readings  are  most  valuable  to  students  who  can 
easily  hold  the  thread  of  the  narrative  in  their  minds.  A  par- 
ticular advantage  of  the  system  is  that  it  introduces  the  student 
to  a  large  number  of  books.  After  many  of  the  lectures  in  the 
list  (Handbook,  §  19)  will  be  found  specific  references. 

For  HISTORY  14  some  topical  references  have  been  provided 
in  the  List  of  Lectures  (Handbook,  §  20),  and  further  sugges- 
tions as  to  helpful  materials  will  be  made  in  the  lectures. 

For  GOVERNMENT  12  topical  references  will  be  found  in  the 
List  of  Lectures  (Handbook,  §  21). 


PART  V 
WEEKLY  PAPERS 

§  26.    Purpose  of  the  Exercise. 

The  weekly  papers  are  brief  written  answers  to  questions 
put  upon  the  board,  the  exercise  to  come  in  the  last  fifteen 
minutes  of  the  lecture  hour.  In  the  list  of  lectures  intended 
respectively  for  HISTORY  13  (Handbook,  §  19),  for  HISTORY  14 
(Handbook,  §  20),  and  for  GOVERNMENT  12  (Handbook,  §  21), 
will  be  found  stated  in  each  group  of  lectures  some  general 
subjects  connected  with  those  lectures.  Upon  these  subjects 
students  are  expected  to  read,  so  as  to  be  prepared  to  form 
and  express  in  writing,  an  opinion  with  reference  to  some 
minor  point  which  might  arise  under  the  general  subject. 
Thus,  under  the  question  of  the  methods  of  annexing  territory 
to  the  United  States,  the  paper  might  ask  for  a  discussion  of 
the  question  whether  Cuba  could  be  annexed  by  joint  resolu- 
tion without  the  consent  of  the  Cuban  government ;  under  the 
general  question  of  the  Jay  treaty  might  fairly  come  a  ques- 
tion whether  Jay  could  have  got  a  better  treaty ;  under  the 
general  subject  of  implied  powers  might  be  asked  the  question 
whether  the  United  States  could  constitutionally  charter  a 
government  university. 

The  purpose  of  the  system  is,  therefore,  to  train  students  in 
applying  what  they  have  already  learned  to  the  formation  of  a 
judgment  on  a  specific  question  which  they  have  never  before 
considered.  This  is  believed  to  be  one  of  the  most  important 
parts  of  the  courses  ;  and  a  student  who,  for  any  reason,  fails 

114 


£§§26,27]  PURPOSE    OF    WEEKLY  PAPERS  115 

to  hand  in  or  make  up  fourteen  out  of  the  fifteen  papers  re- 
quired in  each  half-year,  may  be  considered  not  to  have  fur- 
nished the  evidence  that  he  is  pursuing  the  course  in  a 
systematic  manner. 

The  general  subjects  under  which  questions  are  to  be  set 
in  each  course  are  enumerated  in  Handbook,  §§  32-123,  and 
under  each  will  be  found  some  specimen  questions,  to  show  the 
scope  and  extent  of  the  work. 

All  the  papers  will  be  read  and  corrected  by  a  competent 
critic  (instructor  or  assistant),  and  returned  to  the  writer  with 
written  criticisms.  The  returned  papers  will  be  found  in  the 
appointed  boxes,  commonly  at  the  second  exercise  after  they 
are  written.  Stated  conference  hours  will  be  held,  at  which 
students  may  discuss  their  paper  work.  To  facilitate  the 
handling  of  the  papers,  students  will  be  expected  to  write 
them  on  the  uniform  blanks,  furnished  to  the  classes. 


§  27.   Preparation  for  the  Papers. 

Since  the  weekly  papers  are  the  part  of  the  course  which 
calls  for  most  individual  thought  and  judgment,  students  are 
usually  interested  to  come  to  them  with  suitable  prepara- 
tion. Two  things  are  necessary  in  order  to  write  a  good 
paper:  the  student  must  carry  in  his  mind  the  general  principles 
which  he  has  acquired  up  to  that  point  of  the  course ;  and  he 
must  have  read  and  thought  intelligently  on  the  subject  under 
which  the  question  is  to  be  asked.  For  the  latter  purpose,  a 
special  set  of  references  is  provided  on  thirty  general  subjects 
in  each  of  the  three  courses  (Handbook,  §§  32-123). 

Particular  stress  is  laid  upon  the  "  sources,"  and  especially 
the  "cases."  The  use  of  such  material  is  excellent  prelimi- 
nary practice  in  the  work  of  the  lawyer,  legislator,  and  publicist ; 
and  the  judgments  formed  upon  sources  are  more  likely  to  be 


116  WEEKLY  PAPERS  [§§ 

original  and  pertinent.  The  reading  done  by  way  of  prepara- 
tion for  the  weekly  papers  will  be  found  a  valuable  part  of  the 
general  preparation  for  the  courses. 

On  some  questions  the  references  to  the  HISTORY  13  ques- 
tions (Handbook,  §§  32-61)  will  be  found  serviceable  in  ques- 
tions on  government,  and  vice  versa. 


§  28.  Special  Directions  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in 
History  13. 

Papers  will  regularly  be  called  for  in  the  last  fifteen  minutes 
of  the  Saturday  exercise.  Occasionally  a  paper  will  be  post- 
poned, and  two  papers  called  for  at  the  next  Saturday  exercise ; 
in  that  case  they  will  take  the  place  of  the  lecture.  The  ques- 
tions, several  in  number,  so  as  to  allow  an  option,  will  be  dis- 
tributed in  print. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  topics  included  in  the  list  do  not 
cover  the  whole  field  of  constitutional  law  or  government; 
they  are  selected  on  account  of  their  connection  with  the  nar- 
rative lectures  and  history.  For  instance,  the  paper  on  implied 
powers  will  come  into  the  course  just  after  an  account  of  the 
creation  of  the  first  United  States  Bank;  and  the  paper  on 
secession  after  a  discussion  of  the  crisis  of  1860-1861. 

In  answering  the  constitutional  questions  students  are  allowed 
to  have  before  them  the  text  of  the  Constitution,  and  they  are 
expected  to  refer  to  all  the  clauses  of  the  Constitution  which 
seem  to  them  applicable  to  the  specific  question  which  they 
are  discussing.  For  this  purpose  the  text  of  the  Constitu- 
tion in  the  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  8,  will  be  found 
convenient.  They  are  expected,  also,  to  apply  whatever 
general  principles  they  may  have  acquired  in  the  course, 
as  to  the  powers  and  limitations  of  the  national  and  State 
governments. 


27-31]  SPECIAL  DIRECTIONS  117 

§  29.  Special  Directions  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in 
History  14. 

In  this  advanced  course  attention  can  be  given  not  only  to 
questions  of  the  application  of  international  law,  but  also  to 
questions  relating  to  negotiations,  and  to  some  disputed  points 
and  issues.  Saturday  will  be  the  normal  paper  day. 

§  30.  Special  Directions  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in 
Government  12. 

As  the  course  is  not  one  in  constitutional  law,  but  in  the 
practice  of  government,  the  subjects  for  weekly  papers  will 
commonly  be  discussions  of  political  and  governmental 
methods.  Saturday  will  be  the  regular  paper  day. 


§  31.  Materials  for  Weekly  Papers  in  History  13. 

Thorough,  intelligent,  and  systematic  reading  is  necessary 
for  success  in  the  papers.  To  this  end  have  been  provided  the 
sets  of  references  on  each  of  the  thirty  questions  printed  in 
Handbook,  §§  32-61.  In  HISTORY  13  about  one-fourth  of  the 
weekly  papers  are  on  other  than  constitutional  questions ;  and 
for  such  papers  reference  is  made  chiefly  to  the  usual  secondary 
books,  and  to  easily  accessible  sources. 

Most  of  the  books  will  be  found  in  the  "Government" 
alcove  in  the  Reading  Room  of  the  Library ;  or  in  the  "  HISTORY 
13"  reserved  library;  some  of  them  in  the  Evans  Library. 
Throughout  the  list  below,  the  best  books  are  marked  with  an 
asterisk  (*).  In  preparing  for  the  papers  it  is  always  well  to 
read  two  contrasting  views  on  contested  questions. 

For  the  constitutional  subjects  more  elaborate  classified 
references  will  be  provided.  There  are  two  points  of  view  for 
every  question  of  statecraft  in  United  States  history  :  first,  the 
circumstances  which  surrounded  and  influenced  an  event; 


118  WEEKLY  PAPERS  [§§ 

second,  the  underlying  principles  of  government  involved. 
Hence  there  are  two  groups  of  authorities  of  about  equal 
importance,  —  the  narrative  history  and  the  treatise. 

§  313.  List  of  Historical  Discussions. 

In  HISTORY  13  the  historical  discussions  serve  as  a  connection 
between  the  narrative  part  of  the  course  and  the  constitutional 
questions,  especially  those  included  in  the  weekly  papers ;  but 
such  discussions  need  to  be  supplemented  by  study  of  the 
sources,  in  particular  of  cases. 

Lists  of  the  principal  secondary  works  on  United  States 
history  will  be  found  in  the  Guide,  §§  20,  25  ;  another  list  of 
works  on  American  history  in  Theodore  Clarke  Smith,  General 
Index  to  the  American  Statesmen  Series.  The  following  authors- 
are  the  most  significant  for  their  discussion  of  constitutional 
questions.  They  may  all  be  found  in  the  reserved  books  in 
United  States  history,  and  many  of  them  are  also  in  the  Evan& 
Library. 

*  Henry  Adams,  History  of  the    United   States  of  America 
during  the  Administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison  (9  vols., 
N.   Y.,    1889-1891).  —  Admirable    for    students   of    political 
conditions. 

John  William  Burgess,  The  Middle  Period,  1817-1858  (N.  Y., 
1897). 

*  George  Ticknor  Curtis,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States  from  their  Declaration  of  Independence  to   the  Close  of 
their  Civil  War  (2  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1889-1896).  —  A  learned  and 
luminous  work,  very  serviceable  on  many  constitutional  ques- 
tions.    Vol.  I.  is  a  reprint  of  the  author's  two-volume  History 
of  the  Constitution  (N.  Y.,  1854-1858). 

Jefferson  Davis,  The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment (2  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1881).  — A  defense  of  the  right  of 
secession. 


31, 31a]  HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS  119 

Richard  Frothingham,  The  Rise  of  the  Republic  of  the  United 
States  (5th  ed.,  Boston,  1890). — A  careful  account  of  the 
origin  of  our  government. 

John  Pancoast  Gordy,  A  History  of  Political  Parties  in  the 
United  States  (1  vol.  published,  to  1809,  rev.  ed.,  N.  Y.,  1900). 

—  Chiefly  political  and  diplomatic. 

*  Hermann  Eduard  Von  Hoist,  The  Constitutional  and  Politi- 
cal History  of  the   United  States  (1  vols.  and   an  index  vol., 
Chicago,  1877-1892). — Very  full  discussions  of  many  consti- 
tutional questions. 

*  Judson    Stuart   Lanclon,    The   Constitutional   History    and 
Government  of  the   United  States  (rev.  ed.,  Boston,  1900). — 
A    good     single    volume    in     the   development   of    American 
government. 

John  Bach  McMaster,  A  History  of  the  People  of  the 
United  States  from  the  Revolution  to  the  Civil  War  (5  vols.  to 
1900,  N.  Y.,  1883-).  —  Not  much  discussion  of  constitutional 
points. 

*  James  Ford  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States  from  the 
Compromise  of  1850  (4  vols.  published  to  1899,  N.  Y.,  1893-). 

—  Admirable  for  questions  of  slavery  and  the  Civil  War,  though 
not  professedly  a  constitutional  book. 

James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States  of  America 
under  the  Constitution  (6  vols.,  rev.  ed.,  N.  Y.,  1895-1899). — 
A  political  history,  but  with  some  discussion  of  constitutional 
questions. 

*  Alexander  Hamilton  Stephens,  A  Constitutional  View  of  the 
Late   War  between  the  States:  its  Causes,  Character,  Conduct, 
and  Results    (2   vols.,   Phila.,    1868-1870).  — The  best   state- 
ment of  the  Southern  view  of  secession  and  of  the  nature  of  the 
Union. 

Francis  Newton  Thorpe,  The  Constitutional  History  of  the 
United  States,  1765-1895  (3  vols.,  Chicago,  1901).  — One  of 


120  WEEKLY  PAPERS  [§§ 

three  books  by  the  same  author  on  the  general  subject,  all  of 
which  lack  discrimination  and  accuracy. 

George  Tucker,  The  History  of  the  United  States  from  their 
Colonization  to  the  End  of  the  Twenty-Sixth  Congress,  in  1841 
(4  vols.,  Phila.,  1856-1857). — Written  from  the  Southern 
standpoint;  covers  the  period  1607-1841. 

§  3ib.    List  of  Select  Constitutional  Treatises. 

The  principal  treatises  on  constitutional  law  are  the  fol- 
lowing ;  a  more  detailed  list,  including  the  older  treatises, 
which  are  often  important  for  historical  questions,  in  Albert 
Bushnell  Hart,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Federal  Government 
(Boston,  1891),  §  469;  elaborate  bibliography  in  William  E. 
Foster,  References  to  the  Constitution  (N.  Y.,  1890)  ;  lists  of 
authorities  in  many  of  the  treatises  ;  critical  comments  on  the 
treatises  in  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History  (N.  Y., 
1902). 

The  treatises  will  be  found  distributed  alphabetically  in  the 
alcove  on  "  Government"  in  the  College  Reading  Room. 

James  DeWitt  Andrews,  American  Law:  a  Treatise  on  the 
Jurisprudence,  Constitution,  and  Law  of  the  United  States  (Chi- 
cago, 1890). 

William  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional  Law  of  the 
United  States  of  America  (St.  Louis,  1876). 

*  Henry  Campbell  Black,  Handbook  of  American  Constitutional 
Law  (2d  ed.,  St.  Paul,  1897). 

George  Sewall  Boutwell,  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
at  the  End  of  the  First  Century  (Boston,  1895). 

*  James  Bryce,  The  American  Commonwealth  (2  vols.,  rev.  ed., 
N.  Y.,  1893-1895). 

John  William  Burgess,  Political  Science  and  Comparative  Con- 
stitutional Law  (2  vols.,  Boston,  1890-1891). 

P.  C.  Centz  (pseudonym  for  Bernard  J.  Sage),   The  Republic 


Sla,3lb]  CONSTITUTIONAL   TREATISES  121 

of  Republics,   or   American   Federal  Liberty  (4th  ed.,    Boston, 
1881). 

*  Thomas    Mclntyre    Cooley,     The     General    Principles    of 
Constitutional  Law   in  the    United    States  of  America  (3d  ed., 
McLaughlin's,  Boston,  1898). 

*  Thomas   Mclntyre  Cooley,  A   Treatise  on  the  Constitutional 
Limitations  which  Rest  upon  the  Legislative  Power  of  the  States  of 
the  American  Union  (6th.  ed.,  Boston,  1890). 

William  Alexander  Duer,  A  Course  of  Lectures  on  the  Consti- 
tutional Jurisprudence  of  the  United  States  (Boston,  1856). 

*  Roger  Foster,   Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  Historical  and  Judicial ;  with  Observations  upon  the  Ordi- 
nary Provisions  of  State  Constitutions,  and  a  Comparison  with  the 
Constitutions  of  Other  Countries  (1  vol.  published,  Boston,  1895). 

*  Frank  Johnson  Goodnow,  Comparative  Administrative  Law  : 
An  Analysis  of  the  Administrative  Systems,  National  and  Local, 
of  the    United  States,   England,  France,   and   Germany  (2  vols., 
N.  Y.,  1893). 

*  John    Innes   Clark  Hare,   American    Constitutional  Law  (2 
vols.,  Boston,  1889). 

Burke  Aaron  Hinsdale,  The  American  Government,  National 
and  State  (rev.  ed.,  Chicago,  1895). 

*  Hermann  Eduard  Von  Hoist,  The   Constitutional  Law  of  the 
United  States  of  America   (Chicago,  1887). 

John  Codman  Hurd,  The  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage  in  the 
United  States  (2  vols.,  Boston,  1858-1862). 

John  Codman  Hurd,  The  Theory  of  Our  National  Existence,  as 
Shown  by  the  Action  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  since 
1861  (Boston,  1881). 

John  Codman  Hurd,  The  Union  State :  A  Letter  to  Our  States- 
rights  Friend  (N.  Y.,  1890). 

*  James  Kent,  Commentaries  on  American  Law  (4  vols.,  1826- 
1830,  and  many  subsequent  editions). 


122  WEEKLY  PAPERS  [§§ 

John  King,  A  Commentary  on  the  Law  and  True  Construction 
of  the  Federal  Constitution  (Cincinnati,  1871). 

John  Joseph  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science,  Political 
Economy,  and  of  the  Political  History  of  the  United  States.  By  the 
Best  American  and  European  Writers  (3  vols.,  Chicago,  1881— 
1884). 

Francis  Lieber,  Contributions  to  Political  Science,  including  Lec- 
tures on  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  Other  Papers 
(Phila.,  1881). 

*  Samuel  Freeman  Miller,  Lectures  on  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  (N.  Y.,  1891). 

John  Ordronaux,  Constitutional  Legislation  in  the  United 
States  ;  its  Origin,  and  Application  to  the  Relative  Powers  of  Con- 
gress and  of  State  Legislatures  (Phila.,  1891). 

Christopher  Stuart  Patterson,  The  United  States  and  the 
States  under  the  Constitution  (Phila.,  1888). 

*  John  Norton  Pomeroy,  An  Introduction  to  the  Constitutional 
Law     of   the     United    States   (Boston,    1868,    and   subsequent 
editions). 

Carman  Fitz  Randolph,  The  Law  and  Policy  of  Annexation, 
with  Special  Reference  to  the  Philippines  ;  together  with  Observa- 
tions on  the  Status  of  Cuba  (N.  Y.,  1901). 

William  Rawle,  A  View  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  of  America  (Phila..  1829). 

Henry  Wade  Rogers,  editor,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States  as  seen  in  the  Development  of  American  Law  (N.  Y.,  1889). 

James  Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies,  State  and  Federal 
(N.  Y.,  1897). 

Charles  Carroll  Soule,  The  Lawyer's  Reference  Manual  of 
Law  Books  and  Citations  (Boston,  1883). 

*  Joseph    Story,     Commentaries    on     the     Constitution    of   the 
United  States,  with  a  Preliminary  Review  of  the   Constitutional 
History  of  the    Colonies  and  States,  before  the  Adoption  of  the  Con- 


31b,  31c]  TREATISES  123 

stitution  (3  and  2  vols.,  1833,  and  four  later  editions.     Cooley's 
is  the  best,  Boston,  1873). 

*  Christopher  Gustavus  Tiedeman,  The  Unwritten  Constitution 
of  the    United  States:    A  Philosophical  Inquiry   into  the  Funda- 
mentals of  American   Constitutional  Law  (N.  Y.,  1890). 

Joel  Tiffany,  A  Treatise  in  Government  and  Constitutional  Law, 
being  an  Inquiry  into  the  Source  and  Limitation  of  Governmental 
Authority,  according  to  the  American  Theory  (Albany,  1867). 

*  John  Randolph  Tucker,  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States: 
A  Critical  Discussion  of  its  Genesis,  Development,  and  Interpreta- 
tion (Chicago,  1899). 

Timothy  Walker,  Introduction  to  American  Law,  Designed  as 
a  First  Book  for  Students  (9th  ed.,  Boston,  1887). 

William  B.  Wedgwood,  The  Government  and  Laws  of  the 
United  States,  comprising  a  Complete  and  Comprehensive  View 
of  the  Rise,  Progress,  and  Present  Organization  of  the  State  and 
National  Governments  (N.  Y.,  1866).  —  A  kind  of  popular  law 
book,  with  forms  of  national  and  State  government. 

Francis  Wharton,  Commentaries  on  Law,  embracing  Chapters  on 
the  Nature,  the  Source,  and  the  History  of  Law  ;  on  International 
Law,  Public  and  Private ;  and  on  Constitutional  and  Statutory 
Law  (Phila,,  1884). 

§  310.    Reports  of  Judicial  Cases. 

On  all  constitutional  questions  the  most  authoritative  utter- 
ance is  always  the  decisions  of  the  courts,  and  especially  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  These  decisions  are 
printed  in  eight  groups  of  publications,  to  be  found  in  the 
Harvard  Law  Library,  the  State  Library,  and  many  other 
legal  libraries.  The  official  United  States  Supreme  Court 
Reports  and  the  collections  of  select  cases  are  also  reserved  in 
the  Reading  Room  of  the  Harvard  College  Library. 


124  WEEKLY  PAPERS  [§ 

(1)  OFFICIAL  REPORTS  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 

These  official  reports  embody  the  most  important  material 
for  forming  a  judgment  on  the  nature  of  our  government,  the 
division  of  powers  between  nation  and  State,  arid  the  distribu- 
tion of  powers  among  the  departments  of  government.  They 
are  published  in  several  forms:  (1)  a  series  of  consecutive 
reports,  indicated  down  to  1882  by  the  name  of  the  reporter 
(Dallas  to  Otto),  since  1882  (1875)  under  the  title  United  States 
Reports ;  (2)  in  condensed  reports  compiled  by  various  authors 
(Peters  to  Miller) ;  (3)  since  1882  in  a  series  issued  by  the 
West  Publishing  Company  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Any  particular 
case  included  in  the  reports  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court,  District,  Circuit,  or  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  and  any 
case  from  other  national  courts  or  State  courts,  so  far  as 
included  in  the  publications  of  the  West  Company,  may  be 
ordered  by  the  name  of  the  case  (e.g.,  Ware  v.  Hylton)  by 
forwarding  twenty-five  cents.  In  the  lists  of  reports,  the 
abbreviations  are  in  the  usual  form  of  citations. 

"  DALL."  [1781-1800]  Alexander  James  Dallas,  Reports  of 
Cases  ruled  and  adjudged  in  the  several  Courts  of  the 
United  States,  and  of  Pennsylvania  (4  vols.,  Phila., 
1790-1807). 

"CRANCH"  [1801-1815]  William  Cranch,  Reports  of  Cases 
argued  and  adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  (9  vols.,  Washington  and  N.  Y.,  1804- 
1817). 

"  WHEAT."  [1816-1827]  Henry  Wheaton,  Reports  of  Cases 
argued  and  adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  (12  vols.,  Phila.  and  N.  Y.,  1816-1827). 

44  PET."  [1828-1843]    Richard    Peters,   Jr.,    Reports  of  Cases 


3lc]  SUPREME   COURT  REPORTS  125 

argued  and  adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  (17  vols.,  Phila.  and  Boston,  1828-1843). 

"  How."  [1843-1860]  Benjamin  Chew  Howard,  Reports  of  Cases 
argued  and  adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  (24  vols.,  Phila.,  Boston,  and  Washing- 
ton, 1843-1861). 

" BLACK"  [1861-1862]  Jeremiah  Sullivan  Black,  Reports  of 
Cases  argued  and  determined  in  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States  (2  vols.,  Washington,  1862-1863). 

"WALL."  [1863-1874]  John  William  Wallace,  Cases  argued 
and  adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  (23  vols.,  Washington,  1870-1876). 

"OTTO"  [1875-1882]  William  Todd  Otto,  Cases  argued  and 
adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
(17  vols.,  Boston,  1876-1883).  Also  bears  title  United 
States  Reports,  Supreme  Court,  Vols.  91-107. 

"U.  S."  [1882-cont.]  John  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  United  States 
Reports :  Cases  adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court  (Vols. 
108-,  N.  Y.,  1884-cont.). 

(2)   UNOFFICIAL  REPRINTS  AND  CONDENSATIONS  OF  SUPREME 
COURT  REPORTS. 

"PET.  COND."  [1791-1827]  Richard  Peters,  Jr.,  Condensed 
Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjudged  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  (6  vols.,  Phila.,  1830-1834). 

"  CURT.  DEC."  [1790-1854]  Benjamin  Bobbins  Curtis,  Reports 
of  Decisions  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States, 
with  Notes,  and  a  Digest  (21  vols.  and  1  vol.  Digest, 
Boston,  1855-1856;  several  subsequent  editions). 

"MiLL.  DEC."  [1855-1863]  Samuel  Freeman  Miller,  Reports  of 
Decisions  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
(4  vols.,  Washington,  1874-1875).  —  Condensed  re- 
ports in  continuation  of  Curtis. 


126  WEEKLY  PAPERS  [§ 

"S.  C.  R."  [1882-cont.]  Supreme  Court  Reporter:  Cases  argued 
and  determined  in  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  (St. 
Paul,  1883-cont.).  —  Issued  at  frequent  intervals  in 
preliminary  fascicles,  then  in  annual  volumes. 

(3)    OFFICIAL  REPORTS  OF  INFERIOR  JUDICIAL  COURTS. 

No  official  reports  of  the  district  or  circuit  courts  have  been 
published,   nor  any  systematic   private   reports    till   recently. 
The  Court  of  Claims  is  included  in  Handbook,  §  3  Id,  among 
the  administrative  tribunals.     When  the  new  Circuit  Courts  of 
Appeals  were  established  in  1891,  an  official  series  was  estab- 
lished which  continued  till  1899  as  follows: 
UU.  S.  APP."   [1891-1899]    United  States  Courts  of  Appeals 
Reports :  Cases  adjudged  in  the  United  States  Circuit 
Courts  of  Appeals  (63  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1893-1899). 

(4)    UNOFFICIAL  REPORTS  OF  INFERIOR  JUDICIAL  COURTS. 

The  lacunae  in  the  official  sources  have  been  very  efficiently 
filled  by  three  systematic  publications,  which  include  all  the 
decisions  from  district,  circuit,  and  circuit  appeals  courts. 
There  are  similar  publications  of  State  cases  arranged  in  geo- 
graphical groups. 

"FED.  CAS."  [1789-1880]  The  Federal  Cases:  Comprising  Cases 
argued  and  determined  in  the  Circuit  and  District 
Courts  of  the  United  States  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Beginning  of  the  Federal  Reporter  (30  vols., 
and  Digest,  St.  Paul,  1894-1898).  —  Over  18,000 
cases. 

44  FED.  REP."  [1880-cont.]  Federal  Reporter:  Cases  argued 
and  determined  in  the  Circuit  Courts  of  Appeals  and 
Circuit  and  District  Courts  of  the  United  States  (109 
vols.  and  Digest  of  4  vols.  to  1901,  St.  Paul,  1880-cont). 


3lc]  JUDICIAL  REPORTS  127 

*'C.  C.  A."  [1891-cont.]  United  States  Courts  of  Appeals  Re- 
ports: Cases  adjudged  in  the  United  States  Circuit 
Courts  of  Appeals  (45  vols.  to  1901,  St.  Paul  and 
Rochester,  1892-cont.). 

(5)    COLLECTIONS  OF  CONSTITUTIONAL  CASES. 

For  the  use  of  large  classes  will  be  found  convenient  the 
standard  collections  of  constitutional  cases  (national  and 
State),  of  which  there  are  three.  All  include  some  State 
cases. 

Carl  Evans  Boyd,  Cases  on  American  Constitutional  Law 
(Chicago,  1898).  —  Briefest  collection;  chiefly  from  Thayer. 

Emlin  McClain,  A  Selection  of  Cases  on  Constitutional  Law 
(Boston,  1900).  —  A  convenient  collection  of  more  than  1,000 
pages,  arranged  in  the  same  order  as  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitu- 
tional Law. 

James  Bradley  Thayer,  Cases  in  Constitutional  Law,  with 
Notes  (2  vols.,  Cambridge,  1895).  —  Best  collection,  admira- 
bly selected  and  edited. 

(6)    OFFICIAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  DECISIONS. 

Besides  the  judicial  tribunals  there  are  several  administra- 
tive bodies  which  decide  cases,  and  record  their  decisions  in 
official  series.     The  most  important  are  the  following : 
"  OPP.  ATT.  GEN."    [1791-cont.]    Official   Opinions  of  the  At- 
torneys   General   of  the    United  States    (22    vols.   to 
1900,  Washington,  1852-cont.). 

"U.  S.  CT.  CL."  [1863-cont.]  Cases  decided  in  the  Court  oj 
Claims  of  the  United  States,  with  Abstracts  of  the  De- 
crees of  the  Supreme  Court  in  Appeal  Cases  (35  vols. 
to  1900,  and  Digest  to  1875,  Washington,  1867-cont.). 
"  INTERS.  COM.  REP."  [1887-cont.]  Interstate  Commerce  Re- 
ports :  Decisions  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 


128  WEEKLY  PAPERS  [§ 

sion  of  the  United  States  (8  vols.  to  1901,  Rochester, 
1887-cont.). 

"  PAT.  D."  [1869-cont.]  Decisions  of  the  Commissioner  of  Pa- 
tents, and  of  the  United  States  Courts  in  Patent  and 
Trademark  Cases  (30  vols.  to  1901,  Washington, 
1869-cont). 

44  PEN.  D."  [1886-cont.]  Decisions  of  the  Department  of  the 
Interior  in  Appealed  Pension  and  Bounty  Land 
Claims;  also  a  Table  of  Cases  reported,  cited,  overruled, 
and  modified,  and  of  Statutes  cited  and  construed  (10 
vols.  to  1900,  Washington,  1887-cont.)  ;  also  a  Digest 
of  Decisions  and  Opinions  relating  to  Pensions  and 
Bounty  Land  (Washington,  1897). 

"LAND  D."  [1881-cont.]  Decisions  of  the  Department  of  the 
Interior  and  General  Land  Office  in  Cases  relating  to 
the  Public  Lands  (30  vols.  to  1901,  Washington,  1887- 
cont.). 

(7)    FEDERAL  STATUTES  AND  TREATIES. 

United  States,  The  Statutes  at  Large  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  .  .  .  and  Recent  Treaties,  Conventions,  Executive  Proc- 
lamations, and  the  Concurrent  Resolutions  of  the  Two  Houses  of 
Congress  (31  vols.  to  1901,  Boston  and  Washington,  1850-cont.). 

United  States,  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  .  .  .  em- 
bracing the  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  general  and  permanent 
in  their  Nature,  in  force  on  the  First  Day  of  December,  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-three  (Washington,  1878). 

United  States,  Supplement  to  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the 
United  States,  Vol.  I,  second  edition,  revised  and  continued, 
1874  to  1891.  .  .  .  Embracing  the  Statutes,  general  and  perma- 
nent in  their  Nature,  passed  after  the  Revised  Statutes  and  in 
force  at  the  end  of  the  Fifty-First  Congress  [1891]  (Washington, 
1891). 


31c]  STATUTES  AND  DIGESTS  129 

United  States,  Treaties  and  Conventions  concluded  between 
the  United  States  of  America  and  Other  Powers  (Washington, 
1889). 

United  States,  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States  relating 
to  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  Post  Roads,  .  .  .  together  with 
the  Public  Treaties  in  Force  on  the  First  Day  of  December,  1873 
(Washington,  1875). 

United  States,  Compilation  of  Treaties  in  Force.  Prepared 
under  Act  of  July  7,  1898  (Washington,  1899). 

(8)    DIGESTS  OF  FEDERAL  DECISIONS  AND  STATUTES. 

Of  late  years  there  has  been  extraordinary  activity  in  analyz- 
ing, cataloguing,  and  indexing  the  vast  materials  included  in 
the  statutes,  treaties,  and  judicial  decisions.  The  most  suitable 
of  such  aids  are  the  following : 

[1789-1890]  A.  J.  Baker,  Annotated  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  (Chicago,  1891). 

[1789-1870]  Frederick  Charles  Brightly,  A  Digest  of  the  De- 
cisions of  the  Federal  Courts  from  the  Organization  of  the  Gov- 
ernment to  the  Present  Time  (2  vols.,  Phila.,  1868-1870,  2d  ed. 
of  Vol.  II.  1872). 

[1648-1896]  Century  Edition  of  the  American  Digest.  A 
Complete  Digest  of  All  Reported  American  Cases  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  1896  (27  vols.  to  1901,  St.  Paul,  1897-cont.). 

(1789-1891)  Henry  DeForest  Clarke,  Handbook  of  all  the 
Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  (Rochester, 
1892). 

[1789-1891]  Henry  Gold  Danforth,  A  Digest  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  Reports  from  the  Organization  of  the 
Court  (2  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1885-1891). 

[1789-1884]    Robert  Desty,  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
(2d  ed.,  San  Francisco,  1887). 
9 


130  WEEKLY  PAPERS  [§§ 

[1789-1884]  Jonathan  Kendrick  Kinney,  A  Digest  of  the  De- 
cisions of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  (2  vols.,  Bos- 
ton, 1886). 

[1789-1897]  Lawyer's  Co-operative  Publishing  Company, 
A  Complete  Indexed  Digest  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
Reports  (4  vols.,  Rochester,  1894-1898). 

[1789-1880]  Stewart  Rapalje,  A  Digest  of  Federal  Decisions 
and  Statutes,  .  .  .  together  with  a  Table  of.  Cases  affirmed,  re- 
versed, overruled,  and  otherwise  criticised  (Jersey  City,  1880). 

[1789-1899]  William  Hepburn  Russell  and  William  Beverly 
Winslow,  Syllabus  Digest  of  all  the  Decisions  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  /States  (4  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1900-). 

[1789-cont.]  Walter  Malins  Rose,  Notes  on  United  States 
Reports.  A  Brief  Chronicle  Digest  of  all  Points  Determined  in 
the  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Courts,  with  Notes  showing  the 
Influence  [etc.']  of  Each  Case  [etc.']  (12  vols.,  to  1901,  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1899-cont.).  —  The  most  remarkable  aid  to  the  study  of 
Federal  cases,  extremely  useful  from  the  historical  point  of 
view. 

§  3id.    Historical  Sources. 

For  the  narrative  questions,  and  often  for  the  constitutional, 
recourse  must  be  had  to  contemporary  discussions  and  argu- 
ments. A  bibliography  and  description  of  such  materials 
may  be  found  in  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide  to  the  Study  of 
American  History,  §'§  27-35  ;  in  the  introduction  to  each  of  the 
four  volumes  of  American  History  told  by  Contemporaries  / 
and  in  New  England  History  Teachers'  Association,  Historical 
Sources  in  Schools.  Among  the  most  important  sources  are  the 
Journals  of  Congress  ;  records  of  debates  ;  works  of  public  men 
containing  public  speeches  and  state  papers  ;  autobiographies 
and  reminiscences ;  President's  messages  ;  statutes  and  treaties 
of  the  United  States ;  elaborate  biographies  containing  docu- 


3lc-32]  HISTORICAL  SOURCES  131 

ments ;  proceedings  of  learned  societies.  A  list  of  indexes  to 
government  documents  will  be  found  in  the  Guide,  §  16e,  and 
in  American  Statistical  Association,  Publications,  yil,  Nos.  49, 
50  (March,  June,  1900,  p.  40). 

Several  collections  of  useful  sources  have  been  brought 
together  for  the  use  of  students.  Of  these  may  be  mentioned  : 

Jonathan  Elliot,  Debates  on  the  Federal  Constitution  (5  vols., 
Washington,  1836-1845). 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  American  History  told  by  Contem- 
poraries (4  vols.,  N.  Y.,  1897-1901). 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Source-Book  of  American  History, 
with  Practical  Introductions  (N.  Y.,  1899). 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart  and  Edward  Channing,  American 
History  Leaflets  (34  Nos.  to  1902,  N.  Y.,  189 2-). 

Alexander  Johnston,  American  Orations:  Studies  in  Ameri- 
can Political  History  (4  vols.,  re-edited  by  J.  A.  Woodburn, 
N.  Y.,  1896-1897). 

William  MacDonald,  Select  Charters  and  Other  Documents 
illustrative  of  American  History,  1606-1775  (N.  Y.,  1899). 

William  MacDonald,  Select  Documents  illustrative  of  the 
History  of  the  United  States,  1776-1861  (N.  Y.,  1898). 

William  MacDonald,  Select  Statutes  and  Other  Documents 
illustrative  of  the  History  of  the  United  States,  1861-1898 
(N.  Y.,1902). 

Edwin  Doak  Mead,  Old  South  Leajlets  (about  125  Nos., 
Boston,  1888-). 

James  Daniel  Richardson,  A  Compilation  of  the  Messages  and 
Papers  of  the  Presidents,  1789-1897  (10  vols.,  Washington, 
1896-1899). 

§  32.    Paper  No.  i.    Use  of  Constitutional  Authorities. 

This  paper  is  intended  to  give  to  students  the  opportunity 

of  making  the  acquaintance  of  the  principal  authorities  de- 


132  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

scribed  in  Handbook,  §  31.  Students  should  seek  familiarity 
with  the  treatises,  best  secondary  writers,  collections  of  cases, 
statutes,  and- treaties,  proceedings  of  the  Federal  Convention 
(Guide,  §  30),  etc. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Students  should  be  familiar  with  the  prin- 
cipal aids  to  constitutional  inquiry,  especially  the  Handbook, 
Guide,  and  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  the  Constitution. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  It  is  necessary  to  know  the 
plan  and  method  of  the  principal  treatises;  the  fundamental 
distinctions  between  private  and  public  law;  and  the  borders 
which  separate  constitutional  law  from  other  branches  of  the 
public  law  (Handbook,  §  316). 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  The  student 
should  make  himself  familiar  also  with  the  minor  treatises. 

CASES.  —  Carefully  examine  the  three  collections  of  cases 
(Thayer,  Boyd,  Evans),  and  try  to  learn  the  system  of  reporting 
and  digesting  cases  (Handbook,  §  31c). 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  Examine  the  proposed  secondary 
writers  enumerated  in  Handbook,  §  31a,  and  see  how  far  they 
seem  to  deal  with  constitutional  questions. 

SOURCES.  —  The  principal  official  sources  are  listed  above 
(Handbook,  §§  31c,  31d).  For  constitutional  documents: 
W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents  and  Select  Statutes;  Ameri- 
can History  Leaflets;  Old  South  Leaflets.  For  speeches  on 
constitutional  questions  :  American  History  Leaflets  ;  A.  John- 
ston, American  Orations  ;  debates  of  Congress. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  What  are  the  means  of  finding  a 
Supreme  Court  case  bearing  on  a  particular  subject? — Which 
of  the  general  histories  seems  to  be  most  useful  for  constitu- 
tional discussion?  —  Which  of  the  treatises  do  you  expect  to 
make  most  use  of  during  the  year,  and  why?  —  What  is  the 
best  available  material  on  the  formation  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States? 


32,33J  COLONIAL   GOVERNMENT  133 

§  33.  Paper  No.  2.  English  Control  and  Colonial  Gov- 
ernment. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19a,  20&,  21a;  Guide,  part 
ii,  and  §  147;  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  the  Constitution,  4-11. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§ 
159-178;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §§  109,  111-121;  R. 
Foster,  Commentaries,  I,  32;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American  Gov- 
ernment, 33-40;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional 
Law,  24-30;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  ch.  i;  H. 
Taylor,  English  Constitution,  I,  15-48  ;  P.  S.  Reinsch,  Colonial 
Government ;  H.  L.  Osgood,  Classification  of  Colonial  Govern- 
ments (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Annual  Report  for  1895,  617-627) ; 
H.  L.  Osgood,  Proprietary  Province  (American  Historical  Re- 
view, II,  644,  III,  31,  244);  H.  L.  Osgood,  The  Corporation 
as  a  Form  of  Colonial  Government  (Political  Science  Quarterly, 
XI,  259,  502). 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Schouler,  Con- 
stitutional Studies,  9-29  ;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Evolution  of  the  Con- 
stitution, chs.  ii,  v ;  C.  E.  Stevens,  Sources  of  the  Constitution, 
ch.  i;  E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  Governor ;  W.  C.  Morey,  Gene- 
sis of  a  Written  Constitution  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals, 
I,  5-29).  For  individual  colonies,  see  Guide,  part  ii. 

CASES.  —  G.  Chalmers,  Opinions  of  Eminent  Lawyers,  206, 
210,  223-258,  263-268,  332-348,  356,  467;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases 
(1587-1787),  1-55;  A.  McF.  Davis,  The  Case  of  Frost  v. 
Leighton  (American  Historical  Review,  II,  229-245). 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  W.  PI  H.  Lecky,  England,  II, 
1-10,  III,  267-460;  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic, 
13-28  ;  C.  Borgeaud,  Rise  of  Modern  Democracy  in  Old  and 
New  England;  C.  Borgeaud,  Adoption  and  Amendment  of 
Constitutions,  chs.  i-iii ;  H.  L.  Osgood,  England  and  the  Col- 
onies, and  Political  Ideas  of  the  Puritans  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  II,  440-469,  VI,  1-28,  201-231);  J.  A.  Doyle, 


134  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

English  Colonies  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  English  Colonies ;  A.  Johnston, 
Connecticut;  E.  H.  Roberts,  New  York;  E.  L.  Whitney,  South 
Carolina  ;  N.  .D.  Mereness,  Maryland  as  a  Proprietary  Province  ; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  Nos.  vi,  vii. 

SOURCES.  —  A  detailed  list  in  Guide,  §  29.  — Charters  of  the 
colonies,  in  B.  P.  Poore,  Charters  and  Constitutions ;  many  in 
Old  South  Leaflets  (texts  not  very  accurate)  ;  W.  MacDon- 
ald,  Select  Charters.  —  Contemporary  discussions :  Contem- 
poraries, II,  §§  45-79;  Source-Book,  §§  48-52;  A.  Stokes, 
View  of  the  Constitution  of  the  British  Colonies;  E.  Burke, 
European  Settlements  in  America  /  J.  Dummer,  Defence  of  the 
New  England  Charters;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  chs.  ii,  vi, 
vii,  xi.  —  Documents  in  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  5,  7, 
14,  16,  19,  21.— James  Otis  on  Writs  of  Assistance:  W. 
Tudor,  James  Otis;  J.  Quincy,  Reports  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  1762-1771.  —  Franklin's  examination,  in  B.  Franklin, 
Works,  (Sparks  ed.)  IV,  151,  (Bigelow  ed.)  Ill,  407.  - 
Works  of  contemporary  statesmen,  especially  Penn,  Hutchin- 
son,  Franklin,  and  Washington. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Could  a  colony  lay  duties  on  im- 
ports from  over  the  seas  ?  —  Could  a  colonial  Governor  be 
impeached  for  bad  conduct  in  office  ?  —  Could  England  fix  the 
conditions  of  colonial  suffrage?  —  Could  England  alter  colonial 
boundaries  ? 

§  34.  Paper  No.  3.  Is  the  Union  Older  than  the 
States  ? 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  196,  50,57,61;  Guide,  §§ 
142,  143. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§ 
206-217  ;  R.  Foster,  Commentaries,  I,  §§  11-13  ;  J.  R.  Tucker, 
Constitution,  §§  104-166 ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law, 
§§25-34,  42,  43,  54-56;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  I, 


33,  34]  UNION  AND  STATES  135 

1-64 ;    A.  H.    Stephens,  War   between   the  States,  I,    17-207 ; 
J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  86-199. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  D.  Andrews, 
American  Law,  209 ;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  22-24  ; 
J.  Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies,  81-83 ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Con- 
stitutional Law,  8-11. 

CASES.  —  Penhallow  v.  Doane  (1795):  3  Dallas,  54,  80-82, 
90-96,  109-112;  1  Curtis,  84,  86-88,  97-104,  116-120.- 
Ware  v.  Hylton  (1795):  3  Dallas,  199;  1  Curtis,  164.— 
Worcester  v.  Georgia  (1832):  6  Peters,  515;  10  Curtis,  214; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  583.  —  Mcllvaine  v.  Coxe  (1808) :  4  Cranch, 
209;  2  Curtis,  74.  —  Texas  v.  White  (1868):  7  Wallace,  700; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  302;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  552.  — White 
v.  Hart  (1871):  13  Wallace,  646;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  259. 
—  Keith  v.  Clark  (1878)  :  97  U.  S.,  454. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Re- 
public, 358-377,  399-402,417-429;  G.  T.  Curtis,  History  of 
the  Constitution,  I,  39,  40  (Constitutional  History,  I,  6-26)  ; 
J.  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  ch.  i ;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopcedia,  III,  993. 

SOURCES.  —  Declaration  of  Independence,  in  American  His- 
tory Leaflets,  No.  11;  plans  of  union,  in  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  14 ;  drafts  of  constitutions,  in  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  *2Q.  — Contemporaries,  II,  §§  184-190;  M.  Hill, 
Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xiv.  —  John  C.  Calhoun's  theory,  in  A 
Disquisition  on  Government  (Works,  I,  1),  and  A  Discourse  on 
the  Constitution  and  Government  of  the  United  States  (Works, 
I,  111-147). — Abraham  Lincoln's  theory:  A.  Lincoln,  Com- 
plete Works,  II,  61-66;  Senate  Executive  Documents,  37  Cong., 
1  sess.  (1861),  No.  1,  pp.  11-17;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages, 
VI,  20.  —  Virginia  and  Kentucky  Resolutions :  American 
History  Leaflets,  No.  15;  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  IV,  528,  529, 
532-548 ;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  21-23 ;  T. 


136  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  IX,  496-500.  —  J.  Mon- 
roe, Message  of  May  4,  1822  :  Statesman's  Manual,  I,  492- 
500;  Annals  of  Congress,  17  Cong.,  1.  sess.  (1822),  pp.  1809- 
1818;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  II,  144-150. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Were  the  people  of  the  colonies 
bound  by  the  ordinances  of  Congress  before  July  4,  1776?  — 
Were  the  people  of  the  States  bound  by  the  ordinances  of  Con- 
gress after  July  4,  1776?  —  Did  the  United  States  dissolve  the 
relations  between  England  and  the  colonies  ?  —  Has  any  State 
ever  had  a  status  outside  the  Union  ? 

§  35.  Paper  No.  4.  Powers  and  Functions  of  the 
Confederation. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  196,  20d,  69;  Guide,  §  149, 
186. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§ 
229-271;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  11-15;  J.  J. 
Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  I,  574-576 ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American 
Government,  §§  122-135;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Constitutional  Law, 
I,  15-18;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  65-73;  H. 
Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §  2  ;  H.  Flanders,  Exposition 
of  the  Constitution,  42-44 ;  R.  Foster,  Commentaries,  I,  §  3 ; 
J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §§  133-137;  H.  C.  Black,  Con- 
stitutional  Law,  37-40;  J.  Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies, 
84-95. 

CASES.  —  Penhallow  v.  Doane  (1795)  :  3  Dallas,  54  ;  1  Curtis, 
84.  — Ware  v.  Hylton  (1795)  :  3  Dallas,  199,  235-237;  1  Cur- 
tis, 164,  179-181.  —  Hylton  v.  United  States  (1796)  :  3  Dallas, 
171,  178;  1  Curtis,  150,  156.—  Hopkirk  v.  Bell  (1806):  3 
Cranch,  454  ;  1  Curtis,  640. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch. 
xv ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  142-151,  231- 
240,  252-259  (Constitutional  History,  chs.  vi,  viii,  ix)  ;  H.  Von 


34-36]  THE    CONFEDERATION  137 

Hoist,  United  States,  I,  22-30,  36-45;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative 
and  Critical  History,  VII,  ch.  iii ;  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the 
Republic,  569-579  ;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  III,  395-403 ; 
T.  Pitkin,  United  States,  II,  11-16;  J.  Fiske,  Critical  Period, 
90-101  ;  J.  Marshall,  Life  of  Washington,  V,  83 ;  H.  Sherman, 
Governmental  History,  862-866,  880-886;  A.  Carlier,  La 
Republique  Americaine,  I,  526-532. 

SOURCES.  —  Articles  of  Confederation  (verbatim  text  in  Amer- 
ican History  Leaflets,  No.  20),  Arts.  II,  VI,  IX,  XII,  XIII; 
proposals  to  amend  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  28.  — 
Journals  of  Congress;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress;  resolu- 
tions of  Congress,  in  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  81-83 ;  Madison's 
notes:  H.  D.  Gilpin,  Madison  Papers,  I,  1-467;  J.  Elliot, 
Debates,  V,  1-105  (proceedings  of  Congress  to  remedy  defects 
in  the  Confederation,  in  I,  92-116).  —  Source-Book,  §§  64-69; 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  37-41,  54-59. — J.  Madison,  Writ- 
ings, I,  320-328;  Pelatiah  Webster,  Dissertation  on  the  Politi- 
cal Union  ;  Noah  Webster,  Sketches  of  American  Policy  ;  G. 
Washington,  Works  (Sparks  ed.),  IX,  501,  510,  521;  B. 
Franklin,  Works  (Bigelow  ed.),  X,  1,  2;  The  Federalist,  Nos. 
15-22  (Ford  ed.,  131-143). 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS. — Had  the  Confederation  a  constitu- 
tional right  to  pass  the  Northwest  Ordinance?  —  Could  Con- 
gress constitutionally  compel  any  State  to  furnish  troops  for 
an  offensive  war?  —  Could  Congress  constitutionally  charter 
the  Bank  of  North  America  ?  —  Could  Congress  constitutionally 
have  aided  Massachusetts  to  put  down  Shays'  Rebellion  ? 

§  36.  Paper  No.  5.  Making  and  Amendment  of  Con- 
stitutions. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19c,  21c,  99;  Guide,  §§ 
154-156, 

CONSTITUTIONAL    DISCUSSIONS. — J.    A.    Jameson,     Constitu- 


138  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

tional  Conventions;  C.  Borgeaud,  Adoption  and  Amendment 
of  Constitutions,  parts  i,  iii ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  272- 
281,  1825-1831 ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  Intro- 
duction, §§  109-116;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  (ed. 
1880)  199-204,  (ed.  1891)  207-212,  (ed.  1898)  218-223;  J.  R. 
Tucker,  Constitution,  322-324;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional 
History,  II,  ch.  vi;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  40-50. 

CASES. —J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  207-213.  —  Rollings  worth  ». 
Virginia  (1798)  :  3  Dallas,  378;  1  Curtis.  266.  —  Opinions  of 
the  Justices  (1833,  1883),  in  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  221-227.  - 
Wells  r.  Bain  (1874):  75  Pa.  St.  39;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
228.  — Wood's  Appeal  (1874):  75  Pa.  St.  59;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  239.  — Sproule  v.  Fredericks  (1892):  69  Miss.  898; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  250. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch. 
xvii;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  I,  62,  63,  267,  460,  IV, 
335,  VII,  336,  430,  442-445  ;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  IV, 
112;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  I,  607,  608;  B.  A.  Hinsdale, 
American  Government,  chs.  vii-x;  R.  Foster,  Commentaries, 
I,  §§  8-10;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Evolution  of  the  Constitution,  176- 
181.  —  For  the  history  of  the  fifteen  amendments  to  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution  see  the  general  histories  (Guide,  §  20). 

SOURCES.  • —  Articles  of  Confederation  (verbatim  text  in 
American  History  Leaflets,  No.  20),  Arts.  V,  XIII;  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect.  7,  §  3  ;  Sect.  9,  §  1 ; 
Art.  IV,  Sect.  3,  §  1 ;  Art.  V;  Art.  VII;  Signatures.— 
Debates  in  the  Federal  Convention  :  Journal  of  the  Federal 
Convention  ;  J.  Elliot,  Debates  ;  H.  D.  Gilpin,  Madison  Papers. 
—  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  60-75;  Source-Book,  §§  68,  69; 
The  Federalist  (Ford  ed.),  291,  292,  585-587. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS. — Was  Rhode  Island  bound  to  join 
the  Union  after  1787?  —  Can  the  State  legislatures  by  unani- 
mous agreement  put  a  constitutional  amendment  into  force 


36,37]  CONSTITUTION  MAKING  139 

which  has  not  yet  been  submitted  by  Congress  or  by  a  conven- 
tion?—  May  Congress  by  the  act  calling  a  convention  limit 
the  subjects  on  which  it  may  submit  amendments?  —  May  a 
State  withdraw  a  ratification  before  the  required  three-fourths 
have  been  obtained? 

§  37.  Paper  No.  6.  Doctrine  of  Separation  of 
Powers. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19c,  21a,  112,  113,  120; 
Guide,  §§  157,  162,  167,  208. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§ 
532-541,  881-893,  1560-1563;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional 
Laic,  §§  107-119,  174-179,  632;  J.  D.  Andrews,  American 
Law,  ch.  xii;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  33,  34, 
46,  55,  58,  59;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  (ed.  1880) 
156-163,  (ed.  1891)  163-169,  (ed.  1898)  175-181 ;  R.  Foster, 
Commentaries,  I,  §§  39,  40,  42,  86,  88-96,  111  ;  J.  R.  Tucker, 
Constitution,  §§  65-67,  188,  213,  214;  H.  C.  Black,  Con- 
stitutional Law,  72-88,  95-99,  106-110,  114,  115. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  E.  C.  Mason, 
Veto  Power,  §§  18-24,  31-36,  99-105,  121-123,  230;  E.  C. 
Mason,  Congressional  Demands  upon  the  Executive  (Amer. 
Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  V,  367-375);  J.  Bryce,  American  Com- 
momvealth,  I,  chs.  xxi,  xxv;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  II, 
132-136,  480-482,  III,  1064-1066 ;  W.  Rawle,  View  of  the 
Constitution,  chs.  v,  xvi ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No. 
i;  A.  L.  Lowell,  Essays  on  Government,  97-101. 

CASES.  —  Marbury  v.  Madison  (1803):  1  Cranch,  137;  1 
Curtis,  368;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  107  ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  17; 
E.  McClain,  Cases,  815.  — Kendall  v.  United  States  (1838): 
12  Peters,  524;  12  Curtis,  834. —Luther  v.  Borden  (1848): 
7  Howard,  1;  17  Curtis,  1  ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  647;  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  595;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  191. — Mississippi 


140  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

v.  Johnson  (1866)  :  4  Wallace,  475;  J.  B.  Tkayer,  Cases,  196; 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  652;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  102.  — Georgia 
v.  Stanton  (1867):  6  Wallace,  50;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  201. 
—  Kilbourn  v.  Thompson  (1880):  103  U.  S.,  168.  — United 
States  v.  Black  (1888):  128  U.  S.,  40.  — United  States  r. 
Schurz  (1880):  102  U.  S.,  378.  — United  States  r.  Elaine 
(1890):  139  U.  S.,  306.  — Field  v.  Clark  (1891):  143  U.  S., 
649 ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  95. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  This  question  came  up  in  debates 
on  the  President's  removing  power  (Guide,  §  157)  ;  on  the  Jay 
treaty  (Guide,  §  162);  on  the  Marbury  decision  (Guide,  § 
167);  on  Jackson's  removal  of  the  deposits  (Guide,  §  185); 
on  the  Dred  Scott  decision  ( Guide,  §  204)  ;  and  on  Lincoln's 
war  power  (Guide,  §  208).  See  also  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
354n;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Evolution  of  the  Constitution,  109-116, 
161-167;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Growth  of  the  Constitution,  115-122, 
229-231. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect. 
1;  Sect.  3,  §  6;  Sect.  6,  §  2;  Sect.  7,  §§  2,  3  ;  Sect.  8,  §  18; 
Art.  II,  Sect.  1,  §  1;  Sect.  2,  §§  1,  2 ;  Sects.  3,  4;  Art. 
Ill,  Sect.  1;  Sect.  3,  §  2.—  The  Federalist  (Ford  ed.),  48, 
319-334,  458,  489;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  54;  Senate  Reports, 
46  Cong.,  3  sess.  (1881),  No.  837  ;  J.  Adams,  Defence  of  the 
Constitution;  Montesquieu,  Esprit  des  Lois;  Blackstone, 
Commentaries. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Could  either  House  be  compelled  by 
Act  of  Congress  to  admit  members  of  the  Cabinet  to  a  share 
in  debate?  —  May  the  House  require  the  President  to  submit 
papers  to  it?  —  Can  the  Federal  courts  compel  a  member  of 
Congress  to  vote  on  a  pending  measure?  —  Is  the  President 
bound  by  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court? 


37,38]  IMPLIED    POWERS  141 

§  38.  Paper  No.  7.  Implied  Powers  and  the  Gen- 
eral Welfare. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.—  Handbook,  §§  19c,  21c,  2ln,  39,  45; 
GtoVfe,  §  159! 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§ 
420,  430-434,  497-506,  907-930,  1231-1266;  J.  N.  Pomeroy, 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  259-269;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitu- 
tional Law,  (ed.  1880)  91-99,  (ed.  1891)  94-102,  (ed.  1898) 
105-113;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  16,  36;  S. 
F.  Miller,  Constitution,  128-132,  135-144,  227-231  ;  J.  I.  C. 
Hare,  Constitutional  Law,  I,  94-118;  J.  Tiffany,  Treatise  in 
Government,  §§  337-340;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §§  179- 
183,  222-234,  248,  249,  294;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional 
Law,  179-182,  235-243,  385-391 ;  J.  D.  Andrews,  American 
Law,  ch.  xiv. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Kent,  Com- 
mentaries, I,  §§  248-255,  267  ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American 
Government,  §  307;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitu- 
tional Law,  §§  205,  206;  R.  Foster,  Commentaries,  §  24. 

CASES.  —  United  States  v.  Fisher  (1805):  2  Cranch,  358; 
1  Curtis,  496.  — Fletcher  v.  Peck  (1810):  6  Cranch,  87;  2 
Curtis,  328;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  395.  —  Martin  v.  Hunter's 
Lessee  (1816)  :  1  Wheaton,  304;  3  Curtis,  562  ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  123-132;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  616;  E.  McClain,  Cases, 
746;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  525-555.  —  McCulloch  v.  Mary- 
land (1819) :  4  Wheaton,  316  ;  4  Curtis,  415  ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  271-285  ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  308 ;  E.  McClain,  Cases, 
1 ;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  160-188.  —Gibbons  v.  Ogden  (1824) : 
9  Wheaton,  1;  6  Curtis,  1  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1799-1819; 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  172;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  287-315;  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  235.  —  Osboru  v.  Bank  of  United  States 
(1824):  9  Wheaton,  738;  6  Curtis,  251  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  617;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  315- 


142  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

343.  — Rhode  Island  v.  Massachusetts  (1838)  :  12  Peters,  723 ; 
12  Curtis,  407. —  Legal  Tender  Cases  (1872):  12  Wallace, 
457;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Case*,  2237-2254;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases, 
136;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  442.  —  Farmers'  National  Bank  v. 
Bearing  (1875)  :  91  U.  S.,  29.  —  Ex,  parte  Yarbrough  (1883)  : 
110  U.  S.,  651.  —  Juilliard  <>.  Greenman  (1884):  110  U.  S., 
421;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2255;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  157; 
E.  McClain,  Cases,  442. — Cole  v.  La  Grange  (1884):  113 
U.  S.,  1. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — Clark  and  Hall,  Legislative  and 
Documentary  History  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  15- 
31,  37-84,  86-89,  91-94,  95-112;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United 
States,  I,  104-107  ;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  IV,  256-267, 
VI,  211,  226-231 ;  M.  Van  Buren,  Political  Parties,  136-138; 
J.  Schouler,  United  States,  I,  158-162;  G.  Tucker,  United 
States,  I,  450-458  ;  J.  T.  Morse,  Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  333- 
347;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  182-190,  589- 
600;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Growth  of  the  Constitution,  27-34,  128- 
134,  306,  307. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Preamble ; 
Art.  I,  Sect.  1  ;  Sect.  8,  §  18;  Sect.  9  ;  Sect.  10 ;  Art.  Ill,  Sect. 
3,  §  2;  Art.  IV,  Sect.  2;  Sect.  3;  Sect.  4;  Art.  VI,  §  2; 
Amends.  X ;  XI ;  XIII,  Sect.  2  ;  XIV,  Sect.  5  ;  XV,  Sect.  2. 

—  A.    Hamilton,  Opinion  on  the    National  Bank,  in  Works, 
(ed.    1850)    IV,    104-138,    (Lodge    ed.)    Ill,    180-225.  — T. 
Jefferson,   Opinion  on  the  National  Bank,  in   Works  (Wash- 
ington ed.),  VII,  555-561  ;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
Nos.  9-11. — Debate  in  the  Convention,  in  J.  Elliot,  Debates, 
V,  543,  544.  —  Debate  in  the  House:  Annals  of  Congress,  1 
Cong.  (1789),   pp.   1891-1960;   T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  I, 
274-308.—  The  Federalist,  Nos.  38,  41  (Ford  ed.,  pp.  201,  298). 

—  J.  Madison,    Writings,   73-76. — Veto  of  Madison,  March 
3,  1817:   Senate  Journal,  14  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1817),  405-409; 


38,  39]  TAXATION  AND  PROTECTION  143 

House  Journal,  14  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1817),  534-537  ;  Annals  of 
Congress,  14  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1817),  1060,  1061;  J.  D.  Rich- 
ardson, Messages,  I,  584.  —  Message  of  Monroe,  May  4,  1822  : 
Annals  of  Congress,  17  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1822),  1809-1863; 
State  Papers,  17  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1822),  IX,  No.  127;  States- 
man's Manual,  1,  492-512,  II,  513-535.  J.  D.  Richardson, 
Messages,  II,  144. —  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  82,  133;  M. 
Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  chs.  xvii,  xix. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  May  Congress  constitutionally  char- 
ter a  life  insurance  company  ?  —  May  Congress  constitutionally 
vote  money  for  aid  to  sufferers  from  forest  fires?  —  May  Con- 
gress constitutionally  grant  money  in  support  of  State  schools  ? 
—  May  Congress  constitutionally  pass  an  act  creating  a  national 
university,  supported  by  national  taxes? 

§  39.  Paper  No.  8.  Extent  of  the  Powers  of  Taxa- 
tion and  Protection. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  21&,  38,  44,  45,  116,  117; 
Guide,  §§  158,  185,  195;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs 
for  Debate,  Nos.  xxxvii-xlvi. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSION. — J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§ 
906-1053,  1077-1095;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law, 
§§  271-312  ;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  179-182, 
375-396;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §§  215-222,  235-238; 
T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  (ed.  1880)  54-64,  (ed. 
1891)  53-63,  (ed.  1898)  55-63;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Constitutional 
Law,  I,  241-276. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  F.  Wharton, 
Commentaries,  §§  404-415;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional 
Law,  §  36;  J.  Tiffany,  Treatise  in  Government,  171-185; 
J.  D.  Andrews,  American  Law,  ch.  xv ;  C.  S.  Patterson, 
United  States  and  the  States,  ch.  iii. 

CASES.  —  FEDERAL  TAXATION.  —  License  Tax  Cases  (1866)  : 


144  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§ 

5  Wallace,  462;  J.B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1276;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases, 
45.—  Fifield  v.  Close  (1867):  15  Michigan  Rep.,  505;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1375. — Veazie  Bank  v.  Fenno  (1869)  :  8  Wal- 
lace, 533;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1334;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  56; 
E.  McClain,  Cases,  222.  —  Collector  /;.  Day  (1870)  :  11  Wallace, 
113;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1378;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  64; 
E.  McClain,  Cases,  153.  —  Pollock  v.  Farmers'  Loan  and  Trust 
Co.  (1894):  157  U.  S.,  429;  158  U.  S.,  601;  C.  E.  Boyd, 
Cases,  91;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  223. 

STATE  TAXATION.  —  McCulloch  v.  Maryland  (1819)  :  4  Whea- 
tou,  316,  325;  4  Curtis,  415,  432;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1340; 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  32;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  1. — Weston  v. 
Charleston  (1829)  :  2  Peters,  449  ;  8  Curtis,  171 ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1346;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  41.  —  Providence  Bank  v. 
Billings  (1830):  4  Peters,  514;  9  Curtis,  171;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1623.  —  Dobbins  v.  Commissioners  of  Erie  County 
(1842):  16  Peters,  435;  14  Curtis,  370;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
1352. —  Thomson  v.  Pacific  Railroad  (1869)  :  9  Wallace,  579; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1369;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  162. —State 
Tax  on  Foreign  Held  Bonds  (1872) :  15  Wallace,  300 ;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1258;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  136.  —  Railroad  Co. 
v.  Peniston  (1873) :  18  Wallace,  5 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1383. 
—  Kirtland  v.  Hotchkiss  (1879):  100  U.  S.,  491  ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1268;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  142.  — Van  Brocklin  v.  Ten- 
nessee (1885):  117  U.  S.,  151.  — California  v.  Central  Pacific 
Railroad  (1888)  :  127  U.  S.,  1;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1394;  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  167. 

STATE  TAXATION  FOR  PRIVATE  ADVANTAGE.  —  Hooper  v. 
Emery  (1837)  :  14  Maine  Rep.,  375;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1209. 

-Lowell  v.  Boston  (1873):  111  Mass.  Rep.,  454;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1224.  —  Loan  Association  v.  Topeka  (1874): 
20  Wallace,  655;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1235;  C.  E.  Boyd, 

Cases,  78;  E.  McClaiu,    Cases,  189. 


39]  TAXATION  AND  PROTECTION  145 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  E.  G.  Bourne,  The  Surplus 
Revenue,  chs.  i-v,  xii;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  I,  398- 
405,  II,  186-188;  E.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History,  II,  547, 
548;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  275-279,  362-369, 
658,  659,  II,  36;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  I,  714,  715,  II, 
571,  III,  856-858,  1033-1038;  J.  Schouler,  United  States,  I, 
86-90,  186-188,  IV,  230;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  ch. 
ix;  H.  C.  Adams,  Taxation  in  United  States,  1789-1816; 
H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  159-171;  C.  T.  Curtis,  Con- 
stitutional History,  189,  190 ;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Middle  Period, 
ch.  viii ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  United  States,  I,  545-549 ;  W.  G. 
Sumner,  Lectures  on  the  History  of  Protection,  21-33 ;  J.  G. 
Blaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  ch.  ix. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Preamble ; 
Art.  I,  Sect.  1;  Sect.  2,  §  3;  Sect.  7,  §  1 ;  Sect.  8,  §§  1,  4-6, 
12,  18;  Sect.  9,  §§  4,  5,  7 ;  Sect.  10,  §  2;  Art.  Ill,  Sect.  2; 
Art.  IV,  Sect.  3,  §  2.  —  Annals  of  Congress,  1  Cong.  (1789), 
102-116,  349-368;  Tariff  Act  of  July  4,  1789,  in  Statutes  at 
Large,  I,  24-37. — A.  Hamilton,  Report  on  Manufactures: 
Works,  (ed.  1850)  III,  192-284,  (Lodge  ed.)  Ill,  294-416; 
F.  W.  Taussig,  State  Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff,  I, 
107 ;  American  State  Papers,  I,  123-144 ;  W.  MacDonald, 
Select  Documents,  No.  12. —  The  Federalist,  (Dawson  ed.)  37r 
58,  65,  78,  79,  216,  218,  (Ford  ed.)  18,  268.  —  G.  Washington, 
Writings,  XII,  9,  69,70;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  22,  78, 
130,  IV,  §  166;  Source-Book,  §  72  ;  J.  Madison,  Writings, 
I,  479-483,  III,  42,  43;  T.  Jefferson, 'Works,  VI,  431,  521-523, 
VII,  427;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  163-173,  VI,  2-29.- 
Clay's  report  of  April  15,  1830,  in  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment, 
XI,  446 ;  opinion  of  Jackson  and  veto  of  December  4,  1833, 
in  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  II,  514,  601,111,  56,  161.- 
Distribution  Act  of  June  23,  1836,  in  Statutes  at  Large,  V, 
52-56.  — Debates  in  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  I,  22-44, 
10 


146  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

57-65,  71-84;  X,  583-586,592-598,  601-607,  613-625;  XI, 
444-457,  481-507;  XII,  24-27;  XIII,  61,  161,  182;  XIV, 
309-361,  516-526. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  May  Congress  lay  taxes  for  the 
express  purpose  of  distributing  the  proceeds  among  the  States  ? 
—  Might  the  States  be  compelled  to  refund  the  ''deposits" 
made  with  them  in  1837?  —  May  Congress  lay  a  graduated  tax 
upon  the  States,  so  as  to  secure  more  in  proportion  from  rich 
States?  —  May  individuals  refuse  to  pay  taxes  laid  for  the 
purpose  only  of  accumulating  a  surplus? 

§  40.     Paper  No.  9.     Rights  of  Citizens. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §  2l£,  52,  55,  60,  74,  80,87, 
95-98. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th 
and  5th  eds.),  §§  1103,  1104,  1693-1695,  1805,  1806,  1928- 
1975;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §§  174,  269,  377,  378,  pp. 
950-974;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  443-539;  J.  W. 
Burgess,  Political  Science,  I,  184-252  ;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Consti- 
tutional Law,  511-529,  534-541;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitu- 
tional Law,  §§  83-87  ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Laic,  (ed. 
1880)  77,  78,  187-189,  205-248,  (ed.  1891)  79,  80,  195-197, 
213-259,  (ed.  1898)  88,  89,  206-208,  240-263,  268-294; 
H.  Brannon,  Fourteenth  Amendment,  chs.  i-iv,  vi-xii;  S.  F. 
Miller,  Constitution,  276-308,  407-412,  660-680 ;  W.  O.  Bate- 
man,  Political  and  Constitutional  Law,  §§  155-172;  C.  F. 
Randolph,  Law  and  Policy  of  Annexation,  52-57,  59-76; 
J.  Tiffany,  Treatise  in  Government,  §§  167-169,  380-392, 
554  ;  B.  Richman,  Citizenship  of  the  United  States  (Political 
Science  Quarterly,  V,  104-123)  ;  W.  L.  Scruggs,  Ambiguous 
Citizenship  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  I,  199-205). 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  N.  Pomeroy, 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  208,  209  ;  C.  H.  Tiedeman,  Unwritten 


39,40]  RIGHTS   OF   CITIZENS  147 

Constitution,  ch.  viii ;  R.  Foster,  Commentaries,  I,  ch.  vi ; 
F.  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  431-437,  540,  584-594;  T. 
Walker,  American  Law,  §  54;  J.  Bryce,  American  Com- 
monwealth, I,  419-421 ;  J.  D.  Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and 
Bondage,  ch.  xxiii ;  A.  P.  Morse,  Civil  and  Political  Status 
of  Inhabitants  of  Ceded  Territories  (Harvard  Law  Review, 
XII,  262)  ;  J.  D.  Andrews,  American  Law,  ch.  xxvii ;  C.  E. 
Boyd,  Basis  of  Citizenship  (Nation,  LXVII,  10)  ;  C.  S.  Patter- 
son, United  States  and  the  States,  ch.  xi. 

CASES.  —  Dred  Scott  v.  Sandford  (1857)  :    19  Howard,  393; 
2  Miller,  1 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  480  ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  491. 

—  Significant  extracts  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  23 ; 
Slaughter  House  Cases  (1873)  :    16  Wallace,  36  ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  516  ;   C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  491 ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  18.  — 
Minor  v.  Happersett  (1874)  :    21  Wallace,  162;    J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  459;    E.  McClain,    Cases,  974.  —  American  Insurance 
Co.   v.  365  Bales  of  Cotton  (1828):   1  Peters,  511;   7  Curtis, 
685. —Boyd  v.  Nebraska  (1892):  143  U.   S.,  135.  — Paul  v. 
Virginia  (1868)  :   8  Wallace,  168;   J.  B.  Thayer,   Cases,  1928. 

—  Barron  v.  Mayor  of  Baltimore  (1833):    7  Peters,    243;    10 
Curtis,  464;    J.   B.  Thayer,    Cases,  449;  C.  E.  Boyd,    Cases, 
467.  — Carfield    v.    Corywell    (1825):    4    Wash.    C.    C.,    371; 
J.    B.    Thayer,    Cases,    453 ;     C.    E.    Boyd,    Cases,    505.  — 
Pembina  Mining  and  Milling  Co.  v.  Pennsylvania  (1888)  :   125 
U.  S.,  181;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  468.  — United  States  v.  Rhodes 
(1866)  :  Abbott,  U.  S.,  28  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  506.  —  Barte- 
meyer  v.  Iowa  (1873)  :   18  Wallace,  129;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
532.  —  Civil  Rights  Cases  (1883)  :  109  U.  S.,  3  ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  554;   C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  518;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  37n. 
-  Roby  v.  Smith  (1891)  :  131  Indiana,  342  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 

457.  —Hepburn  v.  Ellzey  (1804):  2  Cranch,  445;  1  Curtis, 
520;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  348.  — New  Orleans  v.  Winter 
(1816):  1  Wheaton,  91;  3  Curtis,  476;  J.  B.  Thayer, 


148  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

Cases,  350ra.  —  Barbier  v.  Connolly  (1885):  113  U.  S.,  27; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  623;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  307^;  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  632.— Powell  v.  Pennsylvania  (1888):  127 
U.  S.,  678;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  637.  —  Schollenberger  v. 
Pennsylvania  (1898):  171  U.  S.,  1;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  395. 
-Munn  v.  Illinois  (1876):  94  U.  S.,  113;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  743;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  289;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  946. 
—  Mugler  v.  Kansas  (1887):  123  U.  S.,  623;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  782;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  307w ;  E.  McClain,  Cases, 
938.  — Houston  v.  Moore  (1820):  5  Wheaton,  1;  4  Curtis, 
535.  _  Ward  v.  Maryland  (1870):  12  Wallace,  418;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1410.  —  Maxwell  v.  Dow  (1900):  176  U.  S., 
581. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  VI, 
1-47-;  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  251-279  ;  J.  G. 
Blaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  II,  chs.  ii,  ix-xii ;  G.  T. 
Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  375-381 ;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopaedia,  I,  478-608,  II,  375-381,  III,  822 ;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Salmon  P.  Chase,  381,  382  ;  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutional 
History  of  the  American  People,  II,  ch.  ix ;  W.  M.  Meigs, 
Growth  of  the  Constitution,  138-140,  257;  J.  S.  Landon, 
Constitutional  History,  ch.  xv. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect. 
2,  §  2;  Sect.  3,  §  3;  Sect.  8,  §  4 ;  Art.  Ill,  Sect.  3,  §  2  ; 
Art.  IV,  Sect.  2,  §  1  ;  Amends.  I-IX ;  XIV.  Revised 
Statutes,  347-351,  378,  380;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  152, 
155 ;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  242 ;  Congressional  Globe, 
39  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1866),  1757,  1779,  1780,  2890,  2893,  3039, 
3041;  W.  MacDonald.  Select  Documents,  No.  17. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
entitled  to  a  jury  trial  in  a  State  court? — Was  a  Frenchman  in 
1798  entitled  to  a  jury  trial  before  expulsion  from  the  United 
States?  —  Is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  entitled  to  the  pro- 


40,41]  JEFFERSONIAN  DEMOCRACY  149 

tectioii  of  the  government  if  he  enlists  in  a  foreign  army  ? —  Is 
a  citizen  of  a  State  entitled  to  protection.by  the  United  States 
against  lynching? 

§  41.     Paper  No.  10.     Jeffersonian  Democracy. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —Handbook,  §§  19e,  48  ;  Guide,  §§  167,  169  ; 
H.  B.  Tompkins,  Bibliotheca  Jeffersoniana. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — H.  Adams,  United  States,  I, 
140-148,  170,  171,  178-180,  185-217,  247-263,  272,  277,  445, 
III,  1-9;  E.  Channing,  United  States,  136-138,  145-147, 
165-182;  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  ch.  ix ;  J.  T. 
Morse,  Thomas  Jefferson,  33,  43-48,  50-53,  90-95,  103, 
112-117,  128-130,  146-148,  154,  209-231,  235,  259-272,  318- 
320;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  I,  31,  72,  75,  78,  159, 
168-200;  J.  Schouler,  United  States,  I,  63-65,  173-179, 
423,424,  474,  II,  1-12,  58,  59,  69,  80-86,  87-89,  199-204; 
J.  Schouler,  Thomas  Jefferson ;  G.  Tucker,  United  /States,  II, 
146-148,  243-245,  343-348 ;  S.  E.  Forman,  Life  of  Jefferson, 
22-25  ;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  229-232,  252-256, 
274-282,  333,  334,  437-441,  II,  322-325,  507  ;  H.  S.  Randall, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  459-461  ;  J.  Bryce,  American  Common- 
wealth,  II,  6-12;  Goldwin  Smith,  United  States,  135-139, 
155-165  ;  J.  H.  Patton,  Democratic  Party,  II,  168-171  ;  E.  H. 
Gillet,  Democracy  in  the  United  States,  13-38  ;  E.  M.  Shepard, 
Martin  Van  Buren,  ch.  i;  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th  and 
5th  eds.),  §  1329;;;  W.  E.  Russell,  Jefferson  and  his  Party 
To-day  (Forum,  XXI,  513-524);  W.  J.  Bryan,  Jeffersonian 
Principles  (North  American  Review,  CLXVIII,  670)  ;  S.  Fowler, 
Political  Opinions  of  Thomas  Jefferson  (North  American 
Jteview,  CI,  313-335)  ;  C.E.  Merriam,  Thomas  Paine's  Politi- 
cal Theories  (Political  /Science  Quarterly,  XIV,  389-403) ;  G. 
P.  Fisher,  Jefferson  and  the  Social  Compact  Theory  (Yale 
fieview,  II,  403-417). 


150  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

ADDITIONAL  HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  278,  283  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington, 
II,  77,  78,  219-230;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical 
History,  VII,  268-271  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History, 

I,  033-635;     E.    Stanwood,    Presidential    Elections,    24-50 
(History  of  the  Presidency,  ch.  vi)  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,   United 
States,   II,   51,   533,    534;    R.   Hildreth,     United    States,    IV, 
291-293,  V,  419-421 ;  H.  C.  Merwin,  Thomas  Jefferson  ;  R. 
Frothingham,    Eise   of  the  Republic,  234,  235,    547  ;    F.    X. 
Thorpe,    Constitutional  History  of  the  American  People,  I, 
42,  II,   63-65;  H.  Adams,  John  Randolph,  59-61,  62-65;   S. 
H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  ch.  xvi ;  A.  Holmes,  Parties  and 
their  Principles,  ch.  v;  J.  A.   Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin,  105, 
174;  R.  M.  Ormsby,    Whig  Party,  chs.  v-viii ;  H.  C.  Lodge, 
G-eorge  Cabot,  422-435,  456-462,  468-473,  494,  495  ;  M.  Van 
Buren,  Political  Parties,   244-246  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,    Cyclopaedia, 

II,  638;  A.  Bradford,  History  of  Federal  Government,  119^ 
T.  Parker,  Historic  Americans,  235. 

SOURCES.  —  First  Inaugural  Address:  A.  Johnston,  Ameri- 
can Orations,  I,  155-163 ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  I,  321- 
324;  S.  E.  Forman,  Life  of  Jefferson,  245-250;  Contem- 
poraries, III,  §  106.  —  Writings  :  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Collections,  Seventh  Series,  I ;  Statesman's  Manual,  I, 
149-218;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  I,  324-461.  — Draft  of 
Declaration  of  Independence,  in  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  11. — Autobiography,  in  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washing- 
ton ed.),  1, 1-110.  — Characteristic  passages:  T.Jefferson,  Writ- 
ings, (Ford.ed.)  I,  440,  III,  225,  IV,  269,  426,  476,  V,  8,  147, 
156,  158,  205,  285-289,  VI,  189,  VII,  4,  78,  173,  284,  374, 
390,  VIII,  18,  73,  186;  (Washington  ed.)  II,  100,  105,  122, 
166,  221,  249,  253,  330,  III,  3,81,  313,  IV,  114,  115,  268,  452, 
523,  548,  VI,  45,  160,  222,  254,  305,  340,  360,  381,  543,  605, 
VII,  9,  12,  18,  75,  290,  319,  376,  389,  VIII,  222,  413,  543, 


41,42]  DEPENDENT  TERRITORIES  151 

589,  604,  IX,  96,  122  ;  S.  E.  Forman,  Life  of  Jefferson,  138, 
140,  145,  155,  169,  174,  190,  191,  201,  215,  217,  218,  220, 
232,  233,  235,  272-281,  306-308,  366-368,  379,  380,  382-390, 
397-399.  —  Source-Book,  §§  58,  73,  77-81,  89;  Contempo- 
raries, III,  §§  107-110. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Would  Jefferson  have  approved  of 
manhood  suffrage  in  our  cities  ?  —  Did  Jefferson  believe  in  the 
use  of  force  for  the  defence  of  a  government?  — Would  Jeffer- 
son have  approved  of  the  boss  system  in  cities?  —  Was  Jef- 
ferson a  socialist? 


§  42.  Paper  No.  u.  Government  of  Dependent  Ter- 
ritories. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.—  Handbook,  §§  We,  20;,  21;,  54,  61,  63-65, 
69,  75,  82;  Guide,  §§  150,  168,  178,  198;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin, 
List  of  Books  on  Colonization. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries 
(4th  and  5th  eds.),  §§  1317,  1324-1328;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  52,  53;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitu- 
tional Law,  §§  490-499;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law 
(ed.  1880),  36,  37,  164-168;  (ed.  1891),  35,  36,  170-174;  (ed. 
1898),  37,38,  182-186;  J.  Ordronaux,  Constitutional  Legisla- 
tion, 509-519  ;  M.  Farrand,  Legislation  of  Congress  for  the 
Government  of  the  Organized  Territories  of  the  United  States  ; 
H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  20,  21,  229-235;  J.  R. 
Tucker,  Constitution,  §§  298-301. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  D.  Andrews, 
American  Law,  210-239  ;  H.  Brannon,  Fourteenth  Amend- 
ment, ch.  iii;  F.  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  375,  461-465; 
W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional  Law,  §  249  ; 
J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth,  ch.  xlvii ;  T.  Farrar, 
Manual  of  the  Constitution,  §§  418-433 ;  T.  Walker,  Intro- 


152  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§ 

duction   to   American  Law,  §§  13-15;  J.  Schouler,  Constitu- 
tional Studies,  179-182. 

RECENT  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  B.  Thayer,  Our 
New  Possessions  (Harvard  Law  Review,  XII,  464-485)  ;  C. 
C.  Langdell,  Status  of  Our  New  Territories  {Harvard  Law 
Review,  XII,  365-392)  ;  A.  L.  Lowell,  Status  of  Our  New 
Possessions  (Harvard  Law  Review,  XIII,  155-176)  ;  S.  E. 
Baldwin,  Historic  Policy  of  the  United  States  as  to  Annexa- 
tion (Yale  Review,  II,  131-158,  also  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc., 
Annual  Report  for  1893,  367-390);  S.  E.  Baldwin,  Govern- 
ment of  Island  Territory  (Harvard  Law  Review,  XII,  393- 
416);  C.  F.  Randolph,  Law  and  Policy  of  Annexation  •  C.  F. 
Randolph,  Notes  on  the  Law  of  Territorial  Expansion  /  C.  A. 
Gardiner,  Our  Right  to  Acquire  and  Hold  Foreign  Territory  ; 
J.  W.  Burgess,  Government  of  Distant  Territory,  Constitution 
and  New  Territory  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XIV,  1-18, 
XV,  388-398);  B.  Harrison,  Status  of  Annexed  Territory 
(North  American  Review,  CLXXII,  1-22) ;  G.  F.  Edmunds, 
Insular  Cases  (North  American  Review,  CLXXIII,  145-153); 
G.  S.  Boutwell,  The  Supreme  Court  and  Dependencies  (North 
American  Review,  CLXXIII,  154-160)  ;  S.  E.  Baldwin,  The 
Supreme  Court  and  the  Insular  Cases  (Yale  Review,  X,  129- 
143)  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Insular  Tariff  Cases  (Harvard  Law 
Review,  XV,  164-168);  C.  E.  Littlefield,  The  Insular  Cases 
(Harvard  Law  Review,  XV,  169,  281)  ;  L.  S.  Rowe,  Insular 
Decisions  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XVIII,  226-250); 
W.  Reid,  Problems  of  Expansion ;  C.  E.  Magoon,  Report 
on  the  Legal  Status  of  Territory  acquired  by  the  United 
Suites  during  the  War  with  Spain;  E.  Freund,  Control 
of  Dependencies  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XIV,  19-38)  ; 
R.  D.  Hunt,  Legal  Status  of  California,  1846-1849  (Amer. 
Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XVIII,  226-250);  T.  H.  Giddings, 
Democracy  and  Empire,  chs.  i,  xvi,  xvii ;  T.  Williams,  Ethical 


42]  DEPENDENT   TERRITORIES  153 

and  Political  Principles    of  Expansion    (Amer.   Acad.  Pol. 
Sci.,  Annals,  XVI,  227-242). 

CASES  BEFORE  1899. — Dred  Scott  v.  Sandford  (1857):  19 
Howard,  393;  2  Miller,  1;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  481.  — United 
States  v.  Gratiot  (1840):  14  Peters,  526;  13  Curtis,  644.- 
American  Insurance  Co.  -v.  Canter  (1828):  1  Peters,  511;  7 
Curtis,  685  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  350 ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  583  ; 
E.  McClain,  Cases,  827.  —  Sere  v.  Pitot  (1810)  :  6  Cranch,  332  ; 
2  Curtis,  423  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  349.  —  National  Bank  v. 
County  of  Yankton  (1879)  :  101  U.  S.,  129  ;  E.  McClain,  Cases, 
830/1.  — Mormon  Church  v.  United  States  (1890):  136  U.  S., 
1;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  835.  —Murphy  v.  Ramsey  (1885):  114 
U.  S.,  15.  —Reynolds  v.  United  States  (1878)  :  98  U.  S.,  145 ; 
E.  McClain,  Cases,  833w.  —  Callan  v.  Wilson  (1888):  127 
U.  S.,  540;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  358;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  834. 
—  In  re  Ross  (1891)  :  140  U.  S.,  453 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
366.  — Thompson  v.  Utah  (1898)  :  170  U.  S.,  343;  E.  McClain, 
Cases,  831.  —  Loughborough  v.  Blake  (1820)  :  5  Wheaton,  317  ; 
4  Curtis,  643 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  349^;  J.  Marshall,  Writings, 
211.  —American  Publishing  Co.  v.  Fisher  (1897)  :  166  U.  S., 
464.  —  Capital  Traction  Co.  v.  Hof  (1899)  :  174  U.  S.,  1. 

CASES  SINCE  1899.  — De  Lima  v.  Bidwell  (1901)  :  182  U.  S., 
1.—  Dooley  v.  United  States  (1901)  :  182  U.S.,  222.  —  Downes 
v.  Bidwell  (1901):  182  U.  S.,  244.  — The  Diamond  Rings 
(1901).  — Dooley  v.  United  States  (Dec.  2,  1901).  — A.  H. 
Howe,  The  Insular  Cases  (1901)  (House  Documents,  56  Cong., 
2  sess.,  No.  509). 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS  PREVIOUS  TO  1898.  — H.  Von  Hoist, 
United  States,  III,  308,  322,  351,  385-401,  422-430,  442-455; 
J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  I,  424-484;  T.  Donaldson,  Public 
Domain,  56-88,  416-464;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  III,  914- 
920  ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  317-340;  J.  Schouler, 
United  States,  V,  97-100,  115-119,  157-190,  289-293;  T.  H. 


154  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  696-700,  713-715,  721-726, 
729-736  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  G.  Calhoun,  288-307  ;  H.  Greeley, 
American  Conflict,  I,  188-193,  259,  260  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel 
Webster,  II,  360-373. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS  SINCE  1898.  —  A.  L.  Lowell,  The 
Colonial  Expansion  of  the  United  States  (Atlantic  Monthly, 
LXXXIII,  145-154);  C.  E.  Boyd,  Government  of  Newly  Ac- 
quired Territory  (Atlantic  Monthly,  LXXXII,  735-742)  ;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Foundations  of  American  Foreign  Policy,  chs.  v,  vi ;  H.  P. 
Judson,  Our  Federal  Constitution  and  Expansion  (Review  of 
Reviews,  XIX,  67,  XXI,  451).  Speech  of  G.  F.  Hoar  (April, 
1900),  Congressional  Record,  56  Cong.,  1  sess.,  4278-4306. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Preamble ; 
Art.  I,  Sect.  8,  §§  17,  18;  Art.  IV,  Sect.  3,  §  2 ;  Art.  VI,  §  2 ; 
Amends.  I;  VIII;  X. — Calhoun's  resolutions  of  Feb.  19, 
1847:  Works,  IV,  346-349,  498,  499;  Congressional  Globe, 
29  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1847),  453-455;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  be- 
tween the  States,  II,  166-168. — Walker's  amendment  of  1849: 
Congressional  Globe,  30  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1849),  561 ;  debate, 
in  Congressional  Globe,  30  Cong.,  2  sess.,  App.  265-289 ; 
D.  Webster,  Works,  V,  30-312;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV, 
336-396.  —  S.  A.  Douglas'  views:  Harper's  Magazine,  XIX, 
519-537;  Debates  between  Lincoln  and  Douglas,  93-105;  A. 
Johnston,  American  Orations,  II,  218-255,  III,  17-27. — A. 
Lincoln's  views :  A.  Johnston,  American  Orations,  III,  3- 
17;  Debates  between  Lincoln  and  Douglas,  1-5,  14-24. — 
Treaty  of  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1898,  Senate  Documents,  55  Cong., 
3  sess.,  No.  62,  part  i.  —  Report  on  government  of  Hawaii, 
House  Reports,  56  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1900),  No.  305.  —  Report  of 
Philippine  Commission  to  President,  Senate  Documents,  56 
Cong.,  1  sess.  (1900),  No.  138.  —  Philippine  Information 
Society,  Publications.  —  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  111-115,  IV, 
§§  186-191. 


42,43]  IMPAIRMENT   OF   CONTRACTS  155 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Are  the  inhabitants  of  a  territory 
entitled  to  all  the  privileges  and  immunities  enjoyed  by  inhabi- 
tants of  a  State  ?  —  May  Congress  deprive  a  territory  of  repre- 
sentative government?  —  May  Congress  dissolve  corporations 
created  by  territorial  law?  —  May  Congress  prohibit  the  exer- 
cise of  a  particular  religious  faith  in  a  territory  ? 

§  43.  Paper  No.  12.     Impairment  of  Contracts. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Guide,  §  175. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§ 
1374-1400;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  (ed.  1880)  300- 
314,  (ed.  1891)  311-327,  (ed.  1898)  328-345;  F.  Wharton, 
Commentaries,  §§  477-498;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law, 
§§  538-627;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §  79  ;  H.  C. 
Black,  Constitutional  Law,  429,  430,  604-625;  J.  R.  Tucker, 
Constitution,  §§  270,  271,  387-389;  J.  D.  Andrews,  American 
Law,  196,  389-394. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  — C.  S.  Patterson, 
The  United  States  and  the  States,  ch.  v ;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries, 
I,  §§  413-424  ;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Prohibitions,  part  i; 
W.  Rawle,  View  of  the  Constitution,  101,  102,  136,  137;  J. 
Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies,  152,  153. 

CASES. — Sturges  v.  Crowninshield  (1819):  4  Wheaton, 
122;  4  Curtis,  362;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  405;  E.  McClain, 
Cases,  438 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  268 ;  J.  Marshall,  Writ- 
ings, 147-160.  — Dartmouth  College  v.  Woodward  (1819):  4 
Wheaton,  518;  4  Curtis,  463;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  412;  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  1006;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  188-210;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1564.  —  Fletcher  v.  Peck  (1810)  :  6  Cranch,  87  ; 
2  Curtis,  328;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  395;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
114;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  126-141.  —  Louisiana  v.  Mayor 
of  New  Orleans  (1883)  :  109  U.  S.,  285 ;  E.  McClain,  Cases, 
1047.  —  Ogden  v.  Saunders  (1827)  :  12  Wheaton,  213;  7  Cur- 


156  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

tis,  132 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1590 ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Gases,  431 ; 
J.  Marshall,  Writings,  624-680.  —  Providence  Bank  v.  Billings 
(1830):  4  Peters,  514;  9  Curtis,  171;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
1623;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  459;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  lOllra.  — 
The  Binghamton  Bridge  (1865):  3  Wallace,  51;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1753. — Antoni  v.  Greenhow  (1882):  107 
U.  S.,  769.  —  Poindexter  v.  Greenhow  (1885)  :  114  U.  S.,  270  ; 
E.  McClain,  Cases,  469?*.  —  New  Orleans  Gas  Co.  v.  Louisiana 
Light  Co.  (1885)  :  115  U.  S.,  650  ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  101 7w.  — 
Stone  v.  Mississippi  (1879):  101  U.  S.,  814;  E.  McClain, 
Cases,  1016/i ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1771.  —  Hans  v.  Louisiana 
(1890) :  134  U.  S.,  1  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  293;  C.  E.  Boyd, 
Cases,  643  ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  702.  —  Beer  Co.  v.  Massachusetts 
(1877):  97  U.  S.,  25;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  757;  E.  McClain, 
Cases,  1014.  —  New  Orleans  Waterworks  Co.  v.  Louisiana 
Sugar  Refining  Co.  (1888):  125  U.  S.,  18;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1536^.—  Beers  v.  Arkansas  (1857):  20  Howard,  527; 
2  Miller,  564;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1556.  —  New  Jersey  v. 
Wilson  (1812):  7  Cranch,  164;  2  Curtis,  498  ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1561.  — Charles  River  Bridge  v.  Warren  Bridge  (1837)  : 
11  Peters,  420;  12  Curtis,  496;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1628; 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  451.  —  Bronson  v.  Kinzie  (1843) :  1 
Howard,  311;  14  Curtis,  628;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1645;  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  1028. — Virginia  Coupon  Cases  (1885):  114 
U.  S.,  269.— McGahey  v.  Virginia  (1890):  135  U.'  S.,  662; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1664;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  lOOlrc. — Tom- 
linson  v.  Jessup  (1872):  15  Wallace,  454 ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1090.  —Fertilizing  Co.  v.  Hyde  Park  (1878)  :  97  U.  S., 
659  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1762.  —Butchers'  Union  Co.  v.  Cres- 
cent City  Co.  (1884):  111  U.  S.,  746;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
537. 

HISTORICAL   DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.    C.    Lodge,    Daniel    Webster, 
72-98;    G.  Van   Santvoord,   Lives  of  Chief  Justices,  411-413, 


43,44]  REGULATION  OF   COMMERCE  157 

450-459 ;  W.  W.  Story,  Joseph  Story,  I,  321,  322 ;  G.  T. 
Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  162-171;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew 
Jackson,  128-130;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III,  1129,  1130; 
W.  M.  Meigs,  Growth  of  the  Constitution,  182-186,  311  ;  S.  G. 
Fisher,  Evolution  of  the  Constitution,  262-264. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect.  8, 
§  18;  Sect.  10,  §  1;  Art.  Ill,  Sect.  2,  §  1 ;  Art.  VI,  §  2 ; 
Amend.  XL  —  D.  Webster,  Works,  V,  462-501;  T.  Jefferson, 
Writings  (Washington  ed.),  VI,  460-463  ;  Federalist  (Ford  ed.), 
296. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  May  Congress  pass  a  bankruptcy 
law  applying  to  debts  contracted  before  the  date  of  the  act?  — 
May  a  State  revoke  the  charter  of  a  railroad?  —  May  a  State 
pass  an  act  repudiating  the  payment  of  its  debts?  —  May  a 
State  revoke  a  license  to  sell  liquor  before  its  expiration,  if  the 
holder  has  complied  with  its  conditions? 

§  44.  Paper  No.  13.     Regulation  of  Commerce. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  211,  38,  39,  45,  92,  119 ;  Guide, 
§§  170,  171,  174,  175,  179,  195;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt, 
Brief s  for  Debate,  Nos.  xxxix,  xl. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (espe- 
cially ed.  1891),  §§  1056-1101,  1281,  1289-1293 ;  T.  M.  Cooley, 
Constitutional  Law,  (ed.  1880)  64-77,  (ed.  1891)  63-79,  (ed. 
1898),  66-88;  F.  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  418-430;  J.  N. 
Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  321-384;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  Law,  §  38;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Consti- 
tutional Law,  §§  215-225;  J.  Tiffany,  Treatise  in  Government, 
§§  359-380;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Constitutional  Law,  I,  427-504; 
H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  186-207;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Con- 
stitution, §§  250-268;  J.  D.  Andrews,  American  Law,  ch. 
xvi. 

ADDITIONAL   CONSTITUTIONAL    DISCUSSIONS.  —  W.  A.    Duer, 


158  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§ 

Constitutional  Jurisprudence,  245-264 ;  Prentice  and  Egan, 
Commerce  Clause;  W.  Rawle,  View  of  the  Constitution,  82-84; 
C.  S.  Patterson,  United  States  and  the  States,  ch.  iv. 

CASES.  —  Gibbons  v.  Ogden  (1824)  :  9  Wheaton,  1 ;  6  Curtis, 
1  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  730,  1799;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  287- 
315;  C.E.  Boyd,  Cases,  172;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  235. —Brown 
v.  Maryland  (1827):  12  Wheaton,  419;  7  Curtis,  262;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1826;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  192;  E.  McClain, 
Cases,  303  ;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  358-372.  —  Willson  v.  Black- 
bird Creek  Marsh  Co.  (1829):  2  Peters,  245;  8  Curtis,  105; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1837;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  216;  E.  Mc- 
Clain, Cases,  273.  — New  York  v.  Miln  (1837):  11  Peters,  102; 
12  Curtis,  357;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1840.  —  License  Cases 
(1846):  5  Howard,  504;  16  Curtis,  513;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
1851;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  204.  —  Passenger  Cases  (1848):  7 
Howard,  283;  17  Curtis,  122;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1865; 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  219. — Pennsylvania  v.  Wheeling  Bridge 
Co.  (1855):  13  Howard,  518;  19  Curtis,  621;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1889 ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  282.  —  Welton  v.  Missouri 
(1875):  91  U.  S.,  275;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1957;  E.  Mc- 
Clain, Cases,  313. — License  Tax  Cases  (1866):  5  Wallace, 
462;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  737;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  45.— 
Cooley  v.  Board  of  Wardens  (1851) :  12  Howard,  299 ;  19 
Curtis,  143;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1879;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases, 
235;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  275.— United  States  v.  Dewitt  (1869): 
9  Wallace,  41  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  735 ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases, 
495.  — Henderson  v.  Mayor  of  New  York  (1875):  92  U.  S., 
259;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  738.  —  Conway  v.  Taylor's  Executor 
(1861):  1  Black,  603;  4  Miller,  633;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
1906.  —Oilman  v.  Philadelphia  (1865)  :  3  Wallace,  713;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1912.  — Crandall  v.  Nevada  (1867)  :  6  Wallace, 
35;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1364;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  49.— 
Woodruff  v.  Parham  (1868)  :  8  Wallace,  123;  J.  B.  Thayer, 


44]  REGULATION  OF   COMMERCE  159 

Cases,  1922.  —Paul  r.  Virginia  (1868)  :  8  Wallace,  168;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1928 ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  855.  —  Escanaba 
Co.  r.  Chicago  (1882):  107  U.  S.,  678;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
2002;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  299;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  285.- 
Brown  v.  Houston  (1885):  114  U.  S.,  622;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  2022;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  333. — Smith  v.  Alabama 
(1888):  124  U.  S.,  465;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  797,  2068.- 
Bowman  v.  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  Co.  (1888)  : 
125  U.  S.,  465;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2080,  2109.  —  Leisy  v. 
Hardin  (1890):  135  U.  8.,  100;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2104; 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  269;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  378.  —  In  re 
Rahrer  (1891):  140  U.  S.,  545;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2133.— 
Maine  v.  Grand  Trunk  Railway  Co.  (1891):  142  U.  S.,  217; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2139.  —  Plumley  v.  Massachusetts  (1894)  : 
155  U.  S.,  461  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2173. —  Railroad  Co.  v. 
Husen  (1877):  95  U.  S.,  465;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  753,  2182; 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  277  ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  367.  —  United 
States  v.  E.  C.  Knight  Co.  (1895)  :  156  U.  S.,  1 ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  2185  ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  263. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Adams,  United  States,  IV,  128- 
475  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  United  States,  III,  276-339  ;  R.  Hildreth, 
United  States,  VI,  36-44,  69-138  ;  J.  Schouler,  United  States, 

II,  156-204;   H.  Von   Hoist,    United  States,  I,  200-220;  J.  J. 
Lalor,    Cyclopaedia,    I,    772,   II,    79,    85,    109;    J.    T.  Morse, 
Thomas  Jefferson,   286-320 ;  J.  T.  Morse,  John   Quincy  Adams, 
52-57;  G.  Tucker,    United  States,  II,  307,  321-325,  341,  342; 
T.  Dwight,  Hartford  Convention,  83-106;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson, II,  248-250,  283-287 ;   H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson, 

III,  239-307 ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Cabot,  367-372,  374,  382, 
395  ;  H.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  365-381  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitu- 
tional History,  II,  7 ;  W.  M.   Meigs,    Growth  of  the  Constitution, 
135-138,   173-175;   S.  G.  Fisher,  Evolution  of  the  Constitution, 
225,  293 ;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  349-353. 


160  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect.  8, 
§§  3,  18;  Sect.  9,  §§  1,  5,  6 ;  Sect.  10,  §  2;  Art.  IV,  Sect.  2, 
§  1  ;  Art.  VI,  §  2.  —  Thomas  Jefferson,  Messages  of  Oct.  27 
and  Dec.  18,  1807:  Statesman's  Manual,  I,  200-203,  204; 
Annals  of  Congress,  10  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1807),  14,  50;  J.  IX 
Richardson,  Messages,  I,  425. — Embargo  Acts  of  Dec.  22, 
1807,  Jan.  9,  March  12,  April  25,  1808:  Statutes  at  Large,  Ilr 
451,  453,  473,  499;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  27, 
28.  —  Debates:  Annals  of  Congress,  10  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1807), 
50,51,  1216-1220;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  III,  640-644, 
678-707. — Contemporary  discussions:  M.  Carey,  The  Olive 
Branch,  chs.  xxiv,  xxv;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  I,  491,  535; 
E.  Quincy,  Josiah  Quincy,  127-130,  139,  183;  T.  Jefferson,  Writ- 
ings (Washington  ed.),  V,  226-243 ;  Niles"  Register,  XXXV,  138  ; 
W.  W.  Story,  Joseph  Story,  I,  165,  174-187,  223  ;  The  Federalist 
(Ford  ed.),  65-72,  276;  Source-Book,  §  81  ;  Contemporaries,  III, 
§  54,  IV,  §  165. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  May  Congress  by  statute  prohibit 
importation  of  goods?  —  May  the  States  in  any  way  regulate 
interstate  commerce?  — May  Congress  prohibit  the  exportation 
of  goods?  —  May  Congress  regulate  commerce  wholly  within  a 
State? 


§  45.   Paper  No.  14.     Internal  Improvements. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19/,  19#,  21/,  21w,  38,  39, 
44;  Guide,  §§  174,  179,  180,  185;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt, 
Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  Ivi. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§ 
1124-1150,  1272-1277;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§ 
382,  412;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §  41 ;  T.  M. 
Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  (ed.  1880)  94,  (ed.  1891)  97,  (ed. 
1898),  107;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  I,  388-396;  H.  C. 


44,45]  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS  161 

Black,  Constitutional  Law,  213-216 ;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution, 
§  276;  J.  D.  Andrews,  American  Law,  ch.  xx. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  F.  Wharton,  Com- 
mentaries, §§  446,  447;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitu- 
tional Law,  §  227  ;  Prentice  and  Egan,  Commerce  Clause,  107- 
112,  313-315;  W.  Rawle,  View  of  the  Constitution,  103,  104; 
H.  Clay,  Life  and  Speeches,  I,  300-320;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works, 
II,  186-197;  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  83-97;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Thirty  Tears'  View,  I,  21-27. 

CASES.  —  Luxton  v.  North  River  Bridge  Co.  (1894):  153 
U.  S.,  525;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2160.  —  Stockton  v.  Balti- 
more and  New  York  Railroad  Co.  (1887) :  32  Federal  Reporter, 
9  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2067rc.  —  California  v.  Pacific  Railroad 
Co.  (1888):  127  U.  S.,  39;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  167;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1394. — Searight  v.  Stokes  (1845)  :  3  Howard, 
151 ;  15  Curtis,  346.  —  Pensacola  Telegraph  Co.  v.  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Co.  (1877):  96  U.  S.,  1 ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1985 ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  255  ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  252. 
—  Oilman  v.  Philadelphia  (1865):  3  Wallace,  713;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  1912.  —  Miller  v.  Mayor  of  New  York  (1883)  : 
109  U.  S.,  385.  —  Wisconsin  v.  Duluth  (1877) :  96  U.  S.,  379. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  E.  R.  Johnson,  River  and  Harbor 
Bills  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  II,  782)  ;  H.  S.  Tanner, 
Memoir  on  Internal  Improvements;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  I, 
609,  II,  568-570;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  ix;  The 
Old  National  Pike  (Harper's  Magazine,  LIX,  801)  ;  D.  C.  Oil- 
man, James  Monroe,  239-248;  H.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  351, 
352;  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun,  27-41  ;  W.  O.  Sumner, 
Andrew  Jackson,  191-194;  H.  O.  Wheeler,  History  of  Congress, 
II,  109-124,  145-159;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Middle  Period,  14-18, 
116-122,  155-157,  166-189;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Growth  of  the 
Constitution,  306,  307. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect. 
11 


162  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

8,  §§  1,  3,  7,  12;  Art.  IV,  Sect.  3,  §  2.  — Debates  in  the 
Federal  Convention,  in  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  V,  543-545.  — 
Hamilton's  suggestions  (1791),  in  Annals  of  Congress,  2  Cong. 
(1791),  1015,  1016.  — Ohio  Act  of  1802  (Sect.  7,  §  3),  in 
/Statutes  at  Large,  II,  175.  —  Cumberland  Road  Act  of  March 
29,  1806,  in  Statutes  at  Large,  II,  357. — Extracts  from 
Jefferson's  Message  of  Dec.  2,  1806  :  Statesman's  Manual,  I, 
190,  191  ;  Annals  of  Congress,  9  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1806), 
14,  15;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  I,  409,  410.  —  Gal- 
latin's  Report  of  April  4,  1808,  in  American  State  Papers, 
Miscellaneous,  I,  724-741.  —  Latrobe's  Reports  of  March 
16  and  April  1,  1808,  in  American  State  Papers,  Mis- 
cellaneous, I,  910-916. — Madison's  Veto  of  March  3,  1817: 
Annals  of  Congress,  14  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1817),  1059  ;  Senate 
Journal,  14  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1817),  406;  J.  D.  Richardson, 
Messages,  I,  584. — Monroe's  Veto  of  May  4,  1822:  Annals 
of  Congress,  17  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1822),  1809-1863;  Statesman's 
Manual,  I,  492-512,  II,  513-534  ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages, 

II,  144-183. —  Jackson's  Veto  of  May  27,  1830  :    Statesman's 
Manual,  II,  719-728  ;  House  Journal,  21  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1830), 
733-742  ;  J.  D.  Richardson, Messages,  II, 483-493.  —  Cleveland's 
Veto  of  May  29,  1896,  in  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  IX,  677- 
679.  —  Debates  :  Annals  of  Congress,  14  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1817), 
851-923;    T.    H.    Benton,  Abridgment,  V,   676,   704-711.— 
House  Resolutions  of  March  14,  1818,  in  Annals  of  Congress, 
15    Cong.,   1    sess.   (1818),    1381-1384.  —  T.   Jefferson,    Writ- 
ings (Washington  ed.),    IV,   131,    449,   478,  VII,   77-79,  IX, 
496-500;  A.  Gallatin,  Writings,  I,  395,396;    Contemporaries, 

III,  §  131. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  May  Congress  improve  a  waterway 
wholly  within  a  State,  without  the  consent  of  that  State?  — 
May  Congress  construct  irrigation  canals?  —  May  Congress 
construct  an  interoceanic  canal  across  the  territory  of  Nica- 


45,46]  MONROE  DOCTRINE  163 

ragua  ?  —  May  Congress  construct  and  operate  grain  elevators 
at  tide-water  terminals? 

§  46.  Paper  No.  15.  Application  of  the  Monroe 
Doctrine. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19/,  20/,  20^,  20t,  20;,  21m, 
72,  79,  83,  89;  Guide,  §§  178,  179,  192,  199;  D.  C.  Gilman, 
James  Monroe,  269-272,  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for 
Debate,  No.  xxv. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  F.  Wharton,  Commentaries, 
§§  174,  175;  W.  B.  Lawrence,  Commentaire  sur  les  Elements 
du  Droit  International,  II,  297-394 ;  D.  Webster,  Works,  III, 
178,  201-217;  Dana's  Wheaton,  97-112  notes. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  G.  F.  Tucker,  The  Monroe 
Doctrine ;  T.  Roosevelt,  American  Ideals,  No.  xi ;  J .  W. 
Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  xii;  W.  F. 
Reddaway,  The  Monroe  Doctrine ;  W.  E.  Curtis,  United 
States  and  Foreign  Powers;  T.  S.  Woolsey,  America's 
Foreign  Policy,  223-238;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Middle  Period, 
123-128;  J.  H.  Latane,  Diplomatic  Relations  of  United 
States  and  Spanish  America;  A.  B.  Hart,  Foundations  of 
American  Foreign  Policy,  ch.  vii  (from  American  Historical 
Review,  VII,  77-91) ;  L.  M.  Keasbey,  Nicaragua  Canal  and 
Monroe  Doctrine-,  J.  B.  McMaster,  With  the  Fathers,  1-54; 
H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  I,  412-423 ;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James 
Monroe,  156-174;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  II,  898-900;  F. 
Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  part  ii;  J.  B.  Moore,  Monroe 
Doctrine  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XI,  1-29)  ;  J.  W. 
Burgess,  Recent  Pseudo- Monroeism  (Political  Science  Quar- 
terly, XI,  44-67) ;  S.  E.  Baldwin,  Modern  Political  Institu- 
tions, ch.  xiii. 

ADDITIONAL  HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  W.  Reid,  Problems 
of  Expansion,  18-20 ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  United  States,  V, 


164  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

28-54,  433-459  ;  R.  Rush,  Narrative  of  a  Residence  at  the  Court 
of  London,  ch.  xxiii;  J.  T.  Morse.  John  Quincy  Adams, 
129-149;  T.  K.  Lothrop,  William  Henry  Seward,  387-395; 
F.  Bancroft,  William  H.  Seward,  II,  419-442  ;  J.  B.  Moore, 
A  Hundred  Years  of  American  Diplomacy  (Harvard  Law 
Review,  XIV,  165)  ;  R.  Olney,  Growth  of  our  Foreign  Policy 
(Atlantic  Monthly,  LXXXV,  289). 

INSTANCES  OF  APPLICATION  OF  MONROE  DOCTRINE.  — 1824, 
Greek  question;  1826,  Panama  Congress;  1845,  Texas  and 
Oregon  questions;  1848,  Yucatan  question;  1850,  Clayton- 
Bulwer  treaty ;  1850-1860,  Balize  and  Mosquito  coast  ques- 
tions; 1854,  Ostend  Manifesto;  1861-1867,  French  intervention 
in  Mexico;  1870,  San  Domingo;  1881,  Nicaragua  Canal; 
1881,  Chile-Peru  war;  1890,  Bering  Sea  question;  1895, 
Venezulean  question;  1900,  Canal  questions. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect. 
7,  §  1;  Sect.  8,  §§  3,  10-15,  18;  Sect.  9,  §§  1,  6,  7;  Sect.  10; 
Art.  II,  Sect.  1,  §  1;  Sect.  2;  Art.  Ill,  Sect.  2,  §§  1,  2; 
Art.  VI,  §§  1,  2.  —  Extracts  from  official  declarations  of 
the  United  States,  in  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  4  (Mon- 
roe Doctrine),  6  (Bering  Sea)  ;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  142, 
145,  147,  148,  IV,  §§  177,  179,  192,  196. —Messages :  Old 
South  Leaflets,  No.  56  ;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No. 
43;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  I,  183,  222,  361,  488,  II,  105, 
116,  218,  260,  319,  334,  512,  IV,  398,  512,  540,  582,  VII,  61, 
100,  129,  IX,  632,  655;  Annals  of  Congress,  18  Cong.,  1  sess. 
(1823),  12-23  ;  Congressional  Debates,  18  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1824), 
App.,  2-8.  —  F.  Wharton,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§ 
57-61,  72  ;  Treaties  and  Conventions  of  the  United  States,  (ed. 
1889)  441  (1850),  939  (1867)  ;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  VI,  163, 
178,  179,  186-194,  202,  207;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Wash- 
ington ed.),  VII,  315-317  ;  J.  Madison,  Writings,  III,  339-354. 
—  Ostend  Manifesto :  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  2 ; 
W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  89. 


46,47J  STATUS   OF  SLAVERY  165 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Was  the  attempt  to  construct  a 
Panama  canal  by  a  French  company  contrary  to  the  Monroe 
Doctrine?  —  Would  a  German  protectorate  of  Brazil  be  contrary 
to  the  Monroe  Doctrine  ?  —  Would  a  transfer  of  Hayti  to  Great 
Britain  be  contrary  to  the  Monroe  Doctrine  ?  —  Would  an  inde- 
pendent Canadian  kingdom  be  contrary  to  the  Monroe  Doctrine  ? 

§  47.  Paper  No.  16.  Social  and  Economic  Status 
of  Slavery. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19#,  19A,  133;  Guide,  §§ 
186,  187  ;  Minutes  of  Abolition  Conventions  (American  His- 
torical Review,  V,  804,  805). 

SOCIAL  AND  ECONOMIC  DISCUSSIONS.  —  F.  L.  Olmstead,  The 
Seaboard  Slave  States,  especially  chs.  iii,  viii,  x ;  F.  L.  Olm- 
stead, A  Texas  Journey,  especially  ch.  vii;  F.  L.  Olmstead, 
The  Back  Country,  especially  chs.  ii,  viii,  x ;  F.  L.  Olmstead, 
The  Cotton  Kingdom,  especially  I,  chs.  iv,  v,  II,  chs.  v- 
viii,  Appendix ;  F.  A.  Kemble,  Life  on  a  Georgia  Planta- 
tion; F.  Douglass,  My  Bondage  and  Freedom  ;  F.  Douglass, 
Life  and  Times ;  H.  R.  Helper,  Impending  Crisis,  chs.  i, 
viii,  ix;  N.  Adams,  A  South- Side  View  of  Slavery  ;  J.  F. 
Rhodes,  United  States,  I,  ch.  iv;  J.  Schouler,  United  States, 
I,  239-241,  III,  ch.  xvii,  IV,  203-209  ;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War 
between  the  States,  II,  80-83  ;  S.  Northrup,  Twelve  Years  a 
Slave  /  J.  D.  DeBow,  Industrial  Resources  of  the  South  and 
West ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  I,  ch.  ix;  W.  Goodell, 
Slavery  and  Anti- Slavery  /  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  III, 
728-730 ;  Goldwin  Smith,  United  States,  221-228 ;  J.  E. 
Cairnes,  Slave  Power,  chs.  ii-vi. 

ADDITIONAL  SOCIAL  AND  ECONOMIC  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  H. 
Hopkins,  A  View  of  Slavery ;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I, 
chs.  xvi,  xxv ;  S.  Nott,  Slavery  and  the  Remedy,  chs.  i,  iii; 
L.  M.  F.  Child,  Authentic  Anecdotes  of  American  Slavery ; 


166  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

L.  Coffin,  Reminiscences ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  J.  G.  Calhoun,  124- 
183  ;  C.  Elliott,  Sinf illness  of  American  Slavery,  II,  part  v, 
chs.  i-iv,  vi ;  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  chs.  vi,  xvi ; 
M.  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves;  J.  D.  Butler,  British 
Convicts  Shipped  to  American  Colonies  (American  Historical 
Review,  II,  12-33) ;  J.  G.  Brackett,  The  Negro  in  Mary- 
land; W.  Harper,  J.  H.  Hammond,  T.  R.  Dew,  W.  G.  Simms, 
Pro-Slavery  Argument ;  R.  Hildreth,  Depotism  in  America  ; 
Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War,  I,  book  ii,  ch.  i;  W.  H.  Siebert, 
Underground  Railroad;  A.  Barnes,  Scriptural  View  of  Sla- 
very ;  D.  R.  Goodwin,  Southern  Slavery  in  its  Present  Aspects. 

SOURCES. — T.  Jefferson,  Notes  on  Virginia,  227-273;  Con- 
temporaries, III,  §§  10,  19,  24,  169-173,  175,  IV,  §§  23-28; 
Source-Rook,  §§  46,  95,  98,  113;  Gov.  McDuffie's  Message, 
in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  10 ;  Diary  of  John  Har- 
rower  (American  Historical  Review,  VI,  65-107). 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Was  slavery  an  advantage  to  the 
large  planters  ?  —  Did  slavery  make  more  rapid  the  opening  of 
lands  to  cultivation?  —  Did  slavery  produce  more  for  the  white 
race  in  general  than  they  would  have  received  under  a  system 
of  white  labor  ?  —  Was  slavery  opposed  to  the  improvement  of 
agricultural  processes  on  large  plantations? 

§48.    Paper  No.  17.     Jacksonian  Democracy. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19#,  41;   Guide,  §  181. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  II, 
ch.  i;  Goldwin  Smith,  United  States,  191-206  ;  J.  W.  Burgess, 
Middle  Period,  163-241 ;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical 
History,  VII,  281-290,  348-352;  R.  H.  Gillet,  Democracy  in 
the  United  States,  67,  68,  133-145;  C.  H.  Peck,  Jacksonian 
Epoch,  chs.  iv-viii ;  J.  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson  ;  W.  G.  Sum- 
ner,  Andrew  Jackson;  G.  Tucker,  United  States,  IV,  chs- 
xxvi-xxix;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  119-734;. 


47,48]  JACKSONIAN  DEMOCRACY  167 

H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  88-106 ;  J.  Schouler, 
United  States,  chs.  xiii,  xiv ;  R.  M.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party, 
chs.  xviii-xxii;  J.  H.  Pattern,  Democratic  Party,  71-82,  168- 
171 ;  A.  D.  Morse,  Political  Influence  of  Andrew  Jackson 
(Political  Science  Quarterly,  I,  153-162);  M.  Chevalier,  Society, 
Manners,  and  Politics  in  the  United  States,  chs.  xvi,  xvii ;  J. 
S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  178-184;  J.  B.  McMaster, 
United  States,  V,  ch.  Hi ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  ch. 
vii ;  C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  chs.  x,  xviii ;  J.  T.  Morse,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  158-163,  169-175,  184-187,  195-242;  Gold- 
win  Smith,  American  Statesmen  (Nineteenth  Century,  XXIV, 
269-274). 

ADDITIONAL  HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclo- 
paedia, II,  626,  III,  996  ;  N.  Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events, 
I,  35-41,  56-74,  137,  141-146,  151-349;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven 
Decades,  chs.  v-vii ;  C.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  chs. 
xxxiii-xxxviii ;  L.  M.  Salmon,  Appointing  Power,  54-66;  S. 
H.  Gay,  Bryant's  United  States,  IV,  291-315;  A.  Brad- 
ford, Federal  Government,  chs.  xiii,  xiv;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert 
Gallatin,  368,  372,  373;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  ch. 
v;  T.  K.  Lothrop,  William  Henry  Seward,  15-20;  G.  T. 
Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  chs.  xvi-xx ;  A.  Kendall,  Andrew 
Jackson;  P.  A.  Goodwin,  Andrew  Jackson;  W.  Cobbett, 
Andrew  Jackson. 

SOURCES.  —  Congressional  Globe,  23,  24  Congs.  (1833-1837) ; 
T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  X-XIII;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Mes- 
sages, II,  436-458,  III,  1-308;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Docu- 
ments, Nos.  46,  50-52,  54,  55,  57,  62,  64,  65 ;  American 
History  Leaflets,  No.  24  ;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  158-164; 
C.  A.  Davis,  Letters  of  J.  Downing  1  Major /  J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs,  VIII-X ;  D.  Webster,  Works,  I,  242,  267,  292,  345, 
360,  364,  421,  II,  11,  12,  315,  585,  III,  416.  IV,  103,  351, 
477 ;  C.  Colton,  Private  Correspondence  of  Henry  Clay 


168  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

(Henry  Clay,  Works,  IV),  chs.  vii-xi ;  C.  Colton,  Life  and 
Times  of  Henry  Clay,  I,  II;  A.  Kendall,  Autobiography,  chs. 
xii-xv ;  B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  chs.  vi,  vii,  x- 
xiii;  J.  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past,  352-375. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Did  Jackson's  democracy  coincide 
with  Jefferson's?  —  Did  Jackson  believe  that  the  President 
could  construe  the  Constitution  contrary  to  a  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court?  —  Was  Jackson  responsible  for  the  spoils 
system  in  national  politics?  —  Was  Jackson  an  advocate  of 
the  smallest  possible  action  of  national  government? 

§  49.    Paper  No.  18.     Civil  Service. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19^,  2lg,  48,  108;  Guide, 
§§  157,  167,  181;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate, 
No.  xvii. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  L.  M.  Salmon,  Appointing 
Power  ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  1524-1559;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  Law,  §  58 ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional 
Law,  §§  180,  642-6G1;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Con- 
stitutional Law,  §  295;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §§  357- 
359;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  110-114;  T.  M.  Cooley, 
Constitutional  Law,  (ed.  1880)  104,  105,  (ed.  1891)  107, 
108,  (ed.  1898)  118,  119;  J.  D.  Andrews,  American  Law, 
429,  430. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  G.  M.  Lam- 
phere,  United  States  Government,  264-276 ;  W.  Rawle,  View 
of  the  Constitution,  ch.  xiv ;  J.  Schouler,  Constitutional 
Studies,  165,  166;  C.  H.  Kerr,  United  States  Senate,  104- 
135. 

CASES.  —  Wood  v.  United  States  (1882):  107  U.  S.,  414.— 
United  States  v.  Ferreira  (1851):  13  Howard,  40;  19  Curtis, 
373;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  160.  —  Ex  parte  Hennen  (1839): 
13  Peters,  230;  13  Curtis,  135.— Blake  v.  U.  S.  (1880): 


48,49]  CIVIL  SERVICE  169 

103  U.  S.,  227;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  610.— U.  S.  v.  Germaine 
(1878):  99  U.  S.,  508;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  607.  —  U.  S.  v. 
Perkins  (1886)  :  116  U.  S.,  483.  —  Crenshaw  v.  U.  S.  (1890)  : 
134  U.  S.,  99.  —U.  S.  v.  Hartwell  (1867)  :  6  Wallace,  385.  — 
Gratiot  v.  U.  S.  (1865)  :  1  Court  of  Claims,  258.  —  Opinions 
of  Attorneys  General,  III,  188. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III, 
565-569;  L.  M.  Salmon,  The  Appointing  Power;  J.  N.  Corn- 
stock,  Civil  Service  in  the  United  States  ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew 
Jackson,  145-149 ;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Tears'  View,  I,  159- 
163 ;  J.  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  III,  206-227 ;  G.  T.  Curtis, 
Constitutional  History,  II,  142-145  ;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Growth  of 
the  Constitution,  224-229 ;  B.  Harrison,  This  Country  of  Ours, 
99-112,  296-298;  G.  Cleveland,  Independence  of  the  Executive 
(Atlantic  Monthly,  LXXXV,  721,  LXXXVI,  1)  ;  F.  J.  Good- 
now,  Comparative  Administrative  Law,  II,  27—46,  97—100;  C. 
R.  Fish,  Removals  of  Officials  by  the  Presidents  of  the  United 
States  (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Annual  Report  for  1899,  I,  67-86); 
J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth,  II,  ch.  Ixv. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect.  3, 
§  3;  Sect.  5,-  §  1 ;  Sect.  6,  §  2;  Sect.  8,  §§  9,  16,  18;  Art. 
II,  Sect.  2,  §§  2,  3;  Sect.  3;  Art.  Ill,  Sect.  1;  Art.  VI,  § 
2. —  The  Federalist,  (Dawson  ed.)  No.  76,  (Ford  ed.)  pp.  463, 
505,  517. —Tenure  of  Office  Act:  Statutes  at  Large,  III,  582; 
W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  42.  —  J.  D.  Richardson, 
Messages,  III,  42,  53,  IV,  492,  622,  VIII,  375.— A.  Kendall, 
Autobiography,  297-317;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  VIII,  112, 
138,  144,  150,172,  179;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §  199.  —  House 
Reports,  52  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1892),  No.  1669.  —  Debates  on 
executive  patronage,  in  Niles's  Register,  XLVIII,  384-392. — 
Reports  of  the  United  States  Civil  Service  Commission  (annual 
since  1884). 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  May  Congress  require  the  head  of  a 


170  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

department  to  state  his  reasons  for  a  removal  ?  —  May  Con- 
gress create  an  office  to  be  held  during  good  behavior?  —  May 
Congress  require  the  President  to  appoint  only  persons  who 
have  passed  a  competitive  examination?  —  May  Congress  by 
statute  appoint  specified  persons  to  any  office? 

§  50.    Paper  No.  19.     Interposition  and  Nullification. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19#,  21a,  21e,  34,  57;  Guider 
§§  156,  183,  205. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States? 
I,  396-408  ;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  I,  335-342,, 
422-430;  R.  Foster,  Commentaries,  §§  32-34;  D.  F.  Houston, 
Nullification  /  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  5,  15-40; 
H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  22-33 ;  J.  Davis,  Confederate 
Government,  I,  184,  221,  222;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  306- 
340,  350-372;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  25-44> 
93-133  ;  E.  P.  Powell,  Nullification  and  Secession. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  I.  C.  Harer 
Constitutional  Law,  I,  30,  134 ;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Tears' 
View,  I,  334-362;  D.  Webster,  Works,  III,  448,  464;  C.  B. 
Loring,  Nullification  and  Secession. 

CASES.  —Lane  County  v.  Oregon  (1868)  :  7  Wallace,  71,  76 ;. 
E.  McClain,  Cases,  40. —Texas  v.  White  (1868):  7  Wallace, 
700;  J.  B.  Tlmyer,  Cases,  302;  E.  McClaiu,  Cases,  838; 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  552.  — Legal  Tender  Cases  (1872):  12 
Wallace,  457,  554.— McCulloch  v.  Maryland  (1819):  4 
Wheaton,  316;  4  Curtis,  415;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  308;  J. 
B.  Thayer,  Cases,  271 ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  1. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun, 
96-103;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  234,  1050-1055,  III^ 
734;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  138-149,  167-180, 
297-299;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  88-105;  N.  Sar- 
geant,  Public  Men  and  Events,  I,  169-174  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel 


49,50]          INTERPOSITION  AND  NULLIFICATION  171 

Webster,  171-204;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  351-366; 
J.  Schouler,  United  States,  III,  482-488  ;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven 
Decades,  121-135;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  370-380;  F. 
M.  Anderson,  Contemporary  Opinion  of  the  Virginia  and  Ken- 
tucky Resolutions  (American  Historical  Review,  V,  45-63,  225- 
252);  E.  G.  Scott,  Reconstruction  during  Civil  War,  3,  192- 
205;  P.  L.  Ford,  The  Federalist,  lOOw,  129ra;  J.  W.  Burgess, 
Middle  Period,  ch.  x ;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History, 
187-198. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Preamble ;  Art. 
I,  Sect.  2,  §  4;  Sect.  4,  §  1;  Sect.  8,  §  15 ;  Sect.  10;  Art. 
Ill,  Sect.  2,  §  23  ;  Sect.  3,  §  1 ;  Art.  IV ;  Art.  VI ;  Amends. 
X;  XI.  —  Hayne's  speech:  Congressional  Debates,  21  Cong.,  1 
sess.  (1830),  VI,  43-58;  A.  Johnston,  American  Orations,  I, 
213-227;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  X,  423-449. —Webster's 
reply:  Congressional  Debates,  21  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1830),  VI,  58- 
80  ;  A.  Johnston,  American  Orations,  I,  228-282 ;  D.  Webster, 
Works,  III,  270-342,  449-505;  comments  on  Webster's  reply, 
in  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  I,  298-355.  — Extracts 
from  the  two  speeches  :  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos. 
47-49;  Contemporaries,  §  159. — Calhoun's  South  Carolina 
exposition,  in  Works,  VI,  1-58 ;  Calhoun's  speech  against 
Webster,  in  A.  Johnston,  American  Orations,  I,  196-212.  —  Ex- 
tracts from  Webster,  Calhoun,  and  Hayne,  in  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  30;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  161. — J.  Madison, 
Writings,  IV.  18-20,  44,  80,  102,  196,  224.  —  Documents  in 
Niles's  Register,  XLIII,  Suppl.  —  Ordinance  of  Nullification : 
H.  W.  Preston,  Documents,  300-303  ;  Niles's  Register,  XLIII, 
Suppl.  ;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  53.  —  Jackson's 
proclamation  to  the  people  of  South  Carolina:  J.  D.  Richard- 
son, Messages,  II,  640-656 ;  Niles's  Register,  XLIII,  260-264 ; 
W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  55. — Letters  on  the 
Nullification  Movement  (American  History  Review,  VI,  725-765, 


172  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

VII,  92-119).  —  The  Federalist  (Ford  ed.),  100-102,  140,  173, 
203. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS. — May  Congress  under  any  circum- 
stance annul  a  State  statute? — Is  it  treasonable  to  refuse 
obedience  to  an  act  of  Congress?  —  May  a  State  constitution- 
ally refuse  to  observe  a  national  statute  which  has  been  held 
unconstitutional  by  the  State  Supreme  Court?  —  May  Congress 
compel  a  State  court  to  permit  an  appeal  to  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court? 

§  51.    Paper  No.  20.    Constitutional  Status  of  Slavery. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19#,  197*;  Guide,  §§  152,  161, 
177,  188,  189,  196-199,  202. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th 
and  5th  eds.),  §§  1915-1927  ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law, 
(ed.  1880)  213-217,  (ed.  1891)  222-225,  (ed.  1898)  233-240; 
R.  Foster,  Commentaries,  158-163 ;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution, 
II,  554,  555,  629-634;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  II,  251-258; 
T.  Walker,  American  Law,  182-187. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  N.  Pome- 
roy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  116-118;  F.  Wharton,  Commen- 
taries, §§  181,  182;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  §  202; 
J.  C.  Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage,  I,  ch.  xii-xvi, 
II,  ch.  xxv-xxxi;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Law  of  Negro  Slavery, 
116-225. 

CASES.— Dred  Scott  v.  Sandford  (1857):  19  Howard,  393; 
2  Miller,  1  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  480 ;  American  History  Leaf- 
lets, No.  23 ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  471  ;  W.  MacDonald,  Select 
Documents,  No.  91.  — Prigg  v.  Pennsylvania  (1842)  :  16  Peters, 
539;  14  Curtis,  417;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  476.  —  Kentucky 
v.  Dennison  (1860):  24  Howard,  66;  4  Miller,  10;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  195w.  —  Lemmon  v.  the  People  (1860)  :  20  New 
York  Reports,  562  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  496.  —  State  v.  Mann 


50,51]  SLAVERY  173 

(1829)  :  2  Der.  (N.  C.),  263 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  473.  —  Jones  v. 
Van  Zandt  (1843)  :  Federal  Cases,  No.  7501.  —  Robertsons  Bald- 
win (1897) :  165  U.  S.,  275  ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  891.  —  Strader 
v.  Graham  (1850):  10  Howard,  82;  18  Curtis,  305. — Com- 
monwealth v.  Ares  (1836)  :  18  Pickering  (Mass.),  193.  —  Smith 
v.  Smith  (1839)  :  13  Louisiana  Reports,  444 ;  T.  D.  Woolsey, 
International  Law,  113,  114. — Louis  v.  Cabarrus  (1834):  7 
Louisiana  Reports,  170.  —  Lagrange  v.  Choteau  (1828):  2 
Missouri  Reports,  19.  —  Ralph  v.  Duncan  (1833):  3  Missouri 
Reports,  140. —  Thomas  v.  Generis  (1840):  16  Louisiana 
Reports,  483;  T.  D.  Woolsey,  International  Law,  113,  114. — 
Case  of  the  Creole  (1841)  :  T.  D.  Woolsey,  International  Law, 
114  ;  H.  Wheaton,  International  Law,  (Boyd  ed.)  §  103^,  (Dana 
ed.)  165  ;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §  38.  —  Somersett  Case  (1772)  : 
Lofft's  Reports,  18  ;  J.  C.  Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage, 
I,  189-194;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  500,  501.  — Case  of  Slave 
Grace  (1827) :  2  Haggard's  Admiralty  Reports,  94 ;  H. 
Wheaton,  International  Law  (Boyd  ed.),  §  133or. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  I, 
ch.  i ;  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  chs.  i-xviii ;  J.  Davis, 
Confederate  Government,  I,  chs.  i,  ii.  v ;  J.  Schouler,  United 
States,  I,  143-150,  II,  57-59,  125-130,  III,  133-173,  IV,  203- 
224,  Y,  195-199,  376-381;  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  I,  chs. 
vii-ix,  II,  chs.  ii,  iv,  III,  chs.  xvi,  VI,  ch.  i;  E.  A.  Pollard, 
Lost  Cause,  chs.  i-iv ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II, 
201-226,  231-299;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Middle  Period,  chs.  iii,  xi, 
xviii,  xxi ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cydopcedia,  III,  725-738 ;  J.  B.  Mc- 
Master,  United  States,  III,  515-527,  V,  184-226;  C.  Schurz, 
Henry  Clay,  chs.  viii,  xvii,  xxi,  xxvi;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon  P. 
Chase,  chs.  iii,  v,  x;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  xvii,  xix, 
xxvi;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery,  chs.  ix-xi, 
xiii-xviii;  W.  H.  Siebert,  Underground  Railroad;  S.  W.  Mc- 
Call,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  72-88,  129-135,  210-228;  T.  K.  Loth- 


174  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

rop,  W.  H.  Seward,  chs.  iv,  v,  vii,  x;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitu- 
tional History,  ch.  xi. 

SOURCES. —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Preamble;  Art.  I, 
Sect.  2,  §  1  ;  Sect.  3;  Sect.  8,  §§  1,  3,  4,  10,  17,  18;  Sect.  9, 
§§  1,  4;  Sect.  10,  §  2  ;  Art.  Ill,  Sect.  2,  §§  1,  3;  Art.  IV; 
Amends.  V-X ;  XIII-XV.  —  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  174-184, 
IV,  §§  15-22,  29-33,  41-48,  124-131;  Source-Book,  §§  91, 
94,  97,  101,  106,  110,  113;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
Nos.  4,  35-40,  69,  78,  82,  85,  93,  96  ;  G.  M.  Stroud,  Slave 
Laws;  A.  Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  II, 
3-343,  IV,  1-195. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Was  the  Federal  government  bound 
to  take  cognizance  of  the  existence  of  slavery  in  some  of  the 
States?  —  Did  vessels  sailing  from  southern  ports  with  slaves 
on  board  carry  with  them  the  State  laws  on  slavery  ?  —  Could 
the  government  of  the  United  States  legally  hold  slaves?  — 
Was  the  slave  of  an  ambassador  of  the  United  States  free,  if 
brought  by  his  master  into  a  free  State? 

§  52.    Paper  No.  21.    Right  of  Expression  of  Opinion. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  Wh,  21«,  40;    Guide,  §  188. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  — J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§ 
1880-1895;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  75,  76  ;  H.  C. 
Black,  Constitutional  Law,  540-560;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution, 
II,  §  326;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science,  I,  190-193;  F. 
Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  555,  556 ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitu- 
tional Law,  (ed.  1891)  278-281,  283-293,  (ed.  1898),  294-297, 
299-309;  W.  Rawle,  View  of  the  Constitution,  123,  124;  A.  V. 
Dicey,  Law  of  the  Constitution,  139-141. 

CASES.  — United  States  v.  Cruikshank  (1875)  :  92  U.  S., 
542;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  31.  —  Davis  v.  Massachusetts  (1897): 
167  U.  S.,  43.  —  Ex  parte  Jackson  (1877)  :  96  U.  S.,  727;  E. 
McClaiu,  Cases,  478.  —  In  re  Rapier  (1892):  143  U.  S.,  110; 


51,  52]  EXPRESSION  OF   OPINION  175 

E.  McClain,  Cases,  478  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Oases,  732.  —  Preston  v. 
Finley  (1896)  :  72  Federal  Reporter,  850. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Yon  Hoist,  United  States,  II, 
111-146,  236-267,  284-289,  467-484;  G.  T.  Curtis,  James 
Buchanan,  I,  319-357  ;  Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  I, 
238-249;  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun,  124-150,  165-184; 
H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  143-146 ;  H.  Wilson,  Slave 
Power,  I,  307-343,  394-403,  423-427;  J.  Schouler,  United 
States,  IV,  216-229  ;  J.  T.  Morse,  John  Quincy  Adams,  243-262, 
506-308;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III,  167-169;  G.  P.  Julian, 
Joshua  R.  Giddings,  51,  116-125  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon  P.  Chase, 
37-39;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Middle  Period,  253-296;  S.  G.  Fisher, 
.Evolution  of  the  Constitution,  206,  207. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect.  5, 
§§  1,  2;  Art.  VI,  §  3;  Amends.  I;  IX;  X.  — J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs,  IX,  350,  XI,  109.  —  Jackson's  message  of  Dec.  8, 
1835:  Statesman's  Manual,  II,  911,  912;  Congressional  Globe, 
24  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1835),  10  ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  III, 
175.  — Calhoun's  report  of  Feb.  4,  1836,  in  Works,  V,  190-208. 
—  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XII,  705-711,  752-759,  771.— 
Amos  Kendall's  correspondence,  in  Niks' s  Register,  XLIX,  7-9. 
-T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Tears'  View,  I,  574-588,610-624.— 
Gag  resolutions :  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  143-147 ; 
T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XIII,  24-29,  557-572,  702-7070  — 
Debates  on  the  censure  of  John  Quincy  Adams :  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  XIII,  266-299;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  184. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Is  it  a  right  of  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  to  have  his  petition  to  Congress  read  in  the  House  where 
it  is  presented?  —  Can  the  United  States  refuse  to  deliver  mail 
on  suspicion  that  it  contains  unmailable  matter?  —  May  Con- 
gress exclude  specified  classes  of  petitions  from  the  treatment 
accorded  to  other  petitions  ?  —  May  either  House  of  Congress 
forbid  all  of  its  members  to  speak  on  a  pending  question  ? 


176  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

§  53.     Paper  No.  22.     Ethics  of  the  Mexican  War. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  Wh,  20a ;    Guide,  §§  193,  194. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States.  Ill, 
chs.  iii-xii;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism,  No.  ix  ; 
H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun,  ch.  iv ;  C.  Scburz,  Henry  Clay, 

II,  ch.  xxv ;    J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and   Critical  History,  VII, 
292,  408-412,  505-507;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  290-294; 
H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  \,  ch.  xiv ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia, 

III,  109;  J.  F.  Rhodes,    United  States,  I,  87-94;  J.  Schouler, 
United  States,  IV,  518-543,  V,  1-84  ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  I,  chs.   xiv,   xv ;   J.    G.  Elaine,    Twenty  Years  of 
Congress,  I,  ch.  iv;  J.  H.  Patton,  Democratic  Party,  122-130. 

ADDITIONAL  HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel 
Webster,  II,  290-293,  301-307;  G.  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan, 
I,  ch.  xxi;  H.  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  chs.  ii,  iii;  H.  H.  Ban- 
croft, Pacific  States,  VIII,  ch.  xiii ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  United 
States,  IV,  369-384;  W.  Jay,  Review  of  the  Mexican  War;  A.  A. 
Livermore,  War  with  Mexico  Reviewed  •  J.  S.  Jenkins,  James 
Knox  Polk,  ch.  ix;  A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  chs.  Ixvi, 
Ixvii;  L.  B.  Chase,  Polk  Administration,  chs.  v-ix;  P.  Young,, 
History  of  Mexico,  book  vii,  chs.  i,  v;  histories  of  the  Mexican 
War  by  R.  S.  Ripley,  E.  D.  Mansfield,  L.  Moody,  C.  M.  Wil- 
cox,  N.  C.  Brooks,  A.  C.  Ramsey,  and  J.  S.  Jenkins. 

SOURCES.  —  Congressional  Globe,  29  Cong.,  30  Cong.  (1845-49) ; 
T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XV,  XVI;  Congressional  Docu- 
ments, 1845-49,  especially  Senate  Docs.,  29  Cong.,  1  sess.,  I, 
No.  1,  VII,  No.  337,  VIII,  No.  388,  29  Cong.,  2  sess.,  Ill, 
No.  107,  30  Cong..  1  sess.,  VII,  Nos.  52,  60  ;  House  Exec.  Docs., 

29  Cong.,  1  sess.,  VI,  No.  196,  29  Cong.,  2  sess.,  Ill,  No.  19, 

30  Cong.,  1  sess.,  II,  No.  8,  VIII,  No.  69;  J.  D.  Richardson, 
Messages,  IV,   437-460;  T.  H.  Benton,    Thirty   Years'  View,  I, 
chs.  cxlix,  clxi ;    Source- Book,   §    104;    Contemporaries,   IV,    §§ 
7-14;  J.  R.  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers  ;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV; 


53,  54]  POPULAR  SOVEREIGNTY  177 

D.  Webster,  Works,  V,  151,  253-301 ;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs, 
XII;  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I,  chs.  iii-xiii;  B.  P. 
Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  ch.  xxv;  N.  Sargent,  Public 
Men  and  Events,  II,  ch.  vii. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Was  war  begun  by  the  act  of 
Mexico?  —  Was  the  failure  of  the  Slidell  mission  a  sufficient 
reason  for  war  ?  —  Was  the  conquest  of  California  a  reason- 
able incident  of  war  against  Mexico? — Were  the  unsettled 
claims  a  sufficient  reason  for  war  ? 

§  54.  Paper  No.  23.     Popular  Sovereignty. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19A,  42;    Guide,  §  199. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States, 
III,  354-358,  IV,  291-402,  especially  381-389;  G.  T.  Curtis, 
Constitutional  History,  II,  259,  260,  280,  281,  296,  297;  J.  W. 
Burgess,  Civil  War  and  the  Constitution,  1, 19-21,  24  ;  R.Foster, 
Commentaries,  I,  163;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States, 
II,  131-135,  248-262 ;  R.  Johnson,  Remarks  on  Popular  Sov- 
ereignty; J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  1322-1330. 

CASES.  —  American  Insurance  Co.  v.  Canter  (1828) :  1  Peters, 
511;  7  Curtis,  685;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  350;  C.  E.  Boyd, 
Cases,  583 ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  827 ;  J.  Marshall,  Writings, 
373.  _  Dred  Scott  v.  Sandford  (1857)  :  19  Howard,  393 ;  2 
Miller,  1 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  480  (especially  the  dissenting 
opinions  of  J.  J.  McLean  and  Curtis). — National  Bank  v. 
County  of  Yankton  (1879):  101  U.  S.,  129;  E.  McClain, 
Cases,  830rc.  —  Clinton  v.  Englebrecht  (1871):  13  Wallace, 
434.— Murphy  v.  Ramsey  (1885):  114  U.  S.,  15.  —Mormon 
Church  v.  United  States  (1890)  :  136  U.  S.,  1 ;  E.  McClain, 
Cases,  835. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  IV, 
280-461;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  I,  419-498;  W.  T. 
Young,  General  Cass,  302,  321,  325,  363,  371;  A.  C.  Mc- 
12 


178  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

Laughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  235-239,  272-276,  294-296,  326  ;  W. 
Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  81-90  ;  H.  Greeley,  American 
Conflict,  I,  224-236 ;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  234- 
245;  J.  Schouler,  United  States,  V,  280-289;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopaedia,  III,  281-284;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton, 
349,  352  ;  H.  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  ch.  xxx. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect.  8, 
§§  17,  18 ;  Art.  IV,  Sect.  3,  §  2  ;  Art.  VI,  §  2 ;  Amend.  XIII. 
-  Leake's  proposition  of  Feb.  17,  1847,  in  Congressional  Globe, 
29  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1847),  444.  —  Dickinson's  resolution  of 
Dec.  14,  1847,  in  Congressional  Globe,  30  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1847), 
21,  27,  54,  157-160.  —Cass'  Nicholson  letter  of  Dec.  24,  1847  : 
A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  232,  233 ;  M.  W.  McClusky, 
Political  Text-book  of  1860,  462-465.  —  Douglas'  report  of  Jan. 
4,  1854:  Senate  Reports,  33  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1854),  I,  No.  15; 
American  History  Leaflets,  No.  17  ;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Docu- 
ments, No.  85  (see  also  Nos.  86,  87).  —  Appeal  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Democrats,  Jan.  19,  1854:  Congressional  Globe,  33 
Cong.,  1  sess.  (1854),  281,  282;  American  History  Leaflets,  No. 
17.  —  S.  A.  Douglas,  in  A.  Johnston,  American  Orations,  II, 
218-255,  III,  17-27. —S.  P.  Chase:  Congressional  Globe,  33 
Cong.,  1  sess.  (1854),  App.  133-140  ;  A.  Johnston,  American 
Orations,  II,  183-212. —  Charles  Sumner,  in  A.  Johnston,  Ameri- 
can Orations,  II,  212-218. —Jefferson  Davis,  Resolutions  of 
May  24,  1860,  in  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1860), 
2310-2335.—  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  34-40,  44,  66;  Source- 
Book,  §  108. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS. — Would  a  territorial  law  prohibiting 
the  entry  of  free  negroes  have  been  valid  under  Douglas' 
doctrine  of  popular  sovereignty  ?  —  Could  a  territory,  in  con- 
formity with  Douglas'  doctrine  of  popular  sovereignty,  have 
prohibited  the  sale  of  slaves  brought  from  other  parts  of  the 
Union  ?  —  Under  the  principles  of  popular  sovereignty  should 


54,  55]  RIGHTS  OF  ALIENS  179 

the  people  have  elected  their  own  governor  ?  —  Did  the  doctrine 
of  popular  sovereignty  logically  give  to  the  people  of  the 
territories  control  of  the  public  lands? 

§  55.  Paper  No.  24.  Rights  of  Indians,  Aliens, 
Chinese,  and  Negroes. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19^,  19A,  20i,  216,  40,  65,80, 
87,  98, 119  ;  Guide,  §§179,  185  ;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs 
for  Debate,  Nos.  ii,  iii,  xxviii. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th 
and  5th  eds.),  §§  1097-1101,  1102-1104,  1697-1701,  1928- 
1975;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  140,  207-210,  340,  464- 
470,  527,  528 ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  73,  136-139, 
251-262 ;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  552,  553,  558,  559,  732, 
796,  797  ;  C.  F.  Randolph,  Law  and  Policy  of  Annexation,  57- 
59,  63-76  ;  G.  F.  Canfield,  Legal  Status  of  Indians  (American 
Law  Review,  XV,  21)  ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  (ed. 
1880)  68,  77,  78,  205-244;  (ed.  1891)  79,213-251,253-255; 
(ed.  1898)  88,  89,  224-263,  268-293  ;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political 
and  Constitutional  Law,  §§  155-160,  164-166;  S.  F.  Miller, 
Constitutional  Law,  276-308,  401-412,  425,  426,  469-473  ;  F. 
Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  261-266,  431-436,  584-594;  J. 
Tiffany,  Treatise  in  Government,  §§  378,  379,  380-392;  H. 
Brannon,  Fourteenth  Amendment,  chs.  i,  iv,  vii-xii ;  A.  P.  Morse, 
in  Harvard  Law  Review,  XIV,  262. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  T.  Walker,  Amer- 
ican Law,  §§  53,  54;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Constitutional  Law,  516, 
517;  J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth,  II,  327;  J.  C.  Hurd, 
Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage,  ch.  xxxii ;  J.  D.  Andrews, 
American  Law,  234,  589-630  ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  in  Nation,  LXVII, 
10  ;  C.  S.  Patterson,  The  United  States  and  the  States,  ch.  xi. 

CASES.  —  Worcester  v.  Georgia  (1832):  6  Peters,  515;  10 
Curtis,  214;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  583  ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  590. 


180  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

—Elk  v.  Wilkins  (1884):  112  U.  S.,  94;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
587 ;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  230 ;  E.  McClain,  Cases, 
969.  — United  States  v.  Kagama  (1886):  118  U.  S.,  375;  J. 
B.  Thayer,  Cases,  591;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  233.— 
United  States  v.  Holliday  (1865):  3  Wallace,  407;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  731,  1909  ;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  270.  —  Tick  Wo 
v.  Hopkins  (1886)  :  118  U.  S.,  356;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  774; 
E.  McClain,  Cases,  917.  —  In  re  Lee  Sing  (1890):  43  Federal 
Reporter,  359 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  861.  —  In  re  Look  Tin 
Sing  (1884)  :  21  Federal  Reporter,  905  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
578;  Gee  Fook  Sing  v.  United  States  (1892):  49  Federal 
Reporter,  146;  7  U.  S.  Appeals,  27.  — United  States  v.  Wong 
Kim  Ark  (1898):  169  U.  S.,  649;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  551;  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  964. —  Carlisle  v.  United  States  (1872):  16 
Wallace,  147. —  Smith  v.  Turner  (1848):  7  Howard,  283;  17 
Curtis,  122.  —  Strauder  v.  West  Virginia  (1879)  :  100  U.  S., 
303;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  551. — Ex  parte  Virginia  (1879): 
100  U.  S.,  339;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  548.— Lehew  v.  Brum- 
mell  (1890):  103  Missouri  Reports,  546;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
574.  —United  States  v.  Rhodes  (1866):  1  Abbott,  U.  S.,  28; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  506. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect.  2, 
§  1;  Sect.  4,  §  1;  Sect.  9,  §§  2,  3 ;  Sect.  10,  §  1;  Art.  Ill, 
Sects.  1,  2;  Art.  TV,  Sect.  2,  §  1 ;  Amends.  I-XV. —  Contem- 
poraries, IV,  §§  152,  155,  205,  208  ;  Revised  Statutes,  347-349, 
378-380;  Supplement  to  Revised  Statutes,  I,  68,  342,  458-461, 
534,  556. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  As  in  Paper  No.  9. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  May  an  alien  vote  for  Presidential 
electors?  —  May  a  Chinaman  be  naturalized  as  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States?  —  Is  a  negro  citizen  of  Massachusetts  entitled  to 
the  privileges  of  white  citizens  in  South  Carolina?  —  May  a  man 
be  deprived  of  suffrage  because  his  grandfather  was  a  slave  ? 


55,  56]  JOHN  BRO  WN'S   CAREER  181 

§  56.    Paper  No.  25.     Ethics  of  John  Brown's  Career. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §  19£;    Guide,  §§  200,  202. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  II, 
383-416;  J.  Schouler,  United  States,  V,  437-444;  H.  Von 
Hoist,  United  States,  VII,  ch.  i;  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  Brown; 
J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  310;  J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Tears 
of  Congress,  I,  154-157;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  United  States, 
IV,  ch.  xvi ;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  the  Constitution,  I, 
37-43 ;  J.  E.  Chamberlin,  John  Brown  ;  W.  E.  Connelly,  John 
Brown ;  M.  J.  Wright,  Trial  and  Execution  of  John  Brown 
(Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  IV,  121);  R.  J.  Hinton,  John 
Brown  and  his  Men  ;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II, 
258,  259,  269;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  III,  ch.  xi; 
R.  D.  Webb,  Life  and  Letters  of  Captain  John  Brown  ;  Garrisons, 
William  Lloyd  Garrison,  III,  417,  418,  440,  472,  474-493; 
J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  3403  ;  J.  J.  Ingalls, 
John  Brown's  Place  in  History  (North  American  Review, 
CXXXVIII,  138-150). 

ADDITIONAL  HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — H.  Greeley,  American 
Conflict,  I,  ch.  xx ;  H.  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  587-600 ;  J.  S. 
Pike,  First  Blows  of  the  Civil  War,  445-452;  J.  Buchanan, 
Buchanan's  Administration,  62-65 ;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause, 
70-74;  G.  L.  Austin,  Wendell  Phillips,  180-192;  O.  B.  Froth- 
ingham,  Gerritt  Smith,  234-237,  254,  255 ;  D.  S.  Jordan,  Story 
of  the  Innumerable  Company,  186-201 ;  O.  P.  Anderson,  Voice 
from  Harper's  Ferry  ;  J.  Redpath,  Public  Life  of  Captain  John 
Brown ;  J.  Redpath,  Echoes  of  Harper's  Ferry ;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Salmon  P.  Chase,  174-176;  F.  Bancroft,  William  H.  Seward,  I, 
409,  495-498,  II,  531  ;  R.  H.  Gillet,  Democracy  in  United 
States,  240-242 ;  C.  E.  Norton,  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  V,  378. 

SOURCES.  —  F.  B.  Sanborn,  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Brown  ; 
F.  B.  Sanborn,  Writings  of  H.  D.  77/oram,  X,  196-252;  Ameri- 
can Anti-Slavery  Society,  Annual  Report,  1860,  76-133  ;  T.  W. 


182  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

Higginson,  Cheerful  Yesterdays,  196-234;  Mason's  report,  in 
Senate  Reports,  36  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1860),  No.  278;  Congressional 
Globe,  36  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1860) ;  F.  Douglass,  Life  and  Times, 
277-282,  306-308,  318-327  ;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  47,  48,  85; 
A.  K.  McClure,  Abraham  Lincoln,  334-353. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Was  John  Brown  a  murderer  ?  — 
Were  the  abolitionists  responsible  for  the  John  Brown  raid  ?  — 
Was  John  Brown  a  traitor  to  the  United  States?  —  Was  John 
Brown  justified  in  the  death  of  the  negro  porter  on  the  bridge? 

§  57.    Paper  No.  26.     Secession. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  19^,  21«,  2le,  34,  50;  Guide* 
§§  204-208. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th 
and  5th  eds.),  §§  351-357,  467-481;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitu- 
tional Law,  §  12 ;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional 
Law,  137-142 ;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Constitutional  Law,  64-93 ;  J. 
Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  184;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Consti- 
tutional History,  II,  1-47,  80-83,  289-338;  R.  Foster,  Com- 
mentaries, §§  11,  13-16,  19,  20,  26-32,  36;  J.  E.  Tucker, 
Constitution,  §§  171,  175;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law, 
28-33 ;  E.  P.  Powell,  Nullification  and  Secession ;  J.  C.  Ropes, 
Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  i-iv. 

ADDITIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  C.  B.  Loring, 
Nullification  and  Secession ;  J.  L.  M.  Curry,  Southern  States  and 
^American  Union,  ch.  x ;  W.  Rawle,  View  of  the  Constitution, 
296,  297,  302,  303,  305,  306;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional 
Law,  (ed.  1880)  26-29,  (ed.  1891)  25-28,  (ed.  1898)  27-30;  J. 
C.  Hard,  Theory  of  Our  National  Existence,  88,  105,  145,  286 ; 
J.  Buchanan,  Buchanan's  Administration,  86-98  ;  F.  Wharton, 
Commentaries,  §§  374,  594rc. 

CASES.  — Texas  v.  White  (1868):  7  Wallace,  700;  J.  B. 
Thayer,  Cases,  302;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases ,  552.—  White  v.  Hart 


56,  57]  SECESSION  183 

(1871):  13  Wallace,  646;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  259.  — Keith 
v.  Clark  (1878) :  97  U.  S.,  454.  —  Sprott  v.  United  States 
(1874)  :  20  Wallace,  459.  —  Gimn  v.  Barry  (1872) :  15  Wallace, 
610.— United  States  v.  Keehler  (1869):  9  Wallace,  83.- 
Hickman  v.  Jones  (1869) :  9  Wallace,  197.  — Williams  v.  Bruffy 
(1877):  96  U.  S.,  176. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  R.  H.  Dana,  Wheaton's  Interna- 
tional Law,  note  32 ;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  III ;  G.  T. 
Curtis,  James  Buchanan,  II,  ch.  xv;  J.  T.  Morse,  Abraham 
Lincoln,  I,  ch.  viii ;  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  ch.  xxii ; 
J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  III,  693-702;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil 
War,  I,  chs.  xxvii,  xxviii ;  T.  S.  Goodwin,  Natural  History  of 
Secession,  chs.  xxvi,  xxvii ;  Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War  in 
America,  I,  113-116;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  84-86;  J. 
Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  70-77,  168-177,  185-192 ; 
J.  G.  Blaine,  Twenty  Tears  of  Congress,  I,  chs.  x,  xi;  J. 
Schouler,  United  States,  V,  ch.  xiv ;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades, 
101-108;  H.  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  III,  1-10,  109-126;  M.  M. 
Granger,  Washington  versus  Jefferson,  ch.  v;  S.  W.  McCall, 
Thaddeus  Stevens,  115-130;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  the 
Constitution,  I,  ch.  iv. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Preamble ;  Art. 
I,  Sect.  8,  §§  1,  10-18;  Art.  Ill,  Sects.  2,  3;  Art.  IV,  Sect. 
4;  Art.  VI,  §  2 ;  Amends.  IX;  X;  XIV.  —  Ordinances  of 
secession  and  other  documents,  in  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  12.  —  Lincoln's  inaugural  address  and  first  message  to 
Congress :  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  18 ;  J.  D.  Richard- 
son, Messages,  VI,  5,  20;  A.  Lincoln,  Works,  II,  1,  55.- 
Ordinances  of  ratification  (1789-1790):  P.  C.  Centz,  Republic 
of  Republics,  523-528 ;  W.  Hickey,  The  Constitution,  ch.  iv ; 
J.  Elliot,  Debates,  V,  319-335.  —  Contemporary  speeches,  in 
A.  Johnston,  American  Orations,  II,  46-135,  III,  49-124. — 
Southern  arguments,  in  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States, 


184  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

I,  17-49,  441-452,  495-539,  II,  5-15,  26-34,  263-271  ;  J. 
Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  168-176;  Contemporaries, 
IV,  §§  53-55,  62.  —  Contemporary  documents,  Annual  Cyclo- 
pedia (1861-1865);  E.  McPherson,  Political  History  of  the  Re- 
bellion; Pike,  First  Mows  of  the  Civil  War;  W.  MacDonald, 
Select  Documents,  Nos.  32,  94,  97  ;  Contemporaries,  III,  §  123, 
IV,  §§  56,  61. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Had  Texas  any  greater  constitu- 
tional right  of  secession  than  South  Carolina  ?  —  Granting  the 
right  of  secession,  did  Fort  Sumter  revert  to  South  Carolina? 
—  Did  seceding  States  carry  with  them  privileges  gained  by 
United  States  treaties?  —  Did  Virginia  reserve  a  right  of 
secession  in  1788? 

§  58.  Paper  No.  27.  Responsibility  for  the  Civil 
War. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §  19z,  19;;  Guide,  §§  203,  206- 
209. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  United  States,  III, 
315,  316,  VII,  chs.  vii-xi;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  III, 
chs.  xiii,  xiv ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  ch.  x ; 
J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  the  Constitution,  I,  chs.  iv-vii; 
H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  chs.  xxiii-xxv ;  Goldwin 
Smith,  United  States,  221-254  ;  J.  Schouler,  United  States,  V, 
ch.  xxii ;  F.  Bancroft,  Final  Efforts  at  Compromise  (Political 
Science  Quarterly,  VI,  401-423) ;  S.  Webster,  Responsibility  for 
Secession  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  VIII,  268-286)  ;  J.  G. 
Nicolay,  Outbreak  of  the  Rebellion,  chs.  i-v ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon 
P.  Chase,  chs.  vii,  viii ;  G.  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  War,  chs.  xii, 
xiii,  xvi,  xvii,  xix,  xx  ;  J.  R.  Lowell,  Political  Essays,  118-152; 
J.  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  chs.  vii,  viii ;  J.  G.  Blaine, 
Twenty  Tears  of  Congress,  chs.  i,  x-xii ;  H.  Wilson,  Slave 
Power,  III,  chs.  i-vii ;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States, 


57,  58]          RESPONSIBILITY  FOR   THE    CIVIL    WAR          185 

II,  coll.  xiii ;  J.  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  i-v ; 
J.  E.  Oairnes,  Slave  Power,  ch.  i ;  M.  M.  Granger,  Washington 
v.  Jefferson,  ch.  iv. 

ADDITIONAL  HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil 
War,  I,  book  ii,  chs.  i,  iii ;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  51,  65-68, 
77-80,  219,  220;  J.  L.  Motley,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War  (Living 
Age,  LXX,  9-21)  ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  II,  chs. 
xvii-xxix,  III;  T.  K.  Lothrop,  William  H.  Seward,  chs.  xii, 
xiii ;  R.  Johnson,  Short  History  of  the  War,  ch.  i ;  G.  T.  Curtis, 
James  Buchanan,  II,  chs.  xv-xxiv ;  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment, parts  iii,  iv,  ch.  i ;  A.  K.  McClure,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
297-311;  C.  Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  II,  chs.  xiii-xv;  H. 
C.  Fletcher,  American  War,  I,  chs.  i-iii ;  J.  N.  Larned,  History 
for  Ready  Reference,  V,  3405-3422. 

SOURCES.  —  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1860- 
1861)  passim,  especially  1114  (Crittenden's  plan),  794  (Vallan- 
digham's),  1254  (Peace  Conference),  690  (Kellog's),  283,379 
(Clark's)  ;  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1861),  IV,  No. 
2  (Message  of  Feb.  19)  ;  Senate  Reports,  36  Cong.,  2  sess. 
(1861),  No.  288  (Committee  of  13)  ;  House  Miscellaneous,  36 
Cong.,  2  sess. ;  House  Reports,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1861),  I,  No. 
31  (Committee  of  33);  Opinions  of  Attorneys  General,  IX,  522- 
526  (Black);  American  Annual  Cyclopaedia  (1861),  166-225 
(Congress),  562-568  (Peace  Conference) ;  L.  E.  Chittenden, 
Reports  of  the  Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Conference  Conven- 
tion ;  Official  Journal  of  the  Conference  Convention ;  A.  Lincoln's 
First  Inaugural  and  Messages :  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages, 
VI,  5-12,  20-31,  44-58  ;  Works,  II,  1-7,  55-66,  93-106  ;  Con- 
temporaries, IV,  §§  49-74;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
Nos.  93-96  ;  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  18,  26. 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Would  different  behavior  by  the 
abolitionists  have  prevented  the  Civil  War?  —  Could  James 
Buchanan  have  prevented  the  war?  —  Was  Jefferson  Davis  a 


186  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

traitor  previous  to  the  secession  of  Mississippi  ?  —  Could  the 
Republicans  by  suitable  concessions  have  prevented  war  ? 

§  59.    Paper  No.  28.     Lincoln's  Democracy. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19*,  19/;  Guide,  §  208;  D. 
Fish,  Lincoln  Literature. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
I,  456,  457,  II,  23,  93-97,  332,  333,  403;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United 
States,  I,  92,  492,  II,  62,  70,  266-268,  308,  344,  430-432,  457, 
473,  500-502,  III,  300-305,  316-320,  334,  439,  631-633,  IV, 
69-76,  120,  157-162,  199-216,  296-298,  350-354,  419-425, 
460-464,  518-522,  531-539;  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict, 
I,  301,  302,  321-326,  418-429,  452-461,  466-470,  II,  251, 
253,  257,  259,  490-492,  528,  562-564,  673,  675-677,  747,  748  ; 
J.  Schouler,  United  States,  V,  76,  77,  80,  81,  112,  127,  128, 
411-416,  459-465,  493-502,  VI,  1-23,  111-126,  215-232,  463- 
477,  519-527,  565-568,  607-616,  622-633;  Goldwin  Smith, 
United  States,  238-242,  248,  250-254,  280-288;  H.  Von  Hoist. 
United  States,  VT,  267-300,  VII,  165-186,  244,  245;  J.  W. 
Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  506,  II,  13-20,  36-38,  590-611,  III, 
476-479,  601,  626-630  ;  J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Tears  of  Con- 
gress, I,  133.  140-150,  168-172,  279-299,  309-311,  332-336, 
350-354,  371,  435,  438-448,  453-457,  488-496,  503,  514-517, 
528-536,  546-549,  II,  15-17;  H.  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  203, 
204,  566-577,  692-695,  III,  1,  173-183,  213,  221-224,  246- 
250,  516-528,  560-590;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the 
States,  I,  442-445,  520,  II,  34,  35,  40,  49,  263-269,  277,  278, 
346,  351,  409-420,  433-444,  445-463;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon 
P.  Chase,  187-198,  202-212,  260-270,  290-299,  302-333,  430- 
432  ;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  the  Constitution,  I,  chs. 
i,  iii,  II,  ch.  xvi ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  espe- 
cially II,  chs.  viii,  ix,  xi,  III,  ch.  xxi,  VII,  chs.  vi,  viii,  xv, 
xix,  VIII,  ch.  vii,  IX,  chs.  iii,  v,  viii,  xvi,  X,  ch.  xviii ;  R.  H. 


58,59]  LINCOLN'S  DEMOCRACY  187 

Gillet,  Democracy  in  the  United  States,  259-266  ;  H.  C.  Lodge, 
George  Washington,  II,  303-309  ;  C.  Schurz,  Abraham  Lin- 
coln ;  J.  H.  Choate,  Abraham  Lincoln  j  C.  A.  Dana,  Lincoln 
and  his  Cabinet;  H.  Watterson,  Abraham  Lincoln;  A.  K. 
McClure,  Abraham  Lincoln. 

ADDITIONAL  HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  R.  Lowell,  Politi- 
cal Essays,  75-91  ;  R.  Johnson,  Short  History  of  the  War,  40, 
41,  47,  201,  212-214,  458,  476,  480,  526-529;  S.  S.  Cox, 
Three  Decades,  227,  318,  343-345;  J.  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the 
Civil  War,  I,  ch.  v;  J.  G.  Nicolay,  Outbreak  of  the  Rebellion, 
ch.  iv;  S.  McCall,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  111-113,  136-140,  185, 
186,  192-199,  216-226 ;  T.  K.  Lothrop,  William  H.  Seward, 
209-211,  231-233,  244-255,  279,  280,  332-386;  J.  Davis, 
Confederate  Government,  I,  322-325  ;  J.  N.  Lamed,  History 
for  Ready  Reference,  V,  3417-3422  ;  Lives  of  Lincoln  by  H.  J. 
Raymond,  J.  G.  Holland,  W.  H.  Lamon,  W.  H.  Herndon  and 
J.  W.  Weik,  I.  N.  Arnold,  A.  T.  Rice,  N.  Hapgood  and  N. 
Brooks. 

SOURCES.  —  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  44,  50,  66,96,  97,  101, 
126-128,  145. — J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  VI,  1-297,  espe- 
cially 5-12  (first  inaugural),  20-31  (message  of  July  4,  1861), 
44-58,  126-142,  179-181,  243-255  (annual  messages),  276 
(second  inaugural),  157-159  (Proclamation  of  Emancipation). 
—  A.  Lincoln,  Works,  especially  I,  178-180,  180-209,  226- 
235,  240-245,  273-518  (Lincoln-Douglas  Debates),  II,  1-7 
(first  inaugural),  55-66  (message  of  July  4,  1861),  93-106, 
261-277,  445-456,  604-615  (annual  messages),  656,  657 
(second  inaugural),  439  (Gettysburg  address),  287,  288  (Proc- 
lamation of  Emancipation).  —  Inaugurals  in  American  His- 
tory Leaflets,  No.  18;  L.  E.  Chittenden,  Abraham  Lincoln's 
Speeches  ;  Abraham  Lincoln,  Tributes  from  his  Associates  (in- 
cluding G.  W.  Curtis,  G.  S.  Boutwell,  G.  F.  Hoar,  F.  B. 
Sanborn). 


188  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  Did  Lincoln  think  the  people  of 
Kentucky  capable  of  popular  government  ?  —  Did  Lincoln  ex- 
pect negro  suffrage?  —  Would  Lincoln  have  favored  a  property 
qualification  in  the  Chicago  of  1901?  —  Did  Lincoln  yield  to 
what  he  believed  to  be  popular  sentiment  ? 

§  60.  Paper  No.  29.  Military  Powers  of  the  Presi- 
dent. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19/,  20/i,  20;,  21m,  50,  75, 
82,  85  ;  Guide,  §§  213,  214. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th 
and  5th  eds.),  §§  1199-1215,  1490-1492,  1564,  1799-1801;  J. 
N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  431-436,  441-482,  662- 
668,  703-714;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law,  95,  99-102, 
118-120,  220-224,  599-602;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Constitutional  Law, 
171-174,905-984  ;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  II,  576-597,  643- 
652,  715-718;  C.  F.  Randolph,  Law  and  Policy  of  Annexation, 
106-121  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  11,  44,  48-50, 
55,  56  ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  (ed.  1880)  52,  86- 
90,  100,  137,  287-289,  (ed.  1891)  88-92,  103,  144,  145,  298- 
301,  (ed.  1898)  98-102,  114,  121,  156,  157,  315-317;  J.  W. 
Burgess,  Political  Science,  II,  154-156,  259-262;  B.  A.  Hins- 
dale,  American  Government,  204-209,  298-303;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cylcopcedia,  II,  133,  542-546  ;  J.  D.  Andrews,  American  Latv, 
ch.  xix;  W.  A.  Dunning,  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction;  B. 
R.  Curtis,  Executive  Power,  in  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional 
History,  II,  668-677  ;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  the  Con- 
stitution, I,  226-236. 

ADDITIONAL  HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  W.  Whiting,  War 
Powers  of  the  President ;  W.  Whiting,  Military  Government  of 
Hostile  Territory;  W.  Whiting,  War  Powers  under  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States ;  G-.  B.  Davis,  Military  Law  in  the 
United  States;  S.  F.  Miller,  Constitution,  162-164.  349,  507, 


59,60]  MILITARY  POWERS  189 

624-626  ;  J.  Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies,  136-146,  163, 
167;  W.  Rawle,  View  of  the  Constitution,  109-111,  117,  118, 
151-161;  T.  Walker,  American  Law,  99,  100,  174-178;  F. 
Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  457,  502,  503;  A.  Conkling, 
Powers  of  the  Executive  Department,  80-88. 

CASES.  — Ex  parte  Merryman  (1861)  :  Taney's  Reports,  246  ; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2361.  — Prize  Cases  (1863):  2  Black, 
635;  4  Miller,  876;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2339;  E.  McClain, 
Cases,  515  ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  342.  —Martin  v.  Mott  (1827): 
12  Wheaton,  19;  7  Curtis,  10;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2290; 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  338;  E.  McClain,  Cases,  518.  —  Luther  v. 
Borden  (1848):  7  Howard,  1;  17  Curtis,  1;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  193,  254,  2352,  2391;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  647;  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  595. —Texas  v.  White  (1868):  7  Wallace, 
700;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  302;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  552.— 
Ex  parte  Milligan  (1866):  4  Wallace,  2;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
2376;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  351.  — The  Grapeshot  (1869):  9 
Wallace,  129.  — Fleming  v.  Page  (1849):  9  Howard,  603;  18 
Curtis,  278.—  United  States  v.  Eliason  (1842)  :  16  Peters,  291 ; 
14  Curtis,  304.  —  Mississippi  v.  Johnson  (1866):  4  Wallace, 
475  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  196  ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  652  ;  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  102.— Houston  v.  Moore  (1820) :  5  Wheaton, 
1 ;  4  Curtis,  535.  —The  Protector  (1871)  :  12  Wallace,  700.- 
Crossu  Harrison  (1853):  16  Howard,  164;  21  Curtis,  66.- 
Jecker  v.  Montgomery  (1851)  :  13  Howard,  498  ;  19  Curtis, 
615.  —  Dooley  v.  United  States  (1901):  182  U.  S.,  222.- 
Downesv.  Bidwell  (1901):  182  U.  S.,  244.  —  Diamond  Rings 
Case  (1901). 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  III, 
IV,  especially  III,  181-192,  216-251,' 283-287,  325-360,  364, 
394,  438,  486,  553-558,  IV,  55,  69-76,  157-172,  212-215, 
227-236,  245-255,  416-418;  G.  T.Curtis,  James  Buchanan, 
II,  330-365 ;  J.  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  v- 


190  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

vii ;  J.  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  chs.  vii,  viii ;  J.  Davis, 
Confederate  Government,  I,  263-328;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War, 
I,  558-567;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  103-111  ;  H.  Greeley, 
American  Conflict,  I,  428-458;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between 
the  States,  II,  34-44,  344-355;  Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War  in 
America,  I,  140-148;  J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Con- 
gress, I,  292-300 ;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Evolution  of  the  Constitution, 
158-161;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Growth  of  the  Constitution,  216-218; 
G.  C.  Gorham,  E.  M.  Stanton,  I,  chs.  xiii,  xiv. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Preamble  ;  Art. 
I,  Sect.  1;  Sect.  8,  §§  11,  15;  Sect.  9,  §§  2,  6;  Sect.  10,  §  3; 
Art.  II,  Sect.  1,  §§  1,  7  ;  Sect.  2,  §  1 ;  Sect.  3.  — Lincoln's 
inaugural  message  and  proclamations :  Works,  II,  1-7,  1 1- 
22,  34-36,  239 ;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  12 ;  Annual 
Cyclopaedia  (1861),  600-607;  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong., 
2  sess.  (1861),  1433-1435,  37  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1861),  App.  1-4. 
-  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  V,  626,  VJ,  5,  13,  14,  98,  157, 
170;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  26. — Speech  of  J.  A. 
Bayard  on  executive  usurpation,  in  Congresssional  Globe,  37 
Cong.,  1  sess.  (1861),  App.  12-19.  —Speech  of  M.  S.  Latham, 
in  Congressional  Globe,  37  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1861),  19-22. — 
Statutes  of  July  13  and  22,  1861,  in  Statutes  at  Large,  XII, 
255,  268.  — J.  Buchanan,  Buchanan' s  Administration,  108-134. 
—  J.  S.  Black,  in  Opinions  of  the  Attorneys  General,  IX,  516- 
526.  —  Gen.  Scott's  "  Views,"  in  J.  Buchanan,  Buchanan's  Ad- 
ministration, 99-108.  —  South  Carolina  correspondence,  in 
Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1861),  817-819.— 
Lincoln's  views:  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  12,  18;  A. 
Lincoln,  Works,  II,  32,  33,  55-66.  — D.  Webster,  Works,  III, 
448-505. —J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  262-309. —  Acts  of 
May  2,  1792,  Feb.  28,  1795,  March  3,  1807,  July  29,  1861, 
May  31,  1870,  April  20,  1871,  in  Statutes  at  Large,  I,  264, 
424,  II,  443,  XII,  281-282,  XVI,  140-146,  XVII,  13-15. 


60,61]  RECONSTRUCTION  191 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  May  a  President  carry  on  military 
operations  without  a  declaration  of  war  ?  —  Could  the  President 
have  arrested  and  confined  a  member  of  Congress  during  the 
Civil  War  ?  —  Could  the  President  order  the  confiscation  of 
property  as  a  war  measure?  —  Could  the  President  suspend 
the  operations  of  law  of  a  loyal  State,  on  the  ground  that  it 
was  an  impediment  to  military  operations? 

§  61.  Paper  No.  30.      Reconstruction. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  19/,  2 la,  21  e;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclapcedia,  III,  556. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  W.  A.  Dunning,  Civil  War 
and  Reconstruction ;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Reconstruction  and  the 
Constitution  (in  preparation) ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional 
Law,  §§  on,  13,  80;  J.  Tiffany,  Treatise  in  Government,  316- 
322;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  IT,  ch.  xi;  R.Foster, 
Commentaries,  §  38  ;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §§  291,  311; 
H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Laiv,  260-266  ;  J.  D.  Andrews, 
American  Law,  428,  429  ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law, 
(ed.  1880)  172,  173,  197,  (ed.  1891)  178,  179,  205,  (ed.  1898) 
190,  191,  21(>;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Constitutional  Law,  131,  509, 
747,  948;  G.  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution,  ch.  xlix. 

CASES.  —  Mississippi  v.  Johnson  (1866)  :  4  Wallace,  475  ; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  196;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  652;  E.  Mc- 
Clain,  Cases,  102.  —  White  v.  Hart  (1871):  13  Wallace,  646; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  259.  —Keith  v.  Clark  (1878) :  97  U.  S., 
454.  —Texas  v.  White  (1868):  7  Wallace,  700  ;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  302  ;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Oases,  552.  —  Gunn  v.  Barry  (1872): 
15  Wallace,  610.  —White  v.  Cannon  (1867)  :  6  Wallace,  443. 
—  United  States  v.  Keehler  (1869):  9  Wallace,  83. —Hick- 
man  v.  Jones  (1869):  9  Wallace,  197.  —  Sprott  v.  United 
States  (1874):  20  Wallace,  459. —Williams  v.  Bruffy  (1877): 
96  U.  S.,  176.  — Ketchum  v.  Buckley  (1878):  99  U.  S.,  188. 


192  CONSTITUTIONAL  PAPERS  [§§ 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  W.  A.  Dunning,  Civil  War  and 
Reconstruction ;  C.  E.  Chadsey,  The  Struggle  between  Presi- 
dent Johnson  and  Congress  orer  Reconstruction  ;  E.  G.  Scott, 
Reconstruction  during  Civil  War;  A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon  P.  Chase, 
chs.  xiii,  xiv;  G.  C.  Gorham,  E.  M.  Stanton^  parts  ix,  x;  J. 
S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  250-261 ;  M.  Storey,  Charles 
Sumner,  chs.  xvi,  xviii;  F.  W.  Moore,  Representation  of 
Seceding  States  (American  Historical  Review,  II,  279-293,  461- 
471);  W.  H.  Barnes,  Thirty-Ninth  Congress,  chs.  iii,  vi-xiii, 
xvii-xx,  xxii ;  W.  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  124- 
142;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  III,  540-556;  E.  Stanwood, 
Presidential  Elections,  236-276  ;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sum- 
ner,  III,  ch.  xxi;  J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress, 
II,  3-465 ;  H.  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  III,  603-630. 

SOURCES.  —  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Art.  I,  Sect.  2r 
§§  3,  4;  Sect.  3,  §§  1,  2  ;  Sect.  4,  §  1 ;  Sect.  5,  §§  1,  2;  Sect. 
7,  §  2;  Sect.  10;  Art.  II,  Sect.  2;  Art.  Ill,  Sect.  2;  Art.  IVr 
Sect.  2,  §  1;  Sect.  3,  §  1;  Sect.  4;  Art.  V;  Art.  VI,  §  2;  Art. 
VII;  Amends.  IX;  X;  XIII-XV.  —  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§ 
141-157;  Source-Book,  §§  127-132;  American  History  Leaflets,. 
No.  26. — Lincoln's  proclamation  of  Sept.  22,  1862:  Works, 
II,  239  ;  Annual  Cyclopedia  (1861),  725,  726;  J.  D.  Richard- 
son, Messages,  VI,  96.  —  Proclamation  of  Jan.  1,  1863  :  Works, 
II,  287,  288 ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  VI,  157.  —  Contem- 
porary speeches,  in  A.  Johnston,  American  Orations,  III,  249- 
311.  — Acts  of  April  9,  1866,  July  16,  1866,  March  2,  1867, 
March  23,  1867,  July  19,  1867,  June  22,  1868,  June  25,  1868, 
July  6,  1868,  July  25,  1868,  in  Statutes  at  Large,  XIV,  37, 
173,  428,  XV,  2,  14,  72,  73,  83,  193.  — Johnson's  vetoes: 
Congressional  Globe,  39  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1861),  915,  1679,  3849, 
39  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1867),  1969,  40  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1867),  313, 
741,  40  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1868),  3330,  3484,  4235.  — J.  D.  Rich- 
ardson, Messages,  VI,  398,  405,  422,  498,  531,  536,  648,  650, 
651.  —  E.  McPherson,  Reconstruction,  parts  i,  ii. 


61,62]  AMERICAN  DIPLOMACY  193 

SPECIMEN  QUESTIONS.  —  May  a  State  forfeit  its  privileges  in 
the  Union  while  remaining  a  State  of  the  Union  ?  —  Could  the 
two  Houses  of  Congress  refuse  to  admit  Massachusetts  Senators 
and  Representatives  to  Congress?  —  May  Congress  divide  a 
State  which  is  in  arms  against  the  government  without  its  con- 
sent?—  Could  Congress  have  affixed  as  a  condition  of  the 
entrance  of  Utah  into  the  Union  that  it  ratify  an  amendment 
to  the  Federal  Constitution  prohibiting  polygamy  ? 

§  62.    Materials  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in  History  14. 

Use  freely  the  cross  references  to  the  Handbook,  and  other 
bibliographical  references  at  the  head  of  each  paper  (Hand- 
book, §§  63-92).  A  bibliography  of  American  diplomacy  will 
be  found  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Foundations  of  American  Foreign 
Policy,  ch.  viii  (analysis  at  page  x  of  the  Contents).  This  list 
includes  bibliographical  aids,  secondary  works,  and  sources. 

The  general  works  which  will  be  of  most  service  are  enumer- 
ated in  Foundations,  §§  78A,  78B,  and  in  Handbook,  §§  9,  12, 
3ld.  Many  of  the  biographies  of  diplomats  will  also  be  ser- 
viceable:  see  Foundations,  §  79F;  Guide,  §  32.  Books  on 
special  topics  will  be  found  in  Foundations,  §§  78 A,  78 D. 
Critical  estimates  of  the  value  of  the  principal  secondary  books 
in  American  history  are  printed  in  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of 
American  History,  a  Bibliographical  Guide. 

Many  periodical  articles  are  mentioned  in  the  references  for 
papers  in  diplomacy  (Handbook,  §§  63-92),  and  in  the  list  of 
diplomatic  lectures  (Handbook,  §  20) ;  other  articles  may  be 
reached  through  the  invaluable  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Liter- 
ature (2  vols.),  by  L.  A.  Jones,  which  refers  to  many  sets  not 
strictly  legal  in  character.  Special  essays  and  scattered  dis- 
cussions, if  gathered  into  book  form,  can  be  reached  through 
W.  I.  Fletcher,  u  A.  L.  A."  Index  to  General  Literature 
(2d  ed.)- 
13 


194  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

Diplomatic  sources  are  classified  and  the  principal  collec- 
tions indicated  in  Foundations,  §  79.  Besides  the  list  of 
reports  containing  international  law  cases  in  Foundations, 
§  79(7,  another  list  will  be  found  in  Handbook,  §  31c.  Lists 
of  collections  of  treaties  in  Foundations,  §  79(2;  Handbook, 
§  31c.  Some  of  the  collections  of  sources  in  Handbook,  §  31(7, 
are  also  useful  for  diplomacy.  The  most  important  sources 
are  the  official  publications  of  the  United  States  government, 
classified  and  enumerated  in  Foundations,  §  79Z). 

The  authorities  most  distinctly  available  for  the  papers  in 
diplomacy  will  be  found  in  the  lists  of  Text-books,  Essential 
Reference  Books,  and  Special  Collection  in  Diplomacy  (Hand- 
book, §§  9,  10,  12)  ;  in  the  parallel  readings  and  references 
under  the  lectures  in  Handbook,  §  20 ;  and  in  the  specific 
references  in  Handbook,  §§  63-92.  Many  of  these  books  are 
reserved  in  the  Reading  Room  of  the  Library  under  the  rubric 
"  Diplomatic  History." 

§  63.  Paper  No.  i.  Principles  of  European  Claims 
to  wild  Territory. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  17,  20a,  64,  67;  Guide,  §§ 
82-90  ;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Books  relating  to  Coloniza- 
tion ;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  xvii,  xviii. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus, 
chs.  ix-xvi,  App. ;  J.  Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac,  chs.  i-iii, 
ix-xiii;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  II,  chs.  i-viii,  IV, 
chs.  i-iii,  v,  viii,  ix;  H.  Harrisse,  Diplomatic  History  of  Amer- 
ica ;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism,  Nos.  vi- 
viii;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  ch.  i;  H.  H.  Bancroft, 
Pacific  States,  I,  chs.  ii-iv,  ix,  IV,  chs.  i-vi,  XIII,  ch.  iii, 
XXII,  chs.  v-vii;  W.  Kingsford,  Canada,  I,  chs.  i-vi;  C. 
Gayarre,  Louisiana,  I,  14-40,  57-59. 

TREATISES.  —  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  106- 


62-64]  EUROPEAN  CLAIMS  195 

130;  Lawrence's  Wheaton,  304-308;  R.  Phillimore,  Interna- 
tional Law  (3d  ed.),  I,  324-341,  349-352;  J.  N.  Pomeroy, 
International  Law,  §§  91-103;  T.  A.  Walker,  International 
Law,  158-161 ;  T.  Twiss,  Law  of  Nations,  I,  §§  113-134  ;  T. 
J.  Lawrence,  International  Law,  §§  92-96  ;  H.  S.  Maine,  Inter- 
national Law,  66-71  ;  C.  Calvo,  Droit  International  (4th  ed.), 
I,  23-25,  388-390,  432. 

SOURCES. —  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  17,  18,  34-36,  38;  F. 
Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  6-12. 

§  64.  Paper  No.  2.  Foundations  of  English  Claims 
to  America. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20a,  63,  65;  Guide,  §§  92- 
96  ;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  III,  97-100,  121-126, 
153-168,  184-218,  411-420,  VIII,  65-80. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  C.  F.  Lucas,  Historical  Geogra- 
phy, V,  ch.  i;  J.  R.  Brodhead,  New  York,  I,  4,  10,  11,  92,  96, 
138,  257,  323,  324,  340,  663,  725,  735,  II,  249-251;  J.  Win- 
sor, Mississippi  Basin,  ch.  xv ;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and 
Critical,  III,  chs.  i-iv;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (10- vol.  ed.), 
I,  ch.  iii ;  J.  R.  Seeley,  Expansion  of  England,  lect.  vii ;  J.  A. 
Doyle,  English  in  America,  I,  ch.  iv;  A.  Brown,  Genesis  of  the 
United  States,  I,  1-28;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  chs.  i, 
iii;  Attempts  toward  Colonization  (American  Historical  Review, 
IV,  678-702). 

TREATISES.  —  C.  Calvo,  Droit  International  (4th  ed.),  I,  408- 
416.  See  also  Handbook,  §  63. 

SOURCES.—  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  26,  27,  32,  46-48,  51-54, 
72,  78,  106,  109;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  9;  W.  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Charters,  Nos.  1,  4;  A.  Brown,  Genesis  of  the 
United  States,  I,  88-90,  100,  102,  118-124,  260-264,  II,  609, 
610,  669-675;  "  R.  S.,"  Nova  Britannia  (P.  Force,  Tracts,  I, 
No.  6)  ;  M.  F.  Farnham,  Farnham  Papers,  Nos.  1-50  (Maine 
Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  2d  ser.,  VII). 


196  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

§  65.   Paper  No.  3.     Theory  of  Indian  Land-Holding. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  206,  55,  63,  64;  Guide,  §  80; 
R.  Clarke  &  Co.,  Bibliotheca  Americana,  s.  v.  Indian;  T.  W. 
Field,  Indian  Bibliography  ;  J.  Sabin,  Dictionary  of  American 
Bibliography,  IX,  86;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  I, 
316-328,  VII,  446. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  P.  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History 
of  Virginia,  I,  493-498 ;  G.  E.  Ellis,  Red  Man  and  White 
Man,  chs.  iv,  vi ;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  I,  286, 
296-298,  300;  M.  Egleston,  Land  System,  4-7. 

TREATISES.  —  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  III,  377-400;  J.  Story, 
Commentaries,  I,  §§  3-38,  152-154;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  II, 
§  209;  Dana's  Wheaton,  note  24;  H.  S.  Maine,  International 
Law,  71-75  ;  T.  Twiss,  Law  of  Nations,  I,  §§  135-137;  Law- 
rence's Wheaton,  68-70,  306;  R.  Phillimore,  International 
Law  (3d  ed.),  II,  340,  341,  345-349;  C.  Calvo,  Droit  Interna- 
tional (4th  ed.),  I,  208-210,  VI,  7. 

CASES.  —  Cherokee  Nation  v.  Georgia  (1832):  5  Peters,  1; 
9  Curtis,  178;  P.  Cobbett,  Leading  Cases,  1-3. — Johnson  v* 
Mclntosh  (1828):  8  Wheaton,  543;  5  Curtis,  503;  F.  Snow, 
Cases  and  Opinions,  6-9.  — Elk  v.  Wilkins  (1884)  :  112  U.  S., 
94 ;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  230-233.  —  United  States  v. 
Kagama  (1886)  :  118  U.  S.,  375 ;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions, 
233-241.  —  Cherokee  Nation  v.  Southern  Kansas  Railway  Com- 
pany (1890)  :  135  U.  S.,  641. 

SOURCES.  —  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  40,  45,  60,  64,  92,  123, 
127,  133,  152,  162;  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  3d  ser.,  II, 
270,  V,  35-59,  4th  ser.,  V,  338,  5th  ser.,  IX,  118-120;  Colo- 
nial Laws  of  Massachusetts,  (1660-1672)  160-162,  181,  (1672- 
1686)  74,  75;  Massachusetts  Records,  I,  243,  394,  400,  III, 
281,  IV,  part  i,  102,  part  ii,  282;  W.  W.  Hening,  Statutes  of 
Virginia,  I,  323-326,  456,  467,  II,  138-143  ;  New  York  Colonial 
Documents,  I,  58,  99,  128,  287,  II,  557,  VI,  59,  294,  295,  850, 
851,  865,  962,  VII,  76,  313,  473,  590. 


65-67]  INDIAN  LAND-HOLDING  197 

§  66.    Paper  No.  4.     Execution  of  the  Acts  of  Trade. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —Handbook,  §§  19a,  206,  63;  Guide,  §§ 
133,  134,  146;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  VI,  63-65; 
G.  L.  Beer,  Commercial  Policy  of  England,  159-167  (Columbia 
University,  Studies,  III). 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical, 
VI,  11,  12;  G.  Bancroft,  ETwited  /Sfrates  (author's  final  ed.), 
Ill,  35,  59-62 ;  J.  G.  Palfrey,  Compendious  History  of  New 
England,  III,  148,  178-180,  317,  318,  330,  331,  339,  IV,  297, 
298,  305,  331,  332,  381  ;  W.  Tudor,  James  Otis,  chs.  v,  vi; 
W.  B.  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New  .England, 
I,  238,  II,  556-559  ;  J.  R.  Seeley,  Expansion  of  England,  65- 
70;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  197-199,  498-500;  W.  E. 
H.  Lecky,  England  (Eng.  ed.),  II,  7-11,  III,  299-310. 

TREATISES.  —  W.  J.  Ashley,  Surveys  Historic  and  Economic, 
336-360 ;  G.  L.  Beer,  Commercial  Policy  of  England,  32-34, 
123-143  (Columbia  University,  Studies,  III) ;  E.  L.  Lord,  Indus- 
trial Experiments  in  the  British  Colonies,  124-139 ;  E.  Chan- 
ning,  Navigation  Laws,  12-16. 

SOURCES.  —  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  54,  70,  135,  240,11,  §§ 
45,  46,  49,  131,  146;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  19;  W. 
MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  Nos.  22,  23,  25,  28,  34;  Prince 
Society,  Andros  Tracts,  I,  xx,  41,  II,  57;  Colonial  Laws  of 
Massachusetts  (1672-1686),  258,  289,  290;  North  Carolina 
Colonial  Records,  I,  244-246 ;  New  York  Colonial  Documents, 
III,  44-47,  263,  IV,  303,  461,  462,  V,  58,  59;  T.  Pownall, 
Administration  of  the  Colonies  (4th  ed.),  281-312 ;  Prince 
Society,  Edward  Randolph,  II-V  (see  Indexes,  s.  v.  Acts  of 
Trade). 

§  67.  Paper  No.  5.  Execution  of  the  Spanish  Colonial 
Policy. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,   §§   20a,   65;    Guide,   §  86;   J. 


198  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  II,  331-348,  VIII,  246- 
294,  342-368 ;  H.  C.  Morris,  Colonization,  II,  336-340 ;  A. 
Ireland,  Tropical  Colonization,  257,  258 ;  R.  G.  Thwaites, 
Colonies,  45. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  F.  W.  Blackman,  Spanish  Colo- 
nization in  the  Southwest,  7-14,  48-63  (Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity, Studies,  VIII,  121-128,  162-177)  ;  P.  S.  Reinsch,  Colonial 
Government ;  T.  G.  F.  Raynal,  Historic  des  jfitablissemens  et 
du  Commerce  des  Europeens  dans  les  deux  Indes  (ed.  1781), 
IV,  227-294;  J.  M.  Callahan,  Cuba  and  International  Rela- 
tions, ch.  ii;  B.  Moses,  Spanish  Rale  in  America,  17-26,  293- 
313 ;  P.  P.  Leroy-Beaulieu,  Colonisation  chez  les  Peuples 
Modernes  (3d  ed.),  1-40,  251-273;  E.  J.  Payne,  European 
Colonies,  49-53  ;  J.  H.  Latane",  United  States  and  Spanish 
America,  ch.  i;  A.  Helps,  Spanish  Conquest;  J.  Winsor,  Nar- 
rative and  Critical,  VIII,  chs.  iv,  v ;  H.  Butter  worth,  South 
America,  69-92  ;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (10-vol.  ed.),  I, 
34-68  ;  R.  G.  Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America, 
II,  chs.  viii-x. 

SOURCES.  —  Contemporaries,  I,  §§  23,  29-31,  33,  36,  46,  48, 
II,  §  118,  III,  §  45,  IV,  §§  187,  188;  Annual  Register,  IX, 
2,  18-20,  XV,  10-12,  XXVIII,  35-37,  LII,  223-231,  LVII, 
127.  —  Government  documents  on  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  the 
Philippines:  President's  message  of  April  11,  1898,  House 
Documents,  55  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1898),  LXIV,  No.  405;  consular 
correspondence,  House  Documents,  55  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1898), 
LXIV,  No.  406  ;  Senate  report  on  affairs  in  Cuba,  Senate  Re- 
ports, 55  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1898),  V;  H.  K.  Carroll,  Report  of 
Porto  Rico  ;  Gov.  Allen's  reports  ;  reports  of  Philippine  Com- 
missions, Senate  Documents,  56  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1899),  XLIV— 
XL VI,  56  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1900),  No.  112. 


67-69]  COLONIAL  POLICY  199 

§  68.  Paper  No.  6.     Rule  of  1756. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20c,  73,  76,  85,  87  ;  F.  Snow, 
Cases  and  Opinions,  xxxviii. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  A.  T.  Mahan,  Sea  Power  and 
French  Revolution,  II,  234-239,  242,  266-269,  353-356  ;  W. 
W.  Story,  Joseph  Story,  I,  285-289 ;  J.  Madison,  Examination 
of  the  British  Doctrine  (Writings,  II,  229-391;  1  Wheaton 
Reports,  App.  iii). 

TREATISES.  —  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  §  234; 
R.  Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d  ed.),  Ill,  370-384;  T. 
D.  Woolsey,  International  Law  (6th  ed.),  §§  200,  201; 
C.  Calvo,  Droit  International  (4th  ed.),  I,  49,  IV,  562-566; 
T.  Ortolans,  Diplomatie  de  la  Mer,  II,  book  iii,  ch.  v ; 
A.  G.  Heffter,  Droit  International,  §  165  ;  F.  Snow,  Interna- 
tional Law,  §  64;  T.  A.  Walker,  International  Law,  258-262, 
399,  400  ;  H.  Wheaton,  History  of  the  Law  of  Nations,  217-229  ; 
Lawrence's  Wheaton,  814-819 ;  Dana's  Wheaton,  §  508 ;  H. 
W.  Halleck,  International  Law  (Baker  ed.),  II,  325-339;  J. 
Kent,  Commentaries,  I,  81-85. 

SOURCES.  —  Contemporaries,  III,  §  120;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and 
Opinions,  502-508;  P.  Cobbett,  Leading  Cases,  330-333; 
other  cases  are  titled  in  R.  Phillimore,  International  Law,  III, 
385,  386  ;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  III,  §  388 ;  Annual  Register,  I, 
144-175,  XLVIII,  246-248. 

§  69.  Paper  No.  7.  Territorial  Policy  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  196,  20d,  42,  75;  Guide,  §§ 
150,  161;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  429-432. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  F.  J.  Turner,  Western  State  Mak- 
ing (American  Historical  Review,  I,  70-87,  251-269) ;  C.  E. 
Bond,  County  of  Illinois  (American  Historical  Review,  IV, 
623-635);  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  154- 


200  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§. 

156,  168-183,  II,  98-118;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  III, 
398-400,  527-529;  W.  Kingsford,  Canada,  VI,  499-519;  T. 
Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  II,  chs.  x-xii,  III,  chs.  i-vi ; 
J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  VII,  527-541 ;  J.  Winsor, 
Westward  Movement,  167-169,  185-187,  198-208,  245-247, 
257-267,  280-293 ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  chs.  xi-xvi ; 
Foundations,  §§  42-44  ;  G.  W.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History, 
I,  90-94,  196-208. 

SOURCES.  —  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  42-47  ;  American  History 
Leaflets,  Nos.  22,  32;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xvi; 
Journals  of  Congress,  VI-XII  (see  Index,  s.  v.  Territory, 
Territorial  claims,  West  territory)  ;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress, 

I,  427-447 ;  Cutlers,   Manasseh  Cutler,  I,    152-197,  292-305, 

II,  373-384. 

§  70.  Paper  No.  8.  Breaking  the  Instructions  of  Con- 
gress at  Paris. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20d,  72;  Guide,  §  141;  F. 
Wharton,  Digest,  §  150. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  G.  Pellew,  John  Jay,  chs.  vii, 
viii ;  W.  H.  Trescot,  Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution,  ch.  iv ;  T. 
Lymau,  United  States  Diplomacy  (2d  ed.),  I,  100-106,  118- 
128;  F.  Wharton,  Revolutionary  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  I, 
Introduction,  §§  109-111,  158;  F. Wharton,  Digest,  III,  App.  § 
150;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (final  ed.),  V,  472-474,  525- 
527,  547-553,  562-580;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  III,  413, 
417-420;  J.  Adams,  Works,  I,  340-342,  363-376,  386-396;  H. 
Doniol,  Participation  de  la  France,  V,  chs.  v,  vi;  W.  E.  H. 
Lecky,  England  (Eng.  ed.),  IV,  255-264  ;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative 
and  Critical,  VII,  ch.  ii. 

TREATISES.  —  R.  Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d  ed.),  II, 
255;  C.  Calvo,  Droit  International  (4th  ed.),  Ill,  171,  172; 
W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  347 ;  Lawrence's 
Wlieaton,  443-452;  Dana's  Wheaton,  §§  257-262. 


€9-71]  INSTRUCTIONS   OF   CONGRESS  201 

SOURCES. — F.  Wharton,  Revolutionary  Diplomatic  Corre- 
spondence, IY-VI  (see  Index,  s.  v.  Peace  commissioners)  ;  J.  Jay, 
Correspondence  and  Public  Papers,  II,  345-347,  353,  366-452, 
III,  14-19,  56-64;  J.  Adams,  Works,  III,  299-303,  307-314, 
336,  347,  366,  VII,  150,  151,  627,  653,  VIII,  87-91,  IX,  514- 
517  ;  B.  Franklin,  Works  (Bigelow  ed.),  VIII,  228-234,  239, 
240;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress,  II,  224-228,  339,  340,  445, 
446. 

§  71.  Paper  No.  9.  Navigation  of  the  Mississippi 
and  St.  Lawrence. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §  20e  ;   Guide,  §  153. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — T.  Lyman,  United  States  Diplo- 
macy (2d  ed.)',  I,  221-258;  W.  H.  Trescot,  Diplomatic  History 
of  the  Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams,  43-50,  225- 
267;  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Constitution,  II,  295-298; 
W.  Kingsford,  Canada,  IX,  305,  306 ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning 
of  the  West,  III,  ch.  iii ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History, 
1,  208-220,  671-673. 

TREATISES. — Lawrence's  Wlieaton,  346-362  ;  Dana's  Wlieaton, 
§§  193-205,  note  118;  H.  Wheaton,  History  of  Law  of  Nations, 
498-517;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  32-41  ;  R.  Phillimore, 
International  Law  (3d  ed.),  I,  223-228,  240-247;  J.  N. 
Pomeroy,  International  Law,  §§  131-136;  W.  E.  Hall,  Inter- 
national Law  (4th  ed.),  136-146  ;  T.  J.  Lawrence,  International 
Law,  §  112;  P.  Cobbett,  Leading  Cases,  45,  46;  C.  Calvo, 
Droit  International,  I,  433-435,  447-451. 

SOURCES.  —  J.  Q.  Adams,  Duplicate  Letters ;  F.  Wharton, 
Digest,  I,  §  30  ;  American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  I,  247-263, 
271-274,  438,  439,  533-549,  V,  539-543,  561-563,  571-579, 
VI,  757-777. 


202  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

§  72.    Paper  No.  10.     Policy  of  American  Isolation. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19d,  20e,  70,  79,92;  Guide., 
§§  164,  178. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  T.  Lyman,  United  States  Diplo- 
macy (2d  ed.),  I,  291-312;  W.  H.  Trescot,  Diplomatic  History 
of  the  Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams,  137-146; 
R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  IV,  412-415,  686,  V,  421;  Foun- 
dations, §§1,  6,  8,  12;  T.  Roosevelt,  American  Ideals,  No. 
xii ;  R.  Olney,  International  Isolation  of  the  United  States 
(Atlantic  Monthly,  LXXXI,  577-588)  ;  T.  D.  Woolsey,  Ameri- 
ca's Foreign  Policy,  1-21,  169,  170,  188-191. 

SOURCES.  —  Contemporaries,  III,  92-94  ;  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  4 ;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xviii ;  F. 
Wharton,  Digest,  §  45  ;  G.  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.), 
X,  533-548,  XII,  202-209,  228-233. 


§  73.  Paper  No.  n.  Was  France  Entitled  to  Com- 
plain of  the  Jay  Treaty? 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  IM,  20e,  76;  Guide,  §  162; 
J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  II,  638. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  Arbitrations,  V,  4414-4432;  H. 
Flanders,  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices,  I,  401-414;  R.  Hildreth, 
United  States,  IV,  539-556,  591-616,  V,  73-78;  H.  Von 
Hoist,  United  States,  I,  131-138;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia, 
II,  634-638;  J.  Schouler,  United  States,  I,  308-326;  T. 
Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United  States  (2d  ed.),  I,  177-208; 
W.  H.  Trescot,  Diplomatic  History  of  the  Administrations  of 
Washington  and  Adams,  69-128,  152-168;  W.  Jay,  John  Jay, 
I,  322-342  ;  G.  Pellew,  John  Jay,  ch.  xi ;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James 
Monroe,  (ed.  1885)  57-67,  221-229,  (ed.  1900)  60-70,  252- 
260;  Jay's  Treaty  (Nation,  LXI,  460,  461)  ;  F.  C.  Gray,  Jay's 
Treaty  (North  American  Review,  XVII,  142-180);  W.  C. 


72-74]  ISOLATION   AND  JAY  TREATY  203 

Rives,  James  Madison,   III,   527-534,   545-547,  569-578;  H. 
S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  267-284. 

SOURCES.  —  American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  I,  470-525, 
559-583,  594-598,  711,  712,  730-747  ;  Annals  of  Congress,  4 
Cong.,  1  sess.  (1796),  970-1291;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment, 
I,  702-754;  M.  Carey,  American  Remembrancer;  J.  Monroe, 
View  of  the  Conduct  of  the  Executive;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  § 
150a;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  96,  97;  G.  Washington,  Writ- 
ings (Sparks  ed.),  XI,  483-487,  504-529. 

§  74.   Paper  No.  12.    Allegiance  and  Impressment. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20e,  87;  Guide,  §§  162, 
170-172,  192;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  I,  62,  II,  85;  F.  Snow, 
Cases  and  Opinions,  xxiv;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical, 
VII,  521,  522. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  Arbitrations,  I,  842,  843,  898,  899; 
H.  Adams,  United  States  (see  Index,  s.  v.  Impressment)  ;  R. 
^Hildreth,  United  States,  IV,  442,  540,  563,  627,  V,  73,  268, 
'§34-536,  653-657,  661,  VI,  262,  296,  349-353,  389,  457,  491  ; 
T.  Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United  States  (2d  ed.),  II,  11-17; 
W.  H.  Trescot,  Diplomatic  History  of  the  Administrations  of 
Washington  and  Adams,  88-90,  1-16 ;  G.  Tucker,  United  States, 

I,  520,  II,  87,  88,  209-211,  285,  297;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia, 

II,  79-82. 

TREATISES.  —  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  224, 
225,  257-280 ;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  I,  153-158 ;  Lawrence's 
Wheaton,  210-219;  Dana's  Wheaton,  §§  108,  109,  note  67; 
F.  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  194-197,  238;  T.  A.  Walker, 
International  Law,  123-131;  H.  W.  Halleck,  International 
Law  (Baker  ed.),  II,  300-304 ;  Essay  on  Naturalization  and 
Allegiance  ;  H.  Wheaton,  History  of  the  Law  of  Nations,  585, 
737-749  ;  H.  Wheaton,  Enquiry  into  the  Validity  oj  the  British 
Claim;  W.  B.  Lawrence,  Visitation  and  Search,  1-5,  13-15, 


204  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

123;  T.  Coxe,  Examination  of  the  Conduct  of  Great  Britain, 
43-48. 

CASES.  —  Talbot  v.  Janson  (1795)  :  3  Dallas,  133  ;  1  Curtis, 
128. — M'llvaine  v.  Coxe's  Lessee  (1808):  4  Cranch,  209;  2 
Curtis,  74. — Inglis  v.  Trustees  of  the  Sailor's  Snug  Harbor 
(1830):  3  Peters,  99;  8  Curtis,  305.  — White  v.  Hart  (1871): 
13  Wallace,  646. 

SOURCES.  —  American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  I-III  (see 
Indexes  under  Impressment,  Seamen),  especially  II,  489,  III, 
25,  36-87,  137,  140,  154,  173-176,  348,  574-583,  695-699, 
704,  739,  VI,  368-372;  Annals  of  Congress,  3  Cong.  (1794), 
772-774,  4  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1796),  381-400,  802-820 ;  British 
acts  and  treaties,  in  R.  Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d  ed.), 
I,  653-666  ;  T.  Dwight,  Hartford  Convention,  52-64,  225-228 ; 
F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  171,  173,  202,  331;  F.  Snow,  Cases 
and  Opinions,  213-219;  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  116-119; 
J.  Sparks,  Gouverneur  Morris,  II,  20-23,  III,  276,  280,  281 ; 
T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  Ill,  204-207,  334, 
442-444,  525,  IV,  133,  V,  54,  63,  64,  VI,  427,  467 ;  H.  S* 
Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  476,  III,  298,  380n,  400n  ;  D. 
Webster,  Works,  II,  540,  V,  140-146,  VI,  318-328,  353,  356, 
453-455,  522-528 ;  J.  Adams,  Inadmissible  Principles  of  the 
King  of  England's  Proclamation  (Works,  IX,  312-330). 

§  75.  Paper  No.  13.  Status  of  Territory  Annexed  but 
not  yet  Organized. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19e,  20e,  42,  69  (with  cases), 
82,  91  ;  Guide,  §  168;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Books  on  Porto 
Rico. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Adams,  United  States,  II, 
118-131,  399-401;  F.  X.  Martin,  Louisiana,  cli.  xxvii;  P.  S. 
Reinsch,  Colonial  Government,  part  vii ;  S.  E.  Baldwin,  His- 
toric Policy  of  the  United  States  (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Annual 


74,  75]  STATUS   OF   TERRITORY  205 

Report  for  1893,  369-390);  D.  S.  Jordan,  Imperial  Democracy, 
Nos.  iii,  iv;  W.  Reid,  Problems  of  Expansion /  G.  C.  Lewis, 
Government  of  Dependencies  (Lucas  ed.),  Introduction ;  T. 
Williams,  Ethical  and  Political  Principles  of  Expansion  (Amer. 
Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XVI,  227-242)  ;  Foundations,  chs. 
v,  vi ;  A.  L.  Lowell,  Colonial  Expansion  (Atlantic  Monthly, 
LXXXIII,  145-154). 

TREATISES. — Lawrence's  Wheaton,  55,  56,  99w,  lOOn,  312- 
316,  513n,  514?z,  591-597,  683n,  684n ;  F.  Wharton,  Commen- 
taries, §§  460-465;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §  53; 
J.  H.  Giddings,  Democracy  and  Empire,  chs.  i,  xvi,  xvii;  J. 
N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  490-499;  L.  S.  Rowe, 
Insular  Decisions  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  226-250)  ; 
J.  W.  Burgess,  Government  of  Distant  Territory,  Constitution 
and  Newly  Acquired  Territory  (Political  Science  Quarterly, 
XIV,  1-18,  XV,  381-398)  ;  J.  Lowndes,  Law  of  Annexed  Ter- 
ritory (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XI,  672-693)  ;  E.  Freund, 
Control  of  Dependencies  through  Protectorates  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  XIV,  19-38) ;  R.  D.  Hunt,  Legal  Status  of  Califor- 
nia 1846-1849  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XII,  387-408)  ; 
A.  L.  Lowell,  Status  of  Our  New  Possessions  (Harvard  Law 
Review,  XIII,  155-176);  C.  F.  Randolph,  Notes  on  the  Law 
of  Territorial  Expansion  ;  T.  Farrar,  Manual  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, §§  418-433. 

CASES.  — De  Lima  r.  Bidwell  (1901):  182  U.  S.,  1.  —  Dooley 
v.  United  States  (May,  1901):  182  U.  S.,  222.  — Downes  v. 
Bidwell  (1901)  :  182  U.  S.,  244.  — Diamond  Rings  (Dec.  1901): 
Dooley  v.  United  States  [2d  case]  (Dec.  1901). 

SOURCES.  —  Contemporaries,  III,  113,  114,  IV,  186-191; 
American  History  Leaflets,  No.  32;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Docu- 
ments, ch.  xxiv;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  3-5,  354,  355  ;  A.  H. 
Howe,  Insular  Cases  (House  Documents,  56  Cong.,  2  sess. 
(1901),  No.  509)  (briefs  and  arguments  in  the  Porto  Rican  and 
Philippine  cases). 


206  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

§  76.  Paper  No.  14.  Legal  Objections  to  the  Orders 
in  Council  and  Decrees. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19e,  20e,  73,  74,  85,  86,  88; 
Guide,  §§  170-172;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  VII, 
520,  521. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  Adams,  United  States  (see 
Index,  s.  v.  Decree  and  Order  in  Council)  ;  T.  Lyman,  Diplo- 
macy of  the  United  States  (2d  ed.),  I,  406-422,  II,  23-48  ;  A. 
G.  Stapleton,  George  Canning,  139-153 ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Sea 
Power  and  French  Revolution,  II,  269-292,  313,  351-357; 
Arbitrations,  I,  299-316,  V,  4447-4456. 

TREATISES.  —  T.  A.  Walker,  International  Law,  412-428; 
R.  Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d  ed.),  Ill,  311-313, 
515-521  ;  T.  D.  Woolsey,  International  Law  (6th  ed.),  §  206; 
Lawrence's  Wheaton,  736-769w ;  H.  W.  Halleck  (Baker  ed.), 
International  Law,  II,  325-339 ;  F.  DeCussy,  Phases  et 
Causes  Celebres  du  Droit  Maritime,  II,  276-280. 

SOURCES.  —  American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  III,  29-31, 
203-206,  209-213,  220-220*,  259-291,  384,  405-407,  417-421, 
431-433,  509-512,  609-612;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  359-361, 
388;  Contemporaries,  §§  118,  120-122;  Source-Book,  §  81; 
H.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  365n  ;  T.  C.  Hansard,  Parliamen- 
tary Debates,  X,  314-339,  XXI,  1092-1163,  XXIII,  486-547; 
J.  Stephen,  War  in  Disguise;  G.  Morris,  Answer  to  War  in 
Disguise. 

§  77.  Paper  No.  15.  Fishing  Rights  in  and  about  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §  20e ;  Guide,  §§  141,  172, 
174  ;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  VII,  170,  171,  523- 
525 ;  C.  B.  Elliott,  United  States  and  the  Northeastern  Fish- 
eries, 135-144 ;  C.  Isham,  Fishery  Question,  85-89. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  Arbitrations,   I,   426-430,    703- 


76,  77]  ORDERS  IN  COUNCIL  207 

753  ;  C.  B.  Elliott,  United  States  and  the  Northeastern  Fish- 
eries ;  C.  Isham,  Fishery  Question ;  J.  I.  Doran,  Our  Fishery 
Rights  in  the  North  Atlantic ;  J.  G-.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of 
Congress,  II,  615-637;  J.  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic 
Questions,  451-529  ;  T.  Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United  States 
(2d  ed.),  I,  114-117,  II,  86-101  ;  W.  Kingsford,  Canada,  VII, 
140,  141,  147,  IX,  344,  345;  L.  Sabine,  Report  on  the  Prin- 
cipal Fisheries  of  the  American  Seas,  325-340,  389-489  (House 
Executive  Documents,  32  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1853),  No.  23);  E. 
Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy,  404-420 ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclo- 
pedia, III,  941-944  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  United  States,  IV,  270- 
273,  457-469;  P.  H.  Smith,  Acadia,  313-318;  W.  E.  Curtis, 
United  States  and  Foreign  Powers,  163-168;  H.  Y.  Hind, 
Fraudulent  Records;  H.  Y.  Hind,  Fisheries  Commission 
Frauds  ;  W.  V.  Wells,  Samuel  Adams,  III,  65,  149-152. 

TREATISES.  —  T.  Twiss,  Law  of  Nations,  I,  §§  185,  191  ;  F. 
Snow,  Treatises  and  Topics,  427-470  ;  F.  Snow,  International 
Law,  §  12;  Lawrence's  Wheaton,  312-314,  323-328/1,  462- 
471;  Dana's  Wheaton,  note  142;  T.  J.  Lawrence,  Interna- 
tional Law,  §  111  ;  P.  Cobbett,  Leading  Cases,  350-353,  364- 
368  ;  T.  D.  Woolsey,  International  Law  (6th  ed.),  §  59. 

SOURCES. — Secret  Journals  of  Congress,  II,  148-1 67.  —  Official 
correspondence :  American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  III,  348- 
407,  809-811,  V,  675-696,  735-752  ;  House  Executive  Docu- 
ments, 41  Cong.,  3  sess.  (1870),  I,  407-433  ;  46  Cong.,  2  sess. 
(1880),  XXIV,  No.  84  ;  49  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1885),  I,  460-469  ; 
49  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1886,  1887),  I,  334-527,  XVIII,  No.  19, 
XXIV,  No.  153.  —  Treaties:  Treaties  and  Conventions  (ed. 
1889),  371,  377,  415,  416,  449,  450,  452;  486,  487,  491,  498- 
500 ;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  65,  79-81,  90-92,  98,  99.  - 
Statutes  of  the  United  Kingdom,  59  Geo.  Ill,  ch.  38.— Hali- 
fax Commission,  Documents  and  Proceedings.  —  F.  Wharton, 
Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution  (see  Index,  s.  v. 


208  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

Fisheries);  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  301-308;  J.  D.  Richard- 
son, Messages,  V,  277,  VII,  102-104,  225,  VIII,  449,  500, 
603-607,  620-630,  779,  780;  J.  Adams,  Works,  I,  381-384, 
111,302,  327-339,  345,  X,  131-133,  137,  159-161,  403-405; 
B.  Franklin,  Works  (Bigelow  ed.),  VIII,  122n,  164n,  165n, 
168?i ;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Duplicate  Letters;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs 
(see  Index,  s.  v.  Fisheries)  ;  Contemporaries,  II,  §  217,  III, 
§  128,  IV,  §  173. 

§  78.  Paper  No.  16.  Doctrine  of  Recognition  of  New 
States. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —Handbook,  §§  19/,  20/,  79,  84,  91  ;  Guide, 
§  178. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  H.  Latane,  United  States  and 
Spanish  America,  ch.  ii;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Pacific  States^ 
VIII,  46-53,  XI,  300-303  ;  J.  M.  Callahan,  Cuba  and  Interna- 
tional Relations,  ch.  v ;  T.  Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United 
States  (2d.  ed.),  II,  422-492;  M.  Bernard,  Neutrality  of 
Great  Britain,  122-170;  W.  E.  Curtis,  United  States  and 
Foreign  Powers,  76-78,  85  ;  J.  G.  Blaine,  Twenty  Years  of 
Congress,  I,  571-580,  595-600. 

TREATISES.  —  Lawrence's  Wheaton,  36-51?*;  Dana's  Whea- 
ton,  §§  20-27,  notes  15,  16;  T.  J.  Lawrence,  International 
Law,  §§  57-60;  F.  Snow,  International  Law,  §§  8-10;  A. 
S.  Hershey,  Recognition  of  Cuban  Belligerency,  Intervention 
and  Recognition  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  VII,  450- 
461,  XI,  353-380);  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  International  Law,  264- 
312;  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  87-95;  J.  C. 
Bluntschli,  Droit  International  (2d  ed.),  67-73 ;  C.  Calvo, 
Droit  International  (4th  ed.),  I,  84-98;  A.  W.  Heffter,  Droit 
International,  §  23 ;  T.  D.  Woolsey,  International  Law  (6th 
ed.),  §§  39-41 ;  E.  S.  Creasy,  Platform  of  International  Law, 
677-681;  T.  A.  Walker,  International  Law,  115-118. 


77-79]        RECOGNITION  AND  MONROK   DOCTRINE  209 

CASES.  — Kennett  /•.  Chambers  (1852):  14  Howard,  38;  20 
Curtis,  24. 

SOURCES. —  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  142,  145,  146;  F. 
Wharton,  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution  (see 
Index,  s.  v.  Independence)  ;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  70,  71  ; 
American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  IV,  173-183,  412-418,  818- 
851,  V,  794-797,  VI,  1006-1014;  Monroe's  message  on  recog- 
nition, in  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  II,  116-118;  Jackson's 
message  on  Texas,  in  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  III,  265- 
269 ;  Folk's  message  on  the  French  republic,  in  J.  D.  Richard- 
son, Messages,  IV,  579,  580 ;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs  (see 
Index,  s.  v.  South  America,  South  American  independence) ;  A. 
Gallatin,  Writings,  II,  73,  74,  240,  241  ;  J.  Madison,  Writ- 
ings, III,  267 ;  J.  Mackintosh,  Miscellaneous  Works  (ed. 
1851),  747-768. 

§  79.    Paper  No.  17.     Extent  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19/,  20/,  46,  72,  83,  89; 
Guide,  §  178;  J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical,  VII,  524; 
D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe,  277-294. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe^ 
ch.  vii;  J.  H.  Latane,  United  States' and  Spanish  America, 
266-289 ;  T.  J.  Lawrence,  Essays  on  Disputed  Questions,  89- 
162;  Foundations,  ch.  vii;  M.  D.  de  Beaumarchais,  Doctrine 
de  Monroe  ;  J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy, 
438-478 ;  J.  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions, 
No.  iv;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  237-427;  W.  E.Curtis, 
United  States  and  Foreign  Powers,  93-106;  T.  Lyman, 
Diplomacy  of  the  United  States  (2d  ed.),  II,  467-489;  J.  B. 
McMaster,  With  the  Fathers,  1-54;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Recent 
Pseudo- Monroeism  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XI,  44-67)  ; 
T.  Roosevelt,  American  Ideals,  No.  xi ;  J.  B.  Moore,  Monroe 
Doctrine  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XI,  1-29) ;  H.  Petin, 
14 


210  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

jfitats-  Unis  et  la  Doctrine  de  Monroe  ;  W.  F.  Reddaway,  Mon- 
roe Doctrine;  G.  F.  Tucker,  Monroe  Doctrine. 

TREATISES.  —  Lawrence's  Wheaton,  124?i,  155-159;  Dana's 
Wheaton,  note  36 ;  T.  A,  Walker,  International  Law,  137- 
150;  C.  Calvo,  Droit  International  (4th  ed.),  I,  285-300, 
337-350. 

SOURCES.  — Official  correspondence  :  American  State  Papers, 
Foreign,  V,  834-897,  900-905/907-910,  916-919,  VI,  364- 
366,  579,  580,  582,  583;  Senate  Executive  Documents,  46 
Cong.,  2  sess.  (1880),  No.  112;  47  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1882),  No. 
194;  4«  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1883),  No.  26  (reprint  of  last  three 
documents,  in  United  States,  Department  of  State,  Correspond- 
ence relative  to  the  Canal,  Clayton-Bidwer  Treaty,  and  the 
Monroe  Doctrine).  —  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  II,  217- 
219,  IV,  212,  398,  539,  540,  581-583,  VII,  61-63,  99-101, 
129,  IX,  632,  655-658;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  VI,  163,  177- 
215;  R.  Rush,  Residence  at  the  Court  of  London,  especially 
chs.  xx-xxiv;  G.  Canning,  in  R.  Phillimore,  International 
Law  (3d  ed.),  II,  545-559,  III,  886-896;  F.  Wharton, 
Digest,  I,  §§  57-68;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  4;  Con- 
temporaries, III,  §§  143-150;  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents, 
ch.  xx. 

§  80.  Paper  No.  18.  Application  of  a  Personal  Status 
in  a  Foreign  Country. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §  20^. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  Arbitrations,  III,  2449-3424. 

TREATISES. — Lawrence's  Wheaton,  ~L73n-177n,  5QSn,  917- 
930;  R.  Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d  ed.),  I,  443-459, 
II,  3-7;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  International  Law,  §§  204-214; 
W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  §§  62,  71-74,  87; 
J.  C.  Bluntschli,  Droit  International  (2d  ed),  221-234;  F. 
Snow,  International  Law,  §§  15,  24;  J.  B.  Moore,  Extrater- 
ritorial Crime  and  the  Cutting  Case,. 


79-82]  PERSONAL  STATUS  211 

SOURCES. — F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  172-174,  225- 
229.  —  Cutting  case:  House  Executive  Documents,  49  Cong., 
1  sess.  (1886),  XXXV,  No.  371 ;  Case  of  the  American  A.  A". 
Cutting. 

§  81.  Paper  No.  19.  Responsibility  of  a  Government 
for  not  carrying  out  a  Treaty. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §  209. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  Arbitrations,  V,  4457-4485  ;  W. 
G.  Simmer,  Andrew  Jackson,  (ed.  1890)  170,  171,  295,  343- 
348,  (ed.  1900)  216-218,  344,  402-408;  M.  Bernard,  Lectures 
on  Diplomacy,  163-205. 

TREATISES.  —  E.  W.  Huffcut,  International  Liability  for 
Mob  Injuries  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  II,  69-84)  ;  J. 
Bryce,  Legal  and  Constitutional  Aspects  of  the  Lynching  at 
New  Orleans  (New  Review,  IV,  385-397)  ;  F.  Snow,  Interna- 
tional Law,  §§  22,  31 ;  C.  Calvo,  Droit  International  (3d 
ed.),  Ill,  142-156,  388-393;  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law, 
345-349 ;  Lawrences  Wheaton,  455-460 ;  H.  W.  Halleck, 
International  Law  (Baker  ed.),  I,  231-234,  237-242;  J.  W. 
Burgess,  Federal  Government  and  International  Responsi- 
bility (Political  Science  Quarterly,  VI,  338-346). 

CASES.  —  Foster  v.  Neilson  (1829):  2  Peters,  253,  314;  8 
Curtis,  108,  121.  — Head  Money  Cases  (1884):  112  U.  S., 
580,  597.  —  Geofroy  v.  Riggs  (1890)  :  133  U.  S.,  258. 

SOURCES.  —  Official  correspondence  on  New  Orleans  mobs : 
Senate  Executive  Documents,  32  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1851),  I,  pp. 
60-66,  IX,  No.  86  ;  House  Executive  Documents,  52  Cong., 
1  sess.  (1891),  I,  658-728.  — F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  67,  148c, 
318 ;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  181-183. 

§  82.  Paper  No.  20.  Government  of  Military  Con- 
quests, previous  to  Cession. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,   §§   19#,  20#,   42,  69,   91  ;    F. 


212  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  xxxv;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of 
Books  on  Cuba  ;  A.  S.  Taylor,  JBibliographia  Calif ornica. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Histor- 
ical Criticism,  No.  ix ;  T.  H.  Hittell,  California,  II,  458- 
468,  573-637,  655-672 ;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Pacific  States,  VIII, 
448,  529,  530,  XVII,  chs.  ix-xvii. 

TREATISES.  —  R.  D.  Hunt,  Legal  Status  of  California, 
1846-1849  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XII,  387-408) ;  C. 
Becker,  Acquisition  and  Government  of  Dependent  Territory 
(Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XVI,  404-420)  ;  E.  Freund, 
Control  of  Dependencies  through  Protectorates  (Political 
Science  Quarterly,  XIV,  19-38)  ;  C.  Calvo,  Droit  Interna- 
tional (4th  ed.),  IV,  212-235,  387-395;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries, 
I,  93n . ;  Lawrence's  Wheaton,  682-685^;  Dana's  Wheaton^ 
note  169  •,  H.  W.  Halleck,  International  Law  (Baker  ed.),  II, 
444_460,  493-507;  R.  Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d 
ed.),  Ill,  812-816;  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.), 
481-504,  587-595. 

CASES. — F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  364-380. — United 
States  v.  Rice  (1819):  4  Wheaton,  246;  4  Curtis,  391.— 
Fleming  v.  Page  (1849):  9  Howard,  603;  18  Curtis,  278.  — 
Jecker  v.  Montgomery  (1851):  13  Howard,  498;  19  Curtis, 
615. —New  Orleans  v.  Steamship  Co.  (1874):  20  Wallace, 
387.  —  Mechanics  Bank  v.  Union  Bank  (1874):  22  Wallace, 
276.  —  Harrison  v.  Myer  (1875):  92  U.  S.,  111. —  Gates  v. 
Goodloe  (1879):  101  U.  S.,  612. 

SOURCES.  —  Military  government  of  Mexico  :  House  Execu- 
tive Documents,  29  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1846),  No.  19;  30  Cong., 
2  sess.  (1849),  No.  47.  —  Military  government  of  California : 
W.  Colton,  Three  Years  in  California,  17,  47,  55,  65;  W.  T. 
Sherman,  Memoirs,  I,  30,  31,  36,  37,  40,  41.  — F.  Wharton, 
Digest,  §§  3,  4,  354,  355. 


82-84]       MOSQUITO   QUESTION  AND  FILIBUSTERS          213 

§  83.  Paper  No.   21.     The  Mosquito  Question. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20^,  80,  89;  I.  D.Travis, 
British  Rule  in  Central  America,  34-36  ;  I.  D.  Travis, 
Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty,  309-312  ;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Mon- 
roe, 285,  286. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  L.  M.  Keasbey,  Nicaragua  Canal 
and  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  chs.  viii-xii  ;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Pacific 
States,  III,  ch.  xii;  P.  Cobbett,  Leading  Cases,  353,  354;  F. 
Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  326-347  ;  I.  D.  Travis,  Clayton- 
Bulwer  Treaty  ;  J.  C.  Rodrigues,  Panama  Canal,  26-37, 
173-232  ;  I.  D.  Travis,  British  Rule  in  Central  America  ; 
J.  Schouler,  United  States,  V,  174-177,  310-312,  339-342, 
365,  454  ;  J.  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions, 
159-167;  C.  P.  Lucas,  Historical  Geography  of  the  British 
Colonies,  II,  ch.  ix  ;  T.  J.  Lawrence,  Essays  on  Disputed 
Questions,  No.  iii  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan,  I,  ch.  xxii, 
II,  ch.  v. 

TREATISES.  —  Lawrence's    Wheaton,    70n,    l\n,    369,    370, 


SOURCES.  —  Official  correspondence  :  Senate  Executive  Docu- 
ments, 31  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1851),  No.  43;  32  Cong.,  2  sess. 
(1853),  Nos.  12,  27;  House  Executive  Documents,  31  Cong., 
1  sess.  (1850),  No.  75;  Parliamentary  Papers,  (1856)  LX, 
[2052],  [2107];  (1860)  LXVIII,  [2748]  ;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§ 
145,  146,  150/;  287-297.  —  G.  Henderson,  British  Honduras,- 
E.  G.  Squier,  Nicaragua,  II,  250-302,  412-452;  P.  F.  Stout, 
Nicaragua,  chs.  xvii-xxvii. 

§  84.    Paper  No.  22.     Responsibility  for  Filibusters. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —Handbook,  §§  29^,  91;    Guide,  §  199. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  II,  184; 
J.  M.  Callahan,  Cuba  and  International  Relations,  chs.  vii-ix; 
J.  H.  Latane,  United  States  and  Spanish  America,  107-113, 
148;  Dupuy  de  Lome,  in  C.  Carlisle,  Laws  of  Neutrality,  I. 


214  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

TREATISES.  —  Lawrence's  Wheaton,  728-733  ;  T.  A.  Walker, 
International  Law,  438-457 ;  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law 
(4th  ed.),  613-616,  627,  628;  H.  W.  Halleck,  International 
Law  (Baker  ed.),  II,  199-204  (with  the  notes). 

SOURCES.  —  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  60,  395a,  402  ;  F.  Snow, 
Cases  and  Opinions,  402-420,  443-459 ;  C.  Carlisle,  Laws  of 
Neutrality  (documents  and  cases). 

§  85.  Paper  No.  23.  Effect  of  Lincoln's  Blockade 
Proclamations. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19J,  207*;    Guide,  §  212. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and 
Cruisers,  chs.  ii-vi;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  IV, 
ch.  xv ;  M.  Bernard,  Neutrality  of  Great  Britain,  79,  80,  90, 
91,  226-246;  J.  W.Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy \ 
366,  367;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  III,  417-421w. 

TREATISES.  —  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  39- 
42,  718-725;  T.  D.  Woolsey,  International  Law  (6th  ed.), 
§§  202-206;  F.  Snow,  International  Law,  §§  62,  63;  Law- 
rence's Wheaton,  819-850^;  Dana's  Wlieaton,  notes  233, 
235;  T.  A.  Walker,  International  Law,  460,  516-52G;  F. 
Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  233-235  ;  T.  J.  Lawrence,  Inter- 
national Law,  §  270;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  I,  143-153;  J. 
P.  Deane,  Law  of  Blockade ;  C.  Calvo,  Droit  International 
(4th  ed.);  V,  145-147;  W.  DeBurgh,  Maritime  International 
Law,  ch.  vii. 

CASES. — F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  490-502. — Prize 
Cases  (1863):  2  Black,  635;  4  Miller,  876;  Lawrence's 
Wheaton,  Suppl.,  13-33;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions, 
254-259. 

SOURCES.  —  Lincoln's  blockade  proclamations  :  J.  D.  Rich- 
ardson, Messages,  VI,  14,  15  ;  A.  Lincoln,  Works,  II,  35, 
38.—  American  Annual  Cyclopaedia,  (1861)  70-72,  (1862) 


84-86]  CONTINUOUS    VOYAGES  215 

193-197,  (1863)  765-769;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  69,  359- 
365  ;  F.  B.  Butts,  A  Cruise  along  the  blockade  •  T.  E.  Taylor, 
Running  the  Blockade  ;  W.  Watson,  Adventures  of  a  blockade- 
runner  •  J.  Wilkinson,  Narrative  of  a  Blockade-runner  ;  Con- 
temporaries, IV,  §  116. 

§  86.    Paper  No.  24.    Doctrine  of  Continuous  Voyages. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20A,  68,  176;  Guide,  §§ 
170,  212  ;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  xxxix. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — Arbitrations,  I,  694,  695,  V, 
3928-3935;  M.  Bernard,  Neutrality  of  Great  Britain,  299- 
319  ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Sea  Power  and  French  Revolution,  II, 
268,  269  ;  J.  M.  Callahan,  Diplomatic  History  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy,  171-176;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  V,  562- 
565,  657,  658 ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  United  States,  III,  222-228 ; 
T.  Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United  States  (2d  ed.),  II,  5-9; 
H.  Adams,  United  States,  II,  327-329,  III,  44,  45,  50-53, 
409-411  ;  F.  Bancroft,  W.  H.  Seward,  II,  376-380. 

TREATISES. — T.  J.  Lawrence,  International  Law,  §  276; 
G.  Gessner,  Reforme  du  Droit  Maritime  de  la  Guerre  (Revue 
de  Droit  International,  VII,  236-255)  ;  Principes  appliques 
dans  V Affaire  du  Springbok  (Revue  de  Droit  International, 
XIV,  328-331)  ;  R  Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d  ed.), 
Ill,  382-384;  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  694?i, 
695« ;  T.  D.  Woolsey,  International  Law  (6th  ed.),  §  207 ; 
J.  C.  Bluntschli,  Droit  International  (2d  ed.),  468?i ;  C. 
Calvo,  Droit  International  (4th  ed.),  V,  43-50 ;  Lawrence's 
Wheaton,  llln-HSn,  8Wn,  8l7n,  960-976;  Dana's  Wheaton, 
note  231;  F.  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §  233;  T.  A.  Walker, 
International  Law,  512-516,  525 ;  F.  Snow,  International 
Law,  §  65  ;  H.  W.  Halleck,  International  Law  (Baker  ed.), 
II,  336-339;  R.  Kleen,  Contrabande  de  Guerre,  30-37;  H. 
Glass,  Marine  International  Law,  95-97 ;  T.  Twiss,  Doctrine 


216  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

of  Continuous  Voyages;  T.  E.  Holland,  Manual  of  Naval 
Prize,  15,  22,  38>z ;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  85?i;  L.  Gessner, 
Condemnation  of  the  Cargo  of  the  Springbok;  T.  Twiss, 
Belligerent  Rig /Us  on  tlie  High  Seas,  18-32. 

CASES. —The  Essex  (1805):  5  C.  Robinson,  369;  P.  Cob- 
bett,  Leading  Cases,  334. — The  William  (1806)  :  5  C.  Rob- 
inson, 385 ;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions^  505-509 ;  P. 
Cobbett,  Leading  Cases,  333,  334.  —  Jecker  v.  Montgomery 
(1855):  18  Howard,  114;  1  Miller,  94.  —  The  Stephen  Hart 
(1863)  :  Blatchford's  Prize  Cases,  387  ;  F.  Snow,  Cases  and 
Opinions,  509-514;  P.  Cobbett,  Leading  Cases,  335,336.— 
The  Bermuda  (1865)  :  3  Wallace,  514.  —  The  Springbok  (1866)  : 
5  Wallace,  1;  P.  Cobbett,  Leading  Cases,  337.  —  The  Peter- 
hoff  (1866):  5  Wallace,  28;  P.  Cobbett,  Leading  Cases,  338, 
339. 

SOURCES.  —  Seizure  of  the  Peterhoff ';  Papers  relating  to 
the  Illegal  Seizure  of  the  Springbok  ;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§ 
362,  375,  388;  J.  Madison,  Writings,  II,  213,  214,  229,  391; 
American  Annual  Cyclopaedia  (1863),  765-769.  —  Official  cor- 
respondence: Parliamentary  Papers,  1863,  LXXII,  [3119], 
pp.  280-293,  [3183],  [3195];  House  Executive  Documents,  37 
Cong.,  1  sess.  (1862),  I,  293-306,  381  ;  38  Cong.,  1  sess. 
(1863),  I,  536,  539-557. 

§  87.    Paper  No.  25.     Right  of  Expatriation. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20^,  74 ;  F.  Snow,  Cases 
and  Opinions,  xxiv. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  II,  959- 
963;  Arbitrations,  III,  2560-2583. 

TREATISES. — C.  Calvo,  Droit  International  (4th  ed.),  II, 
38-41,  58,  64-68,  71-73,  115,  116,  126;  Lawrence's  Wheaton, 
160n,  891-930;  Dana's  Wheatoti,  notes  49,  78;  G.  H.  Yea- 
mau,  Allegiance  and  Citizenship;  P.  Webster,  Law  of  Citi- 


86,87]  RIGHT  OF  EXPATRIATION  217 

zenship  ;  J.  T.  Morse,  Expatriation  and  Naturalization  (North 
American  Review,  CVI,  612-629);  J.  Kent,  Commentaries, 
II,  43-50;  Alexander  Cockburn,  Nationality ;  C.  P.  Daly, 
Naturalization ;  T.  A.  Walker,  International  Law,  I,  350- 
360 ;  Tucker's  Blackstone,  I,  96  ;  W.  E.  Hall,  International 
Law  (4tb  ed.),  239-255;  F.  Wharton,  Conflict  of  Laws,  §§ 
2-4,  40;  R.  Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d  ed.)?  I>  452, 
453,  446-453,  IV,  29,  30,  274-279. 

CASES.  —  ^Eneas  Macdonald's  Case  (1745)  :  18  Howell,  State 
Trials,  857.  — Talbot  v.  Janson  (1795)  :  3  Dallas,  133;  1  Cur- 
tis, 128.  — Isaac  William's  Case  (1799):  F.  Wharton,  State 
Trials,  652-658.  —  Murray  v.  Schooner  Charming  Betsy 
(1804)  :  2  Cranch,  64;  1  Curtis,  450.  —The  Santissima  Trini- 
dad (1822):  7  Wheaton,  283,  347;  5  Curtis,  268,  278.— 
Inglis  v.  Trustees  of  the  Sailor's  Snug  Harbor  (1830)  :  3  Peters, 
99,  125;  8  Curtis,  305,  317.  — Shanks  v.  Dupont  (1830):  3 
Peters,  242;  8  Curtis,  395.  —  Minor  v.  Happersett  (1874):  21 
Wallace,  162. 

SOURCES. —F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  171,  172;  F.  Snow, 
Cases  and  Opinions,  213-219  ;  Essay  on  Naturalization  and 
Allegiance ;  D.  Webster,  Works,  VI,  454 ;  T.  Jefferson,  Writ- 
ings (Washington  ed.),  73;  J.  Adams,  Works,  IX,  313,  314, 
321,  X,  282. —  Opinions  of  the  Attorneys  General,  VIII, 
157,  IX,  62-64,  356-363,  XII,  319-326,  XIV,  154-157,  295- 
301.  —  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  the  Laws  of 
Naturalization  and  Allegiance  {Parliamentary  Papers,  1868- 
69,  XXV,  [4109]). —Official  correspondence:  Tousig  Case, 
House  Executive  Documents,  33  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1854),  VIII, 
No.  41 ;  Koszta  Case,  House  Executive  Documents,  33  Cong., 
1  sess.  (1854),  XI,  No.  91;  compulsory  military  service, 
Senate  Executive  Documents,  36  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1860),  XI, 
No.  38. — Naturalization  treaties:  Treaties  and  Conventions 
(ed.  1889),  37,  38,  43,  49,  66-68,  563-565,  790,  791;  F. 


218  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

Snow,    Treaties   and  Topics,  230-234;    F.  Wharton,   Conflict 
of  Laws,  §  4/i. 

§  88.    Paper  No.  26.     Consequential  Damages. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20i,  76;  Guide,  §  212; 
Arbitrations,  I,  ch.  xiv,  notes,  IV,  ch.  Ixv,  notes. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  Arbitrations,  I,  555-560,  623- 
628,  IV,  4057-4178;  C.  Gushing,  Treaty  of  Washington,  ch. 
ii;  C.  F.  Adams,  Charles  Francis  Adams,  307-315,  357,  380- 
397;  C.  C.  Beaman,  National  and  Private  Alabama  Claims; 
G.  Bemis,  Precedents  of  American  Neutrality ;  M.  Bernard, 
Neutrality  of  Great  Britain,  151-170,  331-439,  480-496;  J. 
G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Tears  of  Congress,  II,  ch.  xx;  J.  W. 
Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  384-387,  422-428. 

TREATISES.  —  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  §§ 
217,  221-225;  H.  W.  Halleck,  International  Law  (Baker  ed.), 
II,  183-195;  T.  A.  Walker,  International  Law,  459-502;  R. 
Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d  ed.),  Ill,  250-282;  Dana's 
Wheaton,  425,  428,  435-439,  note  215 ;  F.  Snow,  Interna- 
tional Law,  §§  58-60 ;  T.  D.  Woolsey,  International  Law, 
§§  163-170;  J.  C.  Bluntschli,  Opinion  impartiale  sur  la  Ques- 
tion de  V Alabama  (JKevue  de  Droit  International,  II,  452- 
485)  ;  T.  J.  Lawrence,  International  Law,  §§  258-263. 

SOURCES. — Official  correspondence :  Foreign  Relations  (1863), 
part  i,  pp.  4-9,  32-47,  59-79,  89-93,  157-160,  183,  256,  306- 
308,356-364,379-381,392-396;  (1865)  part  i,  pp.  311,  316-320, 
335,  395-397,  554-561,  576-610,  631-650,  660,  668-670;  (1866) 
part  i,  pp.  59,  68,  74,  89  ;  (1867)  part  i,  pp.  36,  41-43,  75,  123, 
191-193,  209-211;  (1868)  part  i,  pp.  159-173  (same  documents 
in  House  Executive  Documents,  No.  1,  of  the  sessions  of  Con- 
gress covered  by  these  years) ;  W.  H.  Seward,  Works  (Baker 
ed.),  V,  408-410,  446-470,  475,  476.  —  Geneva  arbitration: 
House  Executive  Documents,  42  Cong.,  3  sess.  (1873),  I,  parts 


87-89]  CONSEQUENTIAL  DAMAGES  219 

ii-v.  — F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §§  227,  396-402&,  405;  F.  Snow, 
Cases  and  Opinions,  402-461 ;  Treaties  and  Conventions  (ed. 
1889),  413-430.  —  J.  Bigelow,  France  and  the  Confederate 
Navy  ;  J.  D.  Bulloch,  Secret  Service  of  the  Confederate  States, 
I,  chs.  ii,  v;  R.  Semmes,  Service  Afloat;  A.  Sinclair,  Two 
Years  in  the  Alabama  •  J.  C.  B.  Davis,  Mr.  Fish  and  the 
Alabama  Claims.  —  American  Annual  Cyclopaedia,  (1862) 
380-384,  (1863)  340-350,  (1867)  267-272,  (1868)  215-217, 
(1870)  227,  228,  (1871)  253-263,  (1872)  239-263;  Annual 
Register  (1872),  part  i,  88-118. 

§  89.    Paper  No.  27.   Questions  of  the  Isthmus  Canal. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  2Q/,  72,  78,  83;  D.  C.  Gil- 
man,  James  Monroe,  285,  286,  289-291  ;  Brookings  and  Ring- 
wait,  Brief s  for  Debate,  No.  xxv.  . 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  H.  Latane,  United  States  and 
Spanish  America,  ch.  iv ;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics, 
326-347;  I.  D.  Travis,  Clayton- Bulwer  Treaty;  J.  C.  Ro- 
digues,  Panama  Canal;  A.  T.  Mali  an,  Interest  of  America  in 
Sea  Power,  No.  iii;  L.  M.  Keasbey,  Nicaragua  Canal  and 
the  Monroe  Doctrine  ;  E.  R.  Johnson,  Nicaragua  Canal  and 
Economic  Development  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  VII, 
38_43)  |  J.  w.  Miller,  Advantages  of  the  Nicaragua  Route 
(Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  VII,  32-37)  ;  J.  A.  Fairlie, 
Economic  Effects  of  Ship  Canals  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci., 
Annals,  XI,  54-78) ;  L.  M.  Keasbey,  Clay  ton- Bulwer  Treaty 
(Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XIV,  285-309)  ;  P.  C.  Hains, 
Canal  from  a  Military  Point  of  View  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci., 
Annals,  XVII,  397-408);  W.  B.  Munro,  Neutralization  of  the 
Suez  Canal  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XVII,  409-430)  ; 
T.  J.  Lawrence,  JZssays  on  Disputed  Questions,  Nos.  ii,  iii ; 
M.  M.  de  Peralta,  El  Canal  Interoceanico  ;  J.  B.  Henderson, 
American  Diplomatic  Questions,  ch.  iv. 


220  DIPLOMATIC  PAPERS  [§§ 

TREATISES.  —  R.  Phillimore,  International  Law  (3d  ed.),  I, 
304-311 ;  C.  Calvo,  Droit  International  (4th  ed.),  I,  507-516; 
W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  §§  107-109,  111. 

SOURCES.  —  Report  of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  :  Senate 
Documents,  57  Cong.,  1  sess.  (1901),  No.  54.  —  J.  D.  Rich- 
ardson, Messages,  VII,  610,  611,  VIII,  327,  328.  —American 
Annual  Cyclopcedia,  New  Series  (see  the  General  Index) ;  F. 
Wharton,  Digest,  §§  287-297;  Ayon,  Consider aciones  sobre 
la  Cuestion  de  Limites  Territorial  entre  las  Republicas  de 
Nicaragua  y  Costa  Rica. 

§  90.    Paper  No.  28.     Control  of  Seal  Catching. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  20;,  77;  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  6;  F.  Wharton,  Digest,  §  309. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. —  S.  B.  Stanton,  Beliring  Sea  Dis- 
pute, ch.  vi;  S.  B.  Stanton,  Behring  Sea  Controversy  ;  Arbitra- 
tions, I,  755-960,  III,  2123-2131,  V,  4759-4767,  5067;  J. 
Stanley-Brown,  Bering  Sea  Controversy  from  an  Economic 
Standpoint  (Yale  Review,  II,  196-210);  J.  B.  Henderson, 
American  Diplomatic  Questions,  3-29,  513-525  ;  P.  Cobbett, 
Leading  Cases,  359-363 ;  E.  J.  Phelps,  Behring  Sea  Contro- 
versy (Harper's  Magazine,  LXXXII,  766-774). 

TREATISES.  —  C.  Calvo,  Droit  International  (4th  ed.),  I,  471, 
489,  VI,  370-446 ;  T.  J.  Lawrence,  International  Law,  §  106  ; 
W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  146-166,  267rc ; 
Dana's  Wheaton,  §§  168-171 ;  T.  D.  Woolsey,  International 
Law  (6th  ed.),  §§  59,  60;  F.  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics, 
471-509;  T.  A.Walker,  International  Law,  175-204;  T.  B. 
Browning,  Behring  Sea  Controversy  (Law  Quarterly  Review, 
VII,  128);  G.  H.  Knott,  Arbitration  of  Behring  Sea  Contro- 
versy (American  Law  Review,  XXVII,  684). 

SOURCES.  —  Official  correspondence,  1886-1896 :  British 
and  Foreign  State  Papers,  LXXIX,  1240-1306,  LXXXI, 


89-91]  CONTROL    OF  SEAL    CATCHING  221 

1072-1091,  LXXXIII,  306-357,  LXXXIV,  453-590,  LXXXV, 
1158-1169,  LXXXVI,  1312-1320,  LXXXVII,  1119-1165, 
LXXXVIII,  8-13,  LXXXIX,  776-957  (the  same  documents 
are  in  Foreign  Relations,  and  in  House  Executive  Documents, 
No.  1,  of  the  several  sessions  of  Congress  covered  by  these 
years.  See  the  Indexes,  s.  v.  Bering  Sea).  —  Bering  Sea  arbi- 
tration: Senate  Executive  Documents,  53  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1894), 
VII,  No.  177.  —  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages,  IX,  14,  110, 
146,  313,  394,  494-498,  583,  630,  631,  691-693.  —  American 
History  Leaflets,  No.  6;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §  178;  F. 
Snow,  Cases  and  Opinions,  184-194,  521-528;  F.  Wharton, 
Digest,  §§  7,  8,  32,  159,  309 ;  Annual  Register  (1892),  part  i, 
346-348;  American  Annual  Cyclopaedia,  (1891)  834-836, 
(1893)  79-86. 

§  91.    Paper  No.  29.     Protectorate  of  Cuba. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20/,  67,  72,  78,79,  82;  A. 
P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Books  on  Cuba. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  H.  Latane,  United  States  and 
Spanish  America,  ch.  iii;  J.  M.  Callahan,  Cuba  and  Interna- 
tional Relations,  ch.  xiv;  T.  S.  Woolsey,  America's  Foreign 
Policy,  7-111. 

TREATISES.  —  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  130- 
136;  T.  Twiss,  Law  of  Nations,  §§  26,30;  C.  Calvo,  Droit 
International  (4th  ed.),  I,  203,  204,  363,  364;  C.  Carlisle, 
Laws  of  Neutrality,  I,  II. 

SOURCES.  —  Treaty  of  peace  with  Spain,  and  documents : 
Senate  Documents,  55  Cong.,  3  sess.  (1899),  No.  62,  part  i.  — 
Reports  of  Governors  of  Cuba :  House  Documents,  56  Cong., 
1  sess.  (1899),  VII;  2  sess.  (1900).  —  Contemporaries,  IV, 
§§  180-184;  Source-Book,  §§  140-144;  American  Annual 
Cyclopaedia  (1899),  236-238 ;  International  Tear  Book  (1900), 
279,  280. 


222  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

§  92.   Paper  No.  30.     The  Policy  of  the  Open  Door. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  20;,  66,  78;  A.  P.  C.  Grif- 
fin, List  of  Books  on  Colonization,  115-131. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Strong,  Expansion;  C.  A. 
Conant,  United  States  in  the  Orient ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Problem 
of  Asia,  Nos.  i,  ii;  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  Foreign  Policy  of  the  United  States  ;  J.  M.  Callahan, 
American  Relations  in  the  Pacific  and  the  Far  East,  72-113, 
155-164;  W.  E.  Griffis,  America  in  the  Fast,  58-91,  211-225; 
P.  S.  Reinsch,  World  Politics  ;  I.  Nitobe,  Intercourse  between 
the  United  States  and  Japan,  eh.  iii. 

SOURCES.  —  Official  correspondence :  Foreign  Relations,  1899- 
1900  (see  Indexes,  under  China)  ;  Contemporaries,  IV,  §  193. 
—  Annual  messages  of  the  Presidents,  1900,  1901. — American 
Annual  Cyclopaedia  (1900),  94 ;  International  Year  Book 
(1900),  899. 

§  93.  Materials  for  the  Weekly  Papers  in  Govern- 
ment 12. 

The  bibliography  of  American  government  has  not  yet  been 
worked  into  convenient  form :  a  few  aids  are  listed  in  Hand- 
book, §  13.  Titles  of  the  books  most  suitable  for  Government 
12  are  printed  in  the  lists  of  Text-books,  Essential  Reference 
Books,  and  Special  Collections  in  Government  (Handbook,  §§ 
9,  10,  13)  ;  in  the  specific  references  inserted  in  the  list  of 
lectures  in  Government  (Handbook,  §  21)  ;  and  in  the  refer- 
ences to  thirty  selected  topics  in  Government  (Handbook,  §§ 
94-123).  Use  freely  the  cross  references  to  the  Handbook  at 
the  head  of  each  paper. 

The  secondary  books  are  not  very  numerous,  and  most  of 
the  useful  titles  are  included  in  some  of  the  sections  of  the 
Handbook  just  cited  (§§  9,  10,  13,  21,  94-123).  Treatises  on 
American  Constitutional  Law  (select  list  in  Handbook,  § 


92-94]  GROWTH   OF   URBAN  POPULATION  223 

treatises  on  American  government,  and  treatises  on  interna- 
tional law  (Foundations^  §  78(7)  touch  on  many  governmental 
relations. 

Much  of  the  available  material  on  government  appears  in 
periodicals :  the  best  for  our  purpose  are  Municipal  Affairs  ; 
Political  Science  Quarterly  /  Yale  Review ;  American  His- 
torical Review  /  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics  ;  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Political  Economy  /  Atlantic  Monthly  ;  Forum  ; 
North  America?i  Jteview  ;  Nation  ;  also  the  publications  of  the 
American  Historical  Association,  American  Academy  of  Polit- 
ical and  Social  Science,  and  American  Economic  Association. 
These  sets  and  others  can  be  reached  —  so  far  as  they  contain 
material  on  public  law  and  public  science  —  through  A.  L. 
Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature  (2  vols.).  Col- 
lected essays  (often  very  useful  and  very  hard  to  locate  pre- 
vious to  Fletcher's  second  edition)  are  carefully  catalogued  in 
W.  I.  Fletcher,  "  A.  L.  A"  Index  to  General  Literature  (2d 
ed.,  1901). 

On  source  materials  on  government  there  is  as  yet  no  proper 
guide;  the  lists  of  lectures  (Handbook,  §  21)  and  the  special 
references  below  (Handbook,  §§  94-123)  attempt  some  guidance 
to  first-hand  materials.  Reports  of  judicial  cases  —  often  deter- 
mining questions  of  national,  State,  or  local  government  —  are 
enumerated  in  Handbook,  §  31c. 

§  94.  Paper  No.  i.     Growth  of  Urban  Population. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §  21a;  C.  D.  Wright,  Prac- 
tical Sociology,  §§  9,  66,  72 ;  E.  C.  Lunt,  Key  to  United  States 
Census,  36,  37;  Municipal  Affairs,  V,  227-230. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  A.  F.  Weber,  The  Growth  of 
Cities  (Columbia  University,  Studies  in  History,  Economics, 
and  Public  Law,  XI) ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  ^N"o.  viii ; 
D.  F.  Wilcox.  Study  of  City  Government,  ch.  v ;  II.  G.  Wad- 


224  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

lin,  C.  Boyd,  F.  A.  Bushee,  in  Amer.  Stat.  Assoc.,  Publica- 
tions, II,  159-173,  III,  416-428,  VI,  239-274;  A.  F.  Weber, 
in  Municipal  Affairs,  V,  367-375 ;  E.  J.  James,  Growth 
of  Great  Cities  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XIV,  1-30)  ; 
H.  J.  Fletcher,  Remedies  (Forum,  XIX,  737-745)  ;  C.  D. 
Wright,  Practical  Sociology,  chs.  viii,  ix. 

SOURCES.  —  U.  S.  Census  Bureau,  Report  on  Population  of 
the  Eleventh  Census,  2  vols. ;  U.  S.  Census  Bureau,  Bulletins 
of  Twelfth  Census,  Nos.  62,  65,  70,  103. 

§  95.   Paper  No.  2.     Theory  of  the  Social  Compact. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  — Handbook,  §§  21«,  316,  132a,  139«. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  G.  P.  Fisher,  Jefferson  and  the 
Social  Compact  Theory  ( Yale  Review,  II,  403-417)  ;  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Social  Compact  (American  Historical  Revievi, 
V,  467-490)  ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Nature  of  the  State,  chs.  iv, 
v  ;  A.  L.  Lowell,  Essays  on  Government,  No.  iv ;  D.  G.  Ritchie, 
Social  Contract  Theory  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  VI, 
656-676). 

TREATISES.  —  J.  A.  Jameson,  Treatise  on  Co?istitutiona>l 
Conventions,  ch.  ii;  W.  A.  Duer,  Constitutional  Jurisprudence, 
lect.  ii;  D.  Webster,  Works,  I,  ch.  vii;  T.  D.  Woolsey, 
Political  Science,  I,  §§  36,  37,  61-70;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Consti- 
tution, §  43;  E.  Mulford,  The  Nation,  ch.  iii;  Tayler,  Right 
of  the  State  to  be. 

SOURCES.  — J.  J.  Rousseau,  Du  Contrat  Social,  book  i,  chs. 
iii-ix,  book  ii,  chs.  i-v  ;  R.  Hooker,  Ecclesiastical  Polity,  book 
i,  §  10;  John  Locke,  Two  Treatises  on  Government,  book  ii, 
chs.  viii,  ix ;  T.  Hobbes,  Leviathan,  xiv,  xv,  xvii,  xviii ; 
Thomas  Paine,  Common  Sense ;  E.  Burke,  Reflections  on  the 
Revolution  in  France,  II,  368. 


94-97]  RELIGIOUS  LIBERTY  225 

§  96.    Paper  No.  3.     Theory  of  Religious  Liberty. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  2la,  Sib,  140c ;  G.  W. Paschal, 
Constitution  Analyzed,  254,  255. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  II, 
chs.  cvi,  cvii;  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  Democracy  and  Liberty,  I, 
505-509 ;  L.  J.  Jennings,  Eighty  Years  of  Republican  Govern- 
ment, ch.  ix ;  P.  Schaff,  Church  and  /State  in  the  United  States 
(Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  II,  391-543)  ;  G.  J.  Bayles,  Amer- 
ican Civil  Church  Law  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XIV, 
511-520)  ;  monographs  on  Bishop  Hill,  New  England,  Mary- 
land, North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  in  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Studies,  X,  Nos.  1-6,  8,  9,  XI,  Nos.  5,  6,  XII, 
No.  4,  XVIII,  Nos.  10-12;  H.  V.  Ames,  Constitutional 
Amendments,  §  173. 

TREATISES.  — H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  74,  78; 
T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  xiii;  F.  Wharton, 
Commentaries,  §  553  ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law, 
§  148 ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Limitations,  ch.  xiii ;  H. 
C.  Black,  Handbook  of  Constitutional  Law,  §§  196-198;  R. 
Phillimore,  International  Law,  II,  343-363 ;  American  Law 
Jteview,  XXVI,  789,  XXXII,  581. 

SOURCES.  —  Bills  of  Rights  and  Colonial  Charters,  in  B.  P. 
Poore,  Charters  and  Constitutions;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Evolution 
of  the  Constitution,  190-199. 

§  97.  Paper  No.  4.     Citizenship  by  Annexation. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —Handbook,  §§  21&,  40,  42,  74,  80,  82,  132, 
140t7;  Max  Farrand,  Legislation  of  Congress  for  Government 
of  Territories,  95,  98 ;  A.  H.  Howe,  Insular  Cases  (see  Hand- 
book, §§  42,  75). 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  Arbitrations,  IV,  2509-2517;' 
W.  Reid,  Problems  of  Expansion. 

TREATISES.  —  C.  F.  Randolph,  Notes  on  Law  of  Territorial 
15 


226  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

Expansion  ;  W.  L.  Scruggs,  Ambiguous  Citizenship  (Political 
Science  Quarterly,  I,  199-205);  Lawrence's  Wheaton,  893- 
900 ;  Boyd  Winchester,  Citizenship  in  its  International  Rela- 
tionships (American  Law  Review,  XXXI,  504)  ;  R.  Phillimore, 
International  Law,  I,  443-453 ;  W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law 
(4th  ed.),  593-595. 

SOURCES.  —  M.  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xxiv;  compare 
sources  on  territorial  status  (Handbook,  §§  42,  82)  ;  Philippine 
Information  Society,  Facts  about  the  Filipinos;  Philippine 
Commissioners,  Reports  ;  A.  H.  Howe,  The  Insular  Cases  (see 
Handbook,  §§  42,  75). 

§  98.   Paper  No.  5.     Rights  of  Indians. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  — Handbook,  §§  215,  21;,  35,  50  (with  cases), 
65,  132£,  132c,  148?;  G.  W.  Paschal,  Constitution  Annotated, 
110-112  ;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature, 
II,  229;  W.  I.  Fletcher,  "A.  L.  A."  Index  to  General  Publi- 
cations (2d  ed.),  292,  293. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  F.  W.  Blackmar,  Indian  Educa- 
tion (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  II,  813-837);  F.  A. 
Walker,  Indian  Question;  P.  C.  Garrett,  R.  W.  Hill,  J.  M. 
Stuart,  in  National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Corrections, 
Proceedings,  1892,  pp.  23,  34,  66  ;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Essays  and 
Miscellany,  ch.  iv ;  J.  E.  Greene,  in  Amer.  Antiquarian  Society, 
Proceedings,  new  series,  XI,  23  ;  J.  B.  Harrison,  Latest  Studies 
on  Indian  Reservations ;  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 
Annual  Report,  1896-97. 

TREATISES. — E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §  41 ;  F.  Wliarton, 
Commentaries,  §§  26,  265,  434,  585  ;  S.  F.  Miller,  Lectures  on 
the  Constitution,  401-403,  425,  469-473  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  A  People 
without  Law  (Atlantic  Monthly,  LXVIII,  540,  676)  ;  W.  H. 
Hornblower,  Legal  Status  of  Indians  (American  Bar  Associa- 
tion, Report,  1891);  A.  Abbott,  Indians  and  Law  (Harvard 


97-99]  RIGHTS   OF  INDIANS  227 

Law  Review,  II,  169)  ;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  I,  257,  258; 
L.  E.  Textor,  Official  Relations  between  the  United  States  and 
the  Sioux  Indians. 

SOURCES.  —  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  Annual  Report ; 
Indian  Commission,  Annual  Report ;  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Indian  Rights  Association,  Annual  Report ;  Dawes  Com- 
mission, Reports  ;  T.  J.  Morgan,  Present  Phase  of  the  Indian 
Question  (1891)  ;  American  Bar  Association,  Report,  1898,  p. 
351 ;  F.  E.  Leupp,  Notes  among  the  Indians  of  the  Southwest ; 
Revised  Statutes,  chs.  iii,  iv;  Treaties,  in  Statutes  at  Large, 
VII. 

§  99.  Paper  No.  6.  Limitations  on  Constitutional 
Conventions. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  19c,  21c,  3la,  31t7,  36  (with 
cases),  132«,  141a;  A.  B.  Hart,  Federal  Government,  §  469; 
L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodicals,  II,  90,  93. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  H.  V.  Ames,  Constitutional 
Amendments,  §§  1,  176-188;  W.  C.  Morey,  Genesis  of  a 
Written  Constitution  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  I,  529, 
557);  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Recent  Constitution-making  (Amer.  Acad. 
Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  II,  145-201) ;  J.  H.  Dougherty,  Constitu- 
tions of  New  York  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  III,  489- 
519,  IV,  230-260)  ;  J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth,  I, 
chs.  xxxi,  xxxii,  App.  pp.  667-669 ;  J.  F.  Jameson,  Early  Uses 
of  Word  Convention  (American  Historical  Review? ,  III,  477- 
489)  ;  C.  R.  Woodruff,  American  Governmental  Methods  (Po- 
litical Science  Quarterly,  XV,  260-272) ;  J.  H.  Robinson, 
Genesis  of  Modern  Constitutions. 

TREATISES.  —  James  A.  Jameson,  A  Treatise  on  Constitu- 
tional Conventions  (4th  ed.,  1887),  ch.  vi ;  T.  M.  Cooley, 
Constitutional  Limitations,  ch.  iii;  F.  Lieber,  Miscellaneous 
Writings,  II,  139-161  ;  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional  Law 


228  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

(2d  ed.),  40-50;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  109- 
117;  J.  K.  Tucker,  Constitution,  I,  63-70. 

SOURCES.  —  F.  B.  Hough,  American  Constitutions  (texts 
and  historical  sketches  to  1871). 

§  100.  Paper  No.  7.  Question  of  Limiting  the  Suffrage. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  2ld,  54,  132e?,  1425;  Brook- 
ings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  iii-v ;  Municipal 
Affairs,  V,  66. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  — E.  B.  Weeks,  History  of  Negro 
Suffrage  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  IX,  671-703)  ;  G-.  H. 
Haynes,  Educational  Qualifications  (Political  Science  Quar- 
terly, XIII,  495-531);  A.  P.  Wilder,  Municipal  Problems, 
44-56 ;  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  Democracy  and  Liberty,  I,  2-38,  70- 
100;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  ii ;  D.  F.  Wilcox, 
Study  of  City  Government,  §§  61-72  ;  F.  H.  Giddings,  Democ- 
racy and  Empire,  Nos.  xv,  xvi;  S.  E.  Baldwin,  Early  Ballot 
in  Connecticut  (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  IV,  407-424);  H. 
S.  Maine,  Popular  Government,  chs.  i,  ii ;  A.  Tocqueville, 
Democracy  in  America,  I,  ch.  xiii ;  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  I, 
chs.  Ii,  lii,  II,  pp.  99,  608;  C.  W.  Eliot,  American  Contributions 
to  Civilization,  No.  i ;  H.  A.  Chaney,  Alien  Suffrage  (Mich. 
Pol.  Sci.  Assoc.,  Publications,  I,  No.  2). 

TREATISES.  —  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§207, 
209,  256A;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  xiv,  §  2; 
W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional  Law,  §§6,  91, 
95-100  ;  R.  Foster,  Commentaries,  I,  §  59 ;  A.  N.  Lee,  Pop- 
ular Government  and  Constitutional  Limitations  (South  Caro- 
lina Bar  Association,  Reports,  1890,  p.  87)  ;  J.  A.  Garfield, 
Works,  I,  85. 

SOURCES.  —  State  legislation,  in  F.  J.  Stimson,  American 
Statute  Law,  and  in  New  York  State  Library,  Bulletin  Legis- 
lation (annual  volume).  See  Handbook,  §  102. 


99-101]  NOMINATION  MACHINERY  229 

§  101.  Paper  No.  8.  Questions  of  Popular  Nomina- 
tion Machinery. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  2ld,  I32d,  142c;  Brookings 
and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  xi ;  Proceedings  of  Early 
Party  Conventions  (American  Historical  Review,  II,  760- 
771);  F.  W.  Dallinger,  Nominations  for  Elective  Office,  221- 
224  ;  Municipal  Affairs,  V,  63-66. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  II,  chs. 
Ixix-lxxiii ;  C.  R.  Woodruff,  Elective  Methods  in  Philadelphia 
(Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XVII,  181-204);  F.  W.  Dal- 
linger, Nominations  for  Elective  Office;  Gustavus  Myers,  His- 
tory of  Tammany  Hall ;  W.  J.  Branson,  Tendencies  in  Primary 
Legislation,  Philadelphia  Nominating  System  (Amer.  Acad. 
Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XIII,  346-363,  XIV,  18-37)  ;  A.  C.  Bernheim, 
Party  Organization  in  New  York  City,  £  allot  in  New  York 
(Political  Science  Quarterly,  III,  99-122,  IV,  130-152)  ;  F.  W. 
Whitridge,  Rotation  in  Office  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  IV, 
279-295)  ;  J.  M.  Gitterman,  Council  of  Appointment  in  New 
York  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  VII,  80-115);  C.  Becker, 
Unit  Rule,  Nominations  in  Colonial  New  York,  Revolutionary 
Parties  in  New  York  (American  Historical  Review,  V,  64-82, 
VI,  260-275,  VII,  56-76)  ;  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  II,  chs. 
Ixix,  Ixx  ;  J.  S.  Murdock,  First  National  Nominating  Conven- 
tion (American  Historical  Review,  I,  680-683)  ;  M.  Ostrogorski, 
Nominating  Caucus  (American  Historical  Review,  V,  253- 
283) ;  J.  S.  Walton.  Nominating  Conventions  in  Pennsylvania 
(American  Historical  Review,  II,  262-278)  ;  A.  Stickney,  A 
True  Republic,  ch.  v ;  E.  L.  Godkin,  Nominating  System 
{Atlantic  Monthly,  LXXIX,  450-467)  ;  National  Conference 
for  Good  City  Government,  Proceedings,  1901,  pp.  187-207. 

SOURCES.  —  Text  of  State  statutes  on  nomination  of  can- 
didates, through  F.  W.  Dallinger,  Nominations  ;  through  F.  J. 
Stimson,  American  Statute  Law,  through  New  York  State 


230  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

Library,   Bulletin   Legislation  (annual  volume) ;    through    L.  B. 
Evans,  Handbooks  of  American  Government. 

§  102.  Paper  No.  9.  How  to  Secure  Good  State  and 
Local  Legislation. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  21e,  43,  44,  132e,  1435; 
Municipal  Affairs,  V,  576 ;  A.  L.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Peri- 
odical Literature,  II,  302-307,  351-355. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  — J.  Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies, 
ch.  v ;  S.  N.  Patton,  Decay  of  State  and  Local  Governments 
(Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  I,  26-42);  C.  B.  Elliott, 
Legislatures  and  the  Courts  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  V,  224— 
258);  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xl-xlv,  II,  ch.  Ixxxiii; 
J.  A.  Fairlie,  State  Administration  in  New  York  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  XV,  48-74) ;  J.  A.  Fairlie,  Municipal  Administra- 
tion, ch.  xvii ;  D.  B.  Eaton,  Government  of  Municipalities,  ch. 
x;  F.  J.  Stimson,  Uniform  State  Legislation  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol. 
Sci.,  Annals,  V,  829-864)  ;  G.  H.  Hayues,  Representation  in 
New  England  Legislatures  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  VI r 
254-260) ;  T.  Roosevelt,  American  Ideals,  No.  v ;  S.  Dicksen, 
Constitutional  Restraints  (American  Law  Register,  XXXV,  477). 

TREATISES.  —  H.  E.  Deming,  Legislation  in  State  and  City, 
1797-1897  (National  Conference  for  Good  City  Government, 
Proceedings,  1897,  pp.  89-102);  J.  Ordronaux,  Constitutional 
Legislation,  ch.  x ;  S.  Sterne,  W.  Snyder,  J.  W.  Gary,  in 
American  Bar  Association,  Reports,  1884,  pp.  275-301,  1892, 
pp.  245-311. 

SOURCES.  —  Political  and  Municipal  Legislation  (Amer.  Acad. 
Pol.  Sci,  Annals,  VII,  411-425  (1895),  IX,  231-245  (1896), 
XI,  174-190  (1897),  XIII,  212-229  (1898),  XV,  160-190 
(1899),  XVII,  244-259  (1900)  ;  New  York  State  Library,  Bul- 
letin Legislation  (annual  volume).  The  address  of  the  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Bar  Association  each  year  usually 


101-104]  LOCAL    GOVERNMENTS  231 

includes  a  review  of  the  changes  in  statute  law.  See  especially 
Moorfield  Storey,  The  American  Legislature  (Amer.  Bar  Assoc., 
Reports,  1894,  pp.  245-272). 

§  103.    Paper  No.  10.     Question  of  Executive  Boards. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  21e,  2 1/,  143c?,  144^;  Muni- 
cipal Affairs,  V,  25. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. — J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  I,  ch. 
xii ;  L.  A.  Blue,  Recent  Tendencies  in  State  Administration  (Amer. 
Acad.  Pol.  Sci ,  Annals,  XVIII,  44-55)  ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Ameri- 
can Ideals,  No.  viii ;  N.  Matthews,  City  Government  of  Boston  ; 
C.  Zueblin,  American  Municipal  Progress ;  S.  E.  Sparling,  State 
Boards  of  Control  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  XVII,  74-91). 

TREATISES.  —  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Comparative  Administrative 
Law,  I,  102-106;  J.  A.  Fairlie,  Municipal  Administration,  ch. 
xviii;  J.  F.  Dillon,  Municipal  Corporations;  R.  H.  Whitten, 
Public  Administration  in  Massachusetts. 

SOURCES.  —  Reports  of  the  various  executive  commissions  in 
the  States  and  cities,  —  especially  on  water,  parks,  railroads, 
public  lighting,  prisons,  asylums,  poor,  etc. 

§  104.  Paper  No.  n.  Improvement  of  County  Gov- 
ernments. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  2 1/,  144e;  G.  E.  Howard, 
Local  Constitutional  History,  I,  275-498 ;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to 
Legal  Periodical  Literature,  II,  118,  119. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  I,  ch. 
xlix ;  monographs  on  local  questions,  in  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, Studies,  I,  Nos.  3-5,  12  (Illinois,  Pennsylvania, 
Michigan,  Northwest,  South  Carolina,  Maryland)  ;  III,  Nos. 
2,  3,  5-7  (Virginia,  Maryland) ;  VIII,  No.  3  (Wisconsin)  ; 
XI,  Nos.  11,  12  (South  and  Southwest);  XII,  No.  4  (Vir- 
ginia) ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  vii. 


232  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

TREATISES.  —  L.  B.  Evans  (editor),  Handbooks  of  American 
Government  (a  series  on  State  history  and  administration)  ; 
G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History,  ch.  x ;  F.  J.  Good- 
now,  Comparative  Administrative  Law,  I,  166-192. 

SOURCES.  —  Reports  of  County  Commissioners  or  County 
Boards. 


§  105.  Paper  No.  12.  Effect  of  Foreigners  on  City 
Governments. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  21/,  140^,  142c,  144/;  Brook- 
ings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  xxvi,  xxvii;  C.  D. 
Wright,  Practical  Sociology,  §§  60,  66;  D.  F.  Wilcox,  Study  of 
City  Government,  245-248  ;  E.  C.  Lunt,  Key  to  United  States 
Census;  Municipal  Affairs,  V,  63-66,  76. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS. —  R.  Mayo-Smith,  in  Amer.  Stat. 
Assoc.,  Publications,  III,  304-320,  429-449  ;  R.  Mayo-Smith, 
Assimilation  of  Nationalities  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  IX,  426- 
444,  649-670),  and  Theory  of  Mixture  of  Races  (Tale  Review, 

III,  166-186);  E.  T.  Devine,  Shiftless  Population  (Amer.  Acad. 
Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  X,  149-164). 

SOURCES.  —  Municipal  Affairs  ;  J.  A.  Riis,  How  the  Other  Half 
Lives;  J.  A.  Riis,  Making  of  an  American;  F.  L.  Dingley, 
European  Emigration  (U.  S.  Special  Consular  Reports  (1891), 

IV,  211-332). 


§  106.  Paper  No.  13.  Question  of  Responsible  May- 
oralty. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  21/,  144/;  Brookings  and 
Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  xix ;  Municipal  Affairs,  V, 
152;  National  Municipal  League,  Proceedings,  1901,  pp.  232- 
234  ;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature,  II, 
351-355. 


104-107]  CITY  GOVERNMENTS  233 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  Monographs  on  city  government, 
in  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  III,  Nos.  11,  12 
(Washington),  IV,  Nos.  1-4,  10  (New  Haven,  Philadelphia, 
Boston,  St.  Louis),  VI,  Nos.  2-4  (San  Francisco,  New 
Orleans),  XIV,  No.  2  (Baltimore)  ;  James  T.  Young,  Liberty 
vs.  Efficiency  (Tale  Review,  VIII,  274-288);  E.  A.  Greenlaw, 
Office  of  Mayor  (Municipal  Affairs,  III,  33-60)  ;  National 
Conference  for  Good  City  Government,  Proceedings,  1898, 
pp.  71-80,  152-219;  1900,  pp.  119-128,  136-146;  J.  Par- 
ker, Municipal  Government  in  Massachusetts,  16-24 ;  C.  W. 
Eliot,  American  Contributions  to  Civilization,  No.  vii;  E.  D. 
Durancl,  Council  versus  Mayor  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XV, 
426-451,  675-709). 

TREATISES.  —  D.  F.  Wilcox,  Study  of  City  Government,  §§  98- 
115;  J.  A.  Fahiie,  Municipal  Administration,  ch.  xix ;  W.  M. 
Ivins,  Municipal  Government  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  II, 
291-312)  ;  D.  B.  Eaton,  Government  of  Municipalities,  chs.  x, 
xiv. 

SOURCES.  —  Reports  and  inaugural  addresses  of  Mayors  ;  N. 
Matthews,  Jr.,  City  Government  of  Boston;  J.  Quincy,  Message 
of  1899  (as  retiring  Mayor  of  Boston) . 


§  107.    Paper  No.  14.     Development  of  the  Cabinet. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  219,  132^,  146^;  Brookings 
and  Rlngwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  xv,  xvi ;  List  of  Civil 
Lists  (American  Historical  Review,  II,  758-766). 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  F.  Jameson,  Essays  in  Consti- 
tutional History,  116-186;  B.  Harrison,  This  Country  of  Ours, 
chs.  vi,  xi-xviii;  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  x,  xv,  xvi, 
xxv ;  A.  L.  Lowell,  Essays  on  Government,  No.  i ;  F.  Snow, 
Defence  of  Congressional  Government  (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc., 
Papers,  IV,  109),  and  Cabinet  Government  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol. 


234  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

Sci.,  Annals,  III,  1-13)  ;  Legal  Profession  in  the  Cabinet  (Amer- 
ican Law  Review,  XXIII,  280) ;  De  B.  R.  Keim,  Society  in 
Washington. 

TREATISES.  —  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  25-28;  H.  J. 
Ford,  American  Politics,  383-396;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  American  Con- 
stitutional Law,  I,  lect.  x ;  S.  E.  Baldwin,  Absolute  Power 
(Tale  Law  Journal,  VII,  1);  J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science, 
II,  263,  311-316. 

SOURCES.  —  Senate  Reports,  47  Cong.,  2  sess.  (1881),  No. 
837 ;  Message  and  Documents  (annual  reprint  of  reports  of 
members  of  the  Cabinet) ;  J.  A.  Garfield,  Works,  I,  16. 


§  108.   Paper  No.  15.     Needs  of  Civil  Service  Reform. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  2lg,  40,  49,  132#,  146^; 
Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  xvii ;  Municipal 
Affairs,  V,  52,  53  ;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Litera- 
ture, II,  73,  74;  W.  I.  Fletcher,  "A.  L.  A."  Index  to  General 
Literature  (2d  ed.),  117  ;  U.  S.  Civil  Service  Commission,  Annual 
Report,  1898. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  T.  Roosevelt,  American  Ideals, 
No.  vii;  T.  Roosevelt,  Strenuous  Life,  41-112,  125-152;  F.  P. 
Powers,  Reform  of  the  Federal  Service  (Political  Science  Quar- 
terly, III,  247-264);  G.  E.  Howard,  Imperialism  and  the  Civil 
Service  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  XIV,  240-250) ;  E.  C. 
Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  25-29;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No. 
iv ;  L.  M.  Salmon,  Appointing  Power ;  J.  M.  Merriam,  Jeffer- 
son's Patronage  (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  II,  47-52):  J. 
Bryce,  Commonwealth,  II,  ch.  Ixv ;  G.  W.  Curtis,  Orations  and 
Addresses,  II,  477;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Historical  and  Political  Essays, 
114-137  ;  G.  McAneny,  Civil  Service  (Municipal  Affairs,  IV, 
708-720). 

TREATISES.  —  F.    J.    Goodnow,     Comparative    Administrative 


107-109J  CIVIL   SERVICE  REFORM  235 

Law,  II,  34-44  ;    D.  B.  Eaton,  Government  of  Municipalities, 
chs.  vii,  viii. 

SOURCES.  —  Good  Government  (monthly  periodical)  ;  National 
Civil  Service  Reform  League,  Proceedings ;  United  States  Civil 
Service  Commission,  Annual  Report ;  Massachusetts  Civil  Service 
Commission,  Annual  Report ;  New  York  Civil  Service  Commis- 
sion, Annual  Report ;  C.  R.  Fish,  Removals  (tabulation  in  Amer. 
Hist.  Assoc.,  Annual  Report  for  1899,  I,  67-86)  ;  T.  Roosevelt, 
Civil  Service  Reform  (Atlantic  Monthly,  LXVII,  252-257,  LXXV, 
239-246);  Contemporaries,  III,  §  158,  IV,  §§  197,  199,  202; 
G.  Hunt,  Office  Seeking  under  Washington,  John  Adams,  and 
Jefferson  (American  Historical  Review,  I,  270-283,  II,  241-261, 
III,  270-291). 

§  109.  Paper  No.  16.  Choice  of  Senators  by  Popular 
Vote. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  21A,  316,  132/,  145«;  Brook- 
ings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  xiii ;  C.  H.  Kerr, 
United  States  Senate,  181-184. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  C.  H.  Kerr,  United  States  Sen- 
ate, 15-37 ;  J.  Haynes,  Popular  Election  (Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, Studies,  XI,  547) ;  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  I,  ch. 
xii ;  E.  Moffett,  Is  the  Senate  Unfairly  Constituted  ?  (Political 
Science  Quarterly,  X,  248);  W.  P.  Garrison,  Reform  of  the 
Senate  (Atlantic  Monthly,  LXVIII,  227);  J.  H.  Flagg,  Choice 
of  Senators  (New  England  Magazine,  XIV,  190)  ;  Walter  Clark. 
Election  by  Popular  Vote  (Arena,  X,  453-461). 

TREATISES.  —  R.  Foster,  Commentaries,  §§  77-80;  J.  N. 
Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  133-139;  J.  Story,  Commen- 
taries, §§  703-705;  Federalist,  No.  62;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Politi- 
cal Science,  II,  41-51,  106-130. 

SOURCES.  —  Contested  Election  Cases  (Senate)  ;  G.  F.  Edmunds, 
J.  H.  Mitchell,  G.  F.  Hoar,  articles  from  personal  experience 


236  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

(Forum,  XVIII,  270,  XXI,  355,  XXIII,  129-271);  W.  S. 
Appleton,  A  Century  of  the  Senate  (Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Pro- 
ceedings, 2d  Series,  X,  9). 


§  no.  Paper  No.  17.  Defects  of  the  Committee 
System. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  2lh,  132/,  145c  ;  Brookings 
and  Ring  wait,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  xv ;  M.  P.  Follett,  The 
Speaker,  331-334;  L.  G.  McCouachie,  Congressional  Commit- 
tees, 420-425 ;  list  of  aids  to  government  documents,  in  A.  B. 
Hart,  Foundations  of  American  Foreign  Policy,  273. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  M.  P.  Follett,  The  Speaker,  §§ 
130-144;  L.  G.  McConachie,  Congressional  Committees;  W. 
Wilson,  Congressional  Government;  F.  Snow,  Defence  of  Con- 
gressional Government  (Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  IV,  309- 
330)  ;  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xiv,  xv ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  32,  37. 

SOURCES.  —  Congressional  Record  (any  typical  day's  session, 
which  shows  committee  business)  ;  J.  G.  Ames,  Comprehensive 
Indexes  to  Publications  of  the  Government ;  T.  H.  McKee,  Re- 
ports of  the  Select  and  Special  Committees  (list  of  reports) ;  House 
Reports  and  Senate  Reports,  for  text  of  committee  reports ; 
hearings  before  committees  are  occasionally  published,  though 
not  in  any  regular  series. 


§  in.  Paper  No.  18.  Influences  on  the  Legislation 
of  Congress. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §  2U,  37,  132/,  145rf,  145e ;  M. 
P.  Follett,  The  Speaker,  ch.  xi;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Peri- 
odical Literature,  II,  85,  86 ;  W.  I.  Fletcher,  "A.  L.  A"  Index 
to  General  Literature  (2d  ed.),  131. 


109-112]  NATIONAL  LEGISLATIVE  237 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  M.  P.  Follett,  The  Speaker,  chs. 
iv-vi;  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  I,  chs.  xix-xxi;  H.  Von 
Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  33,  34 ;  F.  A.  Cleveland,  Growth 
of  Democracy,  ch.  xiii;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  Nos.  i,  ix; 
E.  C.  Mason,  Congressional  Demands  for  Information  (Amer. 
Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  V,  367-378);  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power, 
ch.  iv ;  W.  Wilson,  Congressional  Government ;  J.  Parton,  Topics 
of  the  Time;  Amer.  Bar  Assoc.,  Reports,  1887,  pp.  396-405; 
E.  P.  Lee,  Congress  at  Work  (Albany  Law  Journal,  XL VIII, 
386) ;  E.  F.  Crump,  How  Congress  Votes  Money  (North  Ameri- 
can Review,  CLXII,  14). 

SOURCES.  — B.  Harrison,  This  Country  of  Ours ;  J.  H.  McKee, 
Red  Book  (Congressional  forms) ;  Congressional  Record  (a 
typical  day  during  the  session  of  Congress) ;  H.  C.  Lodge, 
Historical  and  Political  Essays,  169-197  ;  J.  A.  Garfield,  A  Cen- 
tury of  Congress  (  Works,  VI,  463). 


§  112.   Paper  No.  19.     Administrative  Decisions. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  21/,  31c,  113,  132A,  147; 
Century  Digest  (s.  v.  certiorari,  injunctions,  mandamus,  scire 
facias,  etc.) ;  W.  M.  Rose,  Notes  on  the  United  States  Reports 
(see  the  Index,  s.  v.  certiorari,  injunctions,  mandamus,  scire 
facias,  etc.). 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  E.  D.  Remick,  Corporations  and 
the  Courts  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  V,  214-223) ;  D.  F. 
Wilcox,  Study  of  City  Government,  ch.  iii ;  J.  R.  Commons, 
State  Supervision  for  Cities  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals*  V, 
861-881);  G.  N.  Lieber,  Executive  Regulations  (American  Law 
Review,  XXXI,  876) ;  W.  H.  Rand,  Judicial  Legislation  (Har- 
vard Law  Review,  VIII,  328). 

TREATISES.  —  J.  F.  Dillon,  Municipal  Corporations  (4th  ed.), 
II,  chs.  xx-xxiii ;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Politics  and  Administra- 


238  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

tion,  chs.  iv,  v;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Comparative  Administrative 
Law,  I,  31-45,  II,  144-216;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Executive  and 
Courts,  Writ  of  Certiorari,  Mandamus  Cases  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  I,  533-559,  VI,  493-536,  VIII,  48-57);  T.  E.  Hol- 
land, Jurisprudence,  325-328. 

SOURCES.  —  Court  decisions  in  administrative  cases  through 
F.  J.  Goodnow  —  a  few  of  them  in  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  E. 
McClain,  Cases,  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases  (passim) ;  decisions  of  the 
special  administrative  courts,  as  land  office,  patent  office,  etc. 
(see  Handbook,  §  31c). 

§  113.  Paper  No.  20.  Principle  of  Declaring  Acts 
Void. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  21,  31c,  112,  132A,  147d;  foot- 
notes to  historical  discussions  and  treatises;  C.  A.  Bennesou, 
Power  of  United  States  Courts  over  United  States  Statutes. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  B.  Thayer,  Origin  and  Scope 
of  the  American  Doctrine  of  Constitutional  Law,  4-12,  and  John 
Marshall,  61-78,  95-101,  104-110;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  I,  10- 
47,  146-154;  B.  Coxe,  Judicial  Power  and  Unconstitutional  Legis- 
lation ;  C.  A.  Benneson,  Power  of  United  States  Courts  over 
Acts  of  Congress ;  W.  H.  Meigs,  Relation  of  the  Judiciary  to 
the  Constitution  (American  Law  Review,  XIX,  175-203);  T.  M. 
Cooley  and  others,  Constitutional  History  in  the  Development  of 
American  Law,  9-14,  37-43,  76-80,  179-188,  221-223,  226- 
233  ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  The  Supreme  Court,  chs.  v,  vi;  H.  L. 
Carson,  Supreme  Court,  203-206,  366,  378 ;  C.  B.  Elliott,  Legis- 
latures and  Courts  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  V,  224-258)  ;  J. 
C.  Bancroft  Davis,  in  131  U.  S.  Reports,  App.  ccxxxv;  T.  M. 
Good,  An  Athenian  Parallel  (Yale  Review,  II,  64-73);  E.  C. 
McMurtrie,  Jurisdiction  to  Declare  Acts  Void  (American  Law 
Register,  XXXII,  1093);  J.  Bryce,  Commonwealth,  I,  ch. 
xxxiii. 


112,113]  DECLARING  ACTS   VOID  239 

TREATISES.  —  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  I,  lect.  xii,  449-454 ; 
J.  Story,  Constitution  (Cooley  ed.),  §§373-397;  T.  M.  Cooley, 
Constitutional  Limitations,  ch.  vii ;  T.  Thacher,  Limits  of  Con- 
stitutional Law  (Yale  Review,  VI,  7-16);  H.  Von  Hoist,  Con- 
stitutional Law,  §§  18,  19,  61;  F.  G.  Goodnow,  Comparative 
Administrative  Law,  II,  200-216 ;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science, 
II,  325-329;  S.  F.  Miller,  Constitution,  98-111,  135-141; 
H.  C.  Black,  Handbook  of  Constitutional  Law  (2d  ed.),  §  31; 
J.  I.  C.  Hare,  Constitutional  Law,  lects.  viii,  xxii ;  Dana's 
Wheaton,  note  31 ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§ 
134-148;  R.  C.  Davis,  Judicial  Decisions  on  Statutes  Prohib- 
iting Combinations  and  Trusts  ( Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics, 
XIV,  416)  ;  C.  G.  Tiedeman,  Income  Tax  Decisions  (Amer. 
Acad.  Pol.  Sci.,  Annals,  VI,  268-279) ;  E.  J.  James,  Legal 
Tender  Decisions  (Amer.  Econ.  Assoc.,  Publications,  IV, 
No.  5). 

SOURCES.  —  A.  Hamilton  in  Federalist,  Nos.  78,  80,  81;  pas- 
sages quoted  in  Thayer,  Cases,  I,  83-94 ;  J.  Elliot,  Debates 
(2d  ed.),  II,  196,  197,  489,  III,  205,  324,  325,  553,  IV,  155, 
V,  151,  321,  344,  346,  347,  429;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  I,  34- 
154  (includes  State  cases  and  valuable  notes). 

COLONIAL  AND  PRECONSTITUTIONAL  CASES.  —  Frost  v.  Leigh- 
ton  (Mass.,  1739)  :  American  Historical  Review,  II,  229-240.  — 
Paxton's  Case  (Mass.,  1761)  :  Thayer,  Cases,  I,  48-55.  —  Josiah 
Phillips  (Va.,  1778)  :  American  Historical  Review,  I,  444-484. — 
Holmes  v.  Walton  (N.  J.,  1780)  :  American  Historical  Review, 
IV,  456-469.  — Trevettv.  Weeden  (R.  I.,  1786)  :  Thayer,  Cases, 
I,  73-78.  —  Bayard  v.  Singleton  (N.  C.,  1789):  Thayer,  Cases, 
1,  78-83. 

EARLY  FEDERAL  CASES.  1789-1803.  —  Letter  to  the  Presi- 
dent (1790)  :  4  American  Jurist,  293  ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries, 
§  1579rc.  —  Hayburn's  Case  (1792):  2  Dallas,  409.  — U.  S. 
r.  Yale  Todd  (1794)  :  13  Howard,  53  (note  to  U.  S.  v.  Fer- 


240  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

reira)  ;  Thayer,  Cases,  I,  I05n.  — Marbury  v.  Madison  (1803) : 
1  Cranch,  137;  Thayer,  Cases,  I,  107-114;  Boyd,  Cases,  17; 
McClain,  Cases,  815  (reviewed  by  S.  Pennoyer  in  American 
Law  Review,  XXX,  183). 

ANTE-BELLUM  CASES.  — U.  S.  v.  Ferreira  (1851-52):  13 
Howard,  40;  Thayer,  Gases,  I,  160,  161;  Boyd,  Cases, 
471.  —  Dred  Scott  v.  Sandford  (1857):  19  Howard,  393; 
Thayer,  Cases,  I,  480-496. 

CASES  ON  THE  CIVIL  WAR  AND  ITS  RESULTS.  —  Gordon  v. 
U.  S.  (1865):  2  Wallace,  561;  also  117  U.  S.,  695,  App. ; 
119  U.  S.,477  (U.  S.v.Jones);  and  148  U.  S.,  222  (In  re 
Sanborn).  —  Ex  parte  Garland  (1867)  :  4  Wallace,  333;  Thayer, 
Cases,  II,  1453;  McClain,  Cases,  576;  Boyd,  Cases,  324.- 
Hepburn  v.  Griswold  (1870)  :  8  Wallace,  603  ;  Thayer,  Cases, 
II,  1222;  Boyd,  Cases,  118.— U.  S.  v.  DeWitt  (1870):  9 
Wallace,  41  ;  Thayer,  Cases,  I,  735-737.  —  Justices  v.  Murray 
(1870):  9  Wallace,  274.  —  Collector  v.  Day  (1871):  11  Wal- 
lace, 113;  Thayer,  Cases,  II,  1378;  Boyd,  Cases,  64;  McClain, 
Cases,  153.  — U.  S.  v.  Klein  (1872):  13  Wallace,  128.  —  Civil 
Rights  Cases  (1883-84):  109  U.  S.,  3;  Thayer,  Cases,  I, 
554 ;  Boyd,  Cases,  518  ;  McClain,  Cases,  37. 

REVERSAL  OF  HEPBURN  v.  GRISWOLD.  —  Knox  v.  Lee  (1871)  : 

12  Wallace,  457  ;  Boyd,  Cases,  136.  —Parker  v.  Davis  (1870)  : 

13  Wallace,  604.  —  Railroad  v.  Johnson  (1872)  :    15  Wallace, 
195.  —  Railroad  Co.  v.   Maryland  (1874)  :    22  Wallace,   105  ; 
Thayer,  Cases,  II,  1953-1957.  —  Juillard  v.  Greenman  (1884)  : 
110  U.  S.,  421;  Thayer,   Cases,  II,  2225;  Boyd,    Cases,   157; 
McClain,  Cases,  442. 

GENERAL  CASES  SINCE  RECONSTRUCTION.  —  U.  S.  v.  Railroad 
Co.  (1873):  17  Wallace,  322;  McClain,  Oases,  158. —U.  S. 
v.  Reese  (1875)  :  92  U.  S.,  214. —U.  S.  v.  Fox  (1877):  95 
U.  S.,  670. —  Trade  Mark  Cases  (1879):  100  U.  S.,  82; 
Thayer,  Cases,  II,  1993-1997.  —  Kilbourn  v.  Thompson  (1880)  : 


113-116]  TERRITORY  AND   TAXES  241 

103  U.  S.,  168;  McClain,  Cases,  553.  —  U.  S.  v.  Harris 
(1882):  106  U.  S.,  629.— Boyd  v.  U.  S.  (1886):  116  U.  S., 
616;  McClain,  Cases,  885.  —  Baldwin  v.  Franks  (1887):  120 
U.  S.,  678.  —  Callan  v.  Wilson  (1888)  :  127  U.  S.,  540 ;  Thayer, 
Cases,  I,  358-361.  —  Counselman  v.  Hitchcock  (Interstate  Com- 
merce) (1892)  :  142  U.  S.,  547.  — Income  Tax  Cases  (1895): 
158  U.  S.,  601. 

§  114.  Paper  No.  21.  Status  of  Territory  Conquered 
but  not  yet  Ceded. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  17,  20e?,  21/,  42  (with  cases), 
54,  69,  82,  132t,  147A ;  G.  C.  Lewis,  Government  of  Dependen- 
cies, 165-167. 

§  115.  Paper  No.  22.  Status  of  Territory  Ceded  but 
not  yet  Organized. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  42  (with  cases),  75,  132e, 
147A ;  Gr.  C.  Lewis,  Government  of  Dependencies,  chs.  iv,  v, 
x,  xi. 

§  116.  Paper  No.  23.  Difficulties  in  Assessing  Per- 
sonal Taxes. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  21k,  39,  132;',  1495;  Brook- 
ings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  xlv,  xlvi  ;  Municipal 
Affairs,  V,  73,  74;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodical 
Literature,  II,  483-487;  W.  I.  Fletcher,  "  A.  L.  A."  Index  to 
General  Literature  (2d  ed.),  570. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  R.  T.  Ely,  Taxation  in  American 
States  and  Cities,  131-234  ;  L.  Purdy,  Taxation  of  Personalty 
(Municipal  Affairs,  III,  299-349)  ;  Single  Tax  Discussion  (Jour- 
nal of  Social  Science,  XXVII,  1-124)  ;  E.  A.  Angell,  Tax  Inquisi- 
tion System  in  Ohio  (Yale  Review,  V,  350-373)  ;  R.  H.  Whitten, 
16 


242  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

Assessment  in  Chicago  (Journal  Political  Economics,  V,  174); 
C.  C.  Plehn,  General  Property  Tax  in  California;  T.  N.  Carver, 
Ohio  State  Inquisitor  Tax  Law  ;  F.  R.  Clow,  Comparative  Study 
of  the  Administration  of  City  Finances  (Amer.  Econ.  Assoc.,  Eco- 
nomic Studies,  I,  No.  3,  II,  No.  3,  3d  ser.  II,  No.  4)  ;  N.  Matthews, 
Double  Taxation  (Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  IV,  339); 
J.  W.  Chapman,  State  Tax  Commissions  (Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, Studies,  XV,  Nos.  10,  11)  ;  E.  R.  A.  Seligman,  Essays  in 
Taxation,  Property  Tax,  Corporations,  Progressive  Taxation, 
Income  Tax,  State  Income  Taxes,  Tax  Reform  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  V,  24-64,  438-467,  636-676,  VIII,  230-251,  IX, 
610-648,  X,  221-247,  XV,  629-646) ;  E.  R.  A.  Seligman, 
Franchise  Tax  Law  in  New  York  (  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics, 

XIII,  445-452)  ;    Max  West,    Theory  of  Inheritance  Tax,    City 
and  Country   Taxes  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  VIII,  426^44, 

XIV,  305-324,    470-499);    E.    R.   A.    Seligman,    Shifting  and 
Incidence    of    Taxation,     Progressive    Taxation    in    Theory    and 
Practice  (Amer.  Econ.  Assoc.,  Publications,  VII,  Nos.  2,  3,  IX, 
Nos.  1,  2);  J.  C.  Schwab,  History  of  the  New  York  Property  Tax 
(Amer.  Econ.  Assoc.,  Publications,  V,  No.  4). 

TREATISES. — J.  F.  Dillon,  Muncipial  Corporations,  II,  ch. 
xix  ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Law  of  Taxation,  ch.  xii ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  Law,  §  96;  Henry  George,  Progress  and  Poverty, 
book  viii,  chs.  iii,  iv ;  V.  Rosewater,  Special  Assessments  (Colum- 
bia University,  Studies,  II,  359);  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional 
Limitations,  ch.  xiv. 

SOURCES.  —  Statistics  in  Tribune  Almanac  and  World  Almanac 
(annuals)  ;  reports  of  State  Treasurers  and  Auditors. 

§  117.  Paper  No.  24.  Difficulties  of  Tariff  Adminis- 
tration. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  2U,  132;',  149c;  Brookings 
and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  xxxvii,  xxxviii,  xlii ; 


116-118]  TARIFFS  AND   TRACTION  243 

Bogart  and  Rawles,  Trial  Bibliography  of  Financial  History, 
ch.  x,  No.  5 ;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature, 
II,  482,  483. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  J.  D.  Goss,  Tariff  Administra- 
tion; F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History ;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Collection 
of  Duties  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  I,  36-44)  ;  E.  J.  Shriver, 
How  Customs  Duties  Work  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  II,  265- 
273);  S.  B.  Harding,  Minimum  Principle  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol. 
Sci.,  Annals,  VI,  100-116);  O.  H.  Perry,  Proposed  Tariff  Legis- 
lation since  1883  (Quarterly  Journal  Economics,  II,  691);  J.  B. 
Reed,  Tariff  and  Business  (North  American  Review,  CLVIII, 
110)  ;  E.  L.  Godkin,  Political  and  Social  Aspects  (New  Puritan 
Review,  III,  164)  ;  Nation,  N.  Y.,  passim  ;  O.  L.  Elliott,  Tariff 
Controversy ;  W.  Hill,  First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy  (Amer. 
Econ.  Assoc.,  Publications,  VIII,  No.  5). 

SOURCES.  —  Edward  Young,  Special  Report  on  the  Customs 
Tariff  Legislation  oj  the  U.  S.  (House  Exec.  Docs.,  42  Cong.,  2 
sess.  (1872),  No.  109);  H.  Talbott  (compiler),  Tariff  Hearings 
before  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  (1893)  ;  D.  Manning,  Re- 
ports of  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  (1885,  1886)  ;  Secretary  of 
Treasury,  Annual  Report;  Commissioner  of  Customs,  Annual 
Report. 

§  118.  Paper  No.  25.  City  Ownership  of  Traction 
Lines. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  21;,  211,  132&,  150£;  Brook- 
ings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  1;  L.  A.  Jones, 
Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature,  II,  354,  473 ;  W.  Z.  Ripley, 
Transportation. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  A.  H.  Sinclair,  Toronto  Street  Rail- 
way (Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  VI,  98-105);  J.  H.  Gray, 
Street  Railway  Situation  in  Chicago  (  Quarterly  Journal  of  Econom- 
ics ,  XII,  83-90)  ;  C.  Moore,  Municipal  Ownership  in  Detroit 


244  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

(Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  XIII,  453,  XIV,  121);  W. 
Smart,  Glasgow  and  Municipal  Industries  (Quarterly  Journal  of 
Economics,  IX,  188-194)  ;  Albert  Shaw,  Municipal  Government  in 
Great  Britain,  127-133,  156-158,  190-193;  Albert  Shaw,  Munici- 
pal Government  in  Continental  Europe,  79-90,  188,  189,  262,  263, 
325-327,  350-355,  427-429,  459,  460;  C.  D.  Wright,  Practical 
Sociology,  §  79 ;  National  Conference  for  Good  City  Govern- 
ment, Proceedings,  1896,  pp.  198-225,  1898,  pp.  94-100,  220- 
250,  1899,  pp.  162-168,  207-215,  1900,  pp.  157-198;  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science,  Corporations  and 
Public  Welfare,  63-76;  Municipal  Affairs,  I,  421-457,  605-630, 
III,  234-263,  473-491,  IV,  31-59,  106-181,  212-221,  458-480, 
V,  419-584;  W.  R.  Hopkins,  Street  Railway  Problem  in 
Cleveland  (Amer.  Econ.  Assoc.,  Economic  Studies,  I,  Nos.  5,  6); 
M.  R.  Maltbie,  Street  Railways  of  Chicago. 

TREATISES.  —  E.  W.  Bemis,  Municipal  Monopolies,  ch.  vii ; 
J.  A.  Fairlie,  Municipal  Administration,  ch.  xii ;  A.  H.  Sin- 
clair, Municipal  Monopolies;  C.  W.  Baker,  Monopolies  and  the 
People ;  H.  C.  Adams  and  others,  Modern  Municipalities  and 
Quasi-Public  Works  (Amer.  Econ.  Assoc.,  Publications,  II, 
No.  6). 

SOURCES.  —  Massachusetts  Special  Commission  on  Rela- 
tions with  Street  Railway  Companies,  Report,  1898 ;  H.  V. 
and  H.  W.  Poor,  Poor's  Manual  of  the  Railroads  of  the  U.  S. 
(annual  volume)  ;  reports  on  street  railway  companies,  in 
Massachusetts  Board  of  Railway  Commissioners,  Report  (an- 
nual volume). 

§  119.    Paper  No.  26.     Limitation  of  Immigration. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.  —  Handbook,  §§  21b,  211,  40,  44,  74,  80,  132&, 
150e?;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  xxvi- 
xxviii ;  C.  D.  Wright,  Practical  Sociology,  §§  23,  60 ;  E.  C.  Lunt, 
Key  to  U.  S.  Census,  36,  39  ;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Peri- 


118-120]  IMMIGRATION  AND   CONSULS  245 

odical  Literature,  II,  226  ;  W.  I.  Fletcher,  "A.  L.  A"  Index  to 
General  Literature  (2d  ed.),  289,  290. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  F.  A.  Walker,  Discussions  in 
Economics  and  Statistics,  II,  417-454;  J.  A.  Riis,  How  the 
Other  Half  Lives ;  J.  H.  Noble,  Immigration  Question  (Political 
Science  Quarterly,  VII,  232-243)  ;  E.  Schuyler,  Italian  Immigra- 
tion into  U.  S.  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  IV,  480-489)  ;  J.  H. 
Senner,  Immigration  Question  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sciv  Annals, 
X,  1-19)  ;  F.  P.  Powers,  Occupations  of  Immigrants  (Quarterly 
Journal  of  Economics,  II,  223-228)  ;  H.  H.  Hart,  Immigration 
and  Crime  (American  Journal  of  Sociology,  II,  369)  ;  J.  H. 
Seoner,  How  we  restrict  Immigration  (North  American  Review, 
CLVIII,  494-499). 

TREATISES.  — J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science,  I,  43;  R.  Mayo 
Smith,  Emigration  and  Immigration,  chs.  xi-xiii ;  see  Handbook, 
§  80. 

SOURCES.  —  Immigration  Restriction  League,  Reports,  etc. ; 
U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Immigration,  Annual  Report;  H.  C. 
Lodge,  J.  B.  Webber,  C.  S.  Smith,  W.  E.  Chandler,  H.  C. 
Hansbrough,  J.  H.  Senner,  S.  G.  Croswell,  O.  F.  Hall,  in  North 
American  Review,  CLII,  27,  CLIV,  424,  CLVI,  1,  220,  CLVIII, 
494,  CLXII,  649,  CLXIV,  526,  CLXV,  393 ;  H.  H.  Boyeseu, 
G.  H.  S.  Schwab,  S.  G.  Fisher,  in  Forum,  III,  533,  XIV, 
805,  XVI,  560. 

§  120.    Paper  No.  27.     Status  of  Consuls. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  21m,  132w,  1516;  footnote 
to  treatises  on  International  Law ;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal 
Periodical  Literature,  II,  93. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  E.  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy 
and  Furtherance  of  Commerce;  P.  Belmont,  W.  Slade,  W.  W. 
Rockhill,  in  Forum,  IV,  519,  XV,  163,  XXII,  673:  C.  D. 
Warner,  H.  White,  W.  F.  Wharton,  in  North  American  Re- 


246  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§§ 

view,  CLVIII,  412,  CLIX,  711,  CLXII,  274;  A.  H.  Wash- 
burn,  Some  Evils  of  our  Consular  Service  (Atlantic  Monthly, 
LXXIV,  241-252) ;  J.  A.  Garfield,  Works,  II,  274. 

TREATISES. — W.  E.  Hall,  International  Law  (4th  ed.),  330- 
338;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  International  Law,  443-454;  T.  D. 
Woolsey,  International  Law  (6th  ed.),  §§  99,  100;  R.  Phillr 
more,  International  Law  (3d  ed.),  II,  287-325;  Lawrence's 
Wheaton,  217-229,  423,  426-437. 

SOURCES.  —  U.  S.  Secretary  of  State,  Annual  Report;  Con- 
sular Reports ;  B.  H.  Ridgely,  Comedies  of  a  Consulate  (Scrib- 
ner's  Magazine,  XIX,  625-637). 

§  121.    Paper  No.  28.     The  Pension  System. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  21m,  132/,  152/;  Brookings 
and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  xxix. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  W.  P.  Hovey,  Soldier's  Rights  ; 
E.  H.  Hall,  Indignity  to  Our  Citizen  Soldiers  ;  W.  H.  Glasson,. 
History  of  Military  Pension  Legislation  (Columbia  University, 
Studies,  XII,  No.  3)  ;  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  71-81. 

SOURCES.  —  Secretary  of  Interior,  and  Pension  Commissioner, 
Annual  Reports;  veto  messages  in  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages- 
(especially  in  1885-1889,  1893-1897). 

§  122.  Paper  No.  29.  Best  Regulation  of  the  Liquor 
Traffic. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Handbook,  §§  21w,  132ra,  153c;  Brookings 
and  Ringwalt,  Brief s  for  Debate,  Nos.  Ixvi,  Ixvii ;  C.  D.  Wright, 
Practical  Sociology,  §  203;  Municipal  Affairs,  V,  125,  126; 
L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature,  II,  249,  250, 
314,  315  ;  J.  Koren,  Economic  Aspects  of  the  Liquor  Problem. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  Democracy  and 
Liberty,  II,  134-167 ;  J.  H.  Crooker,  Problems  in  American 
Society,  No.  iii ;  T.  N.  Wilson,  Local  Option  in  Norway  ;  S.  N. 


120-123]  LIQUOR   TRAFFIC  AND  RIOTERS  247 

Patten,  Economic  Basis  of  Prohibition  (Amer.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci., 
Annals,  II,  59-68)  ;  J.  G.  Brooks,  Gothenburg  Plan  (Forum, 
XIV,  514)  ;  C.  W.  Eliot,  Study  of  American  Liquor  Laws  (Atlan- 
tic Monthly,  LXXIX,  177)  ;  B.  R.  Tillman,  Liquor  Laws  in  South 
Carolina  (North  American  Review,  CLVIII,  140)  ;  C.  L.  M. 
Sites,  Centralized  Administration  of  Liquor  Laws  (Columbia  Uni- 
versity, Studies,  X,  No.  3). 

SOURCES.  —  F.  H.  Wines  and  J.  Koren,  Liquor  Problem  in  its 
Legislative  Aspects  (Committee  of  Fifty,  Report,  No.  1);  U..S. 
Commissioner  of  Labor,  Fifth  Special  Report,  1893  (Gothenburg 
system)  Twelfth  Annual  Report  (economic  aspects),  1898  ;  E. 
L.  Fanshawe,  Liquor  Legislation ;  J.  Koren,  Economic  Aspects 
of  the  Liquor  Problem  ;  R.  Calkins,  Substitutes  for  the  Saloon. 


§  123.    Paper  No.  30.     Injunctions  against  Rioters. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. —  Handbook,  §§  21w,  31c,  1320,  153/;  Brook- 
ings  and  Ring  wait,  Briefs  for  Debate,  No.  Ixxv  ;  C.  D.  Wright, 
Practical  Sociology,  §§  150,  213;  Century  Digest,  article  on 
Injunction  ;  L.  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature,  II, 
232,  233. 

HISTORICAL  DISCUSSIONS.  —  T.  M.  Cooley,  Lessons  of  Recent 
Civil  Disorders  (Forum,  XVIII,  1-19);  H.  J.  Fletcher,  The  Rail- 
way War  (Atlantic  Monthly,  LXXIV,  534-541) ;  C.  N.  Gregory, 
Government  by  Injunction  (Harvard  Law  Review,  XI,  487)  ;  W. 
D.  Lewis,  The  Debs  Case  (American  Law  Register,  New  Series, 
XXXIII,  879). 

TREATISES.  —  W.  H.  Dunbar,  Government  by  Injunction  (Amer. 
Econ.  Assoc,,  Studies,  III,  No.  1)  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional 
Law,  §  11 ;  F.  J.  Stimson,  Modern  Use  of  Injunction  (Political 
Science  Quarterly,  X,  189-202)  ;  W.  M.  Bateman,  Injunctions 
against  Labor  Unions  (Central  Law  Journal,  XXXIX,  265); 
C.  C.  Allen,  Injunctions  against  Organized  Labor  (American  Law 


248  GOVERNMENT  PAPERS  [§  123 

Review,  XXVIII,  828) ;  discussion  in  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion, Report,  1894,  pp.  151-326. 

SOURCES.  —  Industrial  Commission,  Report,  IV,  Testimony, 
7-14,  145-147  ;  U.  S.  Strike  Commission,  Report  on  the  Chicago 
Strike;  cases,  in  Central  Law  Journal,  XLII,  74;  Law  Reports 
Annotated,  XXVIII,  464 ;  American  Law  Review,  XXVIII,  269, 
XXXI,  761,  XXXIII,  879  (Debs). 


PAKT  VI 
SPECIAL  REPORTS 

§  124.  Purpose  of  the  Exercise. 

In  courses  in  which  there  is  a  great  demand  upon  the  libra- 
ries, it  is  not  feasible  to  require  all  students  to  delve  for  them- 
selves in  a  large  collection  of  primary  books,  as  a  preparation 
for  the  lectures.  This  necessary  part  of  the  historical  training 
is  therefore  to  be  sought  in  the  special  reports.  In  preparing 
them,  students  are  expected  to  find  out  for  themselves  things 
not  stated  in  any  of  the  general  authorities.  The  system  will 
introduce  them  to  the  most  serviceable  authors ;  it  will  make 
them  familiar  with  the  sources  of  information  on  American 
history ;  it  is  intended  to  develop  their  powers  of  analysis  and 
statement,  and  to  interest  them  in  the  unsettled  questions  of 
our  history. 

To  each  student,  from  time  to  time,  will  therefore  be 
assigned  a  very  limited  special  topic,  on  which  he  is  expected 
to  make  a  condensed  report,  based  upon  original  authorities, 
and  supported  also  by  use  of  the  best  secondary  discussions. 
The  result  ordinarily  need  not  be  stated  in  literary  form,  but 
may  be  more  like  a  brief ;  in  all  cases,  however,  students  must 
give  exact  reference  to  the  authorities  used  on  all  significant 
points.  The  work  of  preparation  is  to  be  done  under  the 
personal  direction,  and  to  the  satisfaction,  of  an  assistant 
specially  assigned  for  the  purpose,  acting  under  the  instructor's 
guidance. 


250  SPECIAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

In  the  special  directions  below  will  be  found  suggestions  for 
reports  on  the  following  subjects:  bibliography  (§§  129,  130), 
constitutional  questions  (§§  131,  132),  slavery  questions  (§§  133, 
134),  pre-constitutional  diplomacy  (§  136),  Federal  diplomacy 
(§  137),  and  on  various  topics  in  government  (§§  139-153). 

In  assigning  reports  particular  pains  will  be  taken  to  see  that 
no  two  students  in  a  course  have  the  same  subjects ;  and  so  far 
as  possible  topics  will  be  chosen  which  have  not  been  worked 
out  in  published  books  or  articles.  There  are  many  interesting 
points  in  American  history  and  government  which  have  never 
been  examined  by  any  scholar,  and  there  is,  therefore,  an 
opportunity  for  some  distinctly  original  work. 

In  assigning  reports,  as  much  attention  as  possible  will  be 
paid  to  the  preference  of  the  student,  as  indicated  in  his  appli- 
cation on  entering  the  course.  But  if  any  student  finds  in  the 
lists  printed  below,  or  elsewhere,  a  particular  subject  which  he 
wishes  to  have  assigned  to  him,  he  may  hand  in  a  written  re- 
quest to  that  effect.  It  is  impossible  to  assign  subjects  all  of 
which  will  prove  Of  equal  difficulty  and  importance,  and  some- 
times the  question  set  may  prove  barren  ;  in  such  cases  a  reas- 
signment will  be  made. 

§  125.  Constitutional  and  Political  Reports,  in  His- 
tory 13. 

In  the  course  in  United  States  history  (HISTORY  13)  three 
reports  will  be  required  from  each  student,  two  in  the  first  half- 
year  and  one  in  the  second  half-year. 

The  topics  will  be  given  out  at  least  a  month  before  reports 
are  due.  It  is  expected  that  students  will  put  upon  the  special 
report  work  from  one-third  to  one-quarter  of  the  whole  time 
spent  upon  the  course;  and  no  student  will  receive  a  pass 
mark  in  the  course  who  has  not  gained  at  least  a  passing  grade 
on  this  part  of  the  work. 


124-126]          CONSTITUTIONAL  AND  POLITICAL  251 

The  work  of  preparing  the  reports  must  invariably  be  done  in 
consultation  with  the  assistant  on  reports,  and  no  reports  will 
be  received  without  evidence  that  at  least  three  conferences 
have  been  held  with  the  assistant. 

Unless  a  previous  arrangement  has  been  made  with  the 
instructor  or  assistant,  no  overdue  reports  will  be  received, 
except  with  the  Recorder's  stamp,  showing  that  the  delay  is 
excused  at  the  college  office. 

The  subjects  will  be  as  follows : 

Kept.  No.  1.     Due  November  15.     The  bibliography  of  a  pub- 
lic man  (Handbook,  §§  129-1305). 
November  1.    Last  day  for  first  conference. 
November  8.    Last  day  for  second  conference. 
November  15.  Last  day  for  receiving  completed 
reports. 

Kept.  No.  2.     Due    January    15.     A   constitutional    inquiry 
(Handbook,  §§  131,  1325). 
January  3.     Last  day  for  first  conference. 
January  8.    Last  day  for  second  conference. 
January  15.  Last  day  for  receiving  completed 
reports. 

Kept.  No.  3.     Due  April  15.     A  discussion  of  slavery  (Hand- 
book, §§  133,  134). 

April  1.     Last  day  for  first  conference. 
April  8.     Last  day  for  second  conference. 
April  15.    Last  day  for  receiving  completed  re- 
ports. 

§  126.  Diplomatic  Reports,  in  History  14. 

The  materials  in  diplomacy  are  not  so  abundant  nor  so  sys- 
tematized as  in  history  or  government,  and  the  course  presup- 
poses that  the  students  have  had  training  in  the  use  of  books 


252  SPECIAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

and  the  preparation  of  written  work.  Only  two  reports  will 
therefore  be  required,  one  in  each  half-year.  The  subjects  are 
broader  and  more  various  than  in  HISTORY  13,  and  more  nearly 
approach  the  thesis  in  character.  The  instructor  will  be  glad 
to  help  students,  in  his  conference  hours,  on  this  side  of  their 
work.  The  topics  will  be  as  follows  : 

1.  Dae  February  15.     Some  phase  of  pre-constitutional  di- 

plomacy (Handbook,  §  136). 

2.  Due  June  15.     Some  phase  of  diplomacy  in  the  Federal 

period  (Handbook,  §  137). 

§  127.    Government  Reports,  in  Government  12. 

In  the  course  on  government  (GOVERNMENT  12),  the  special 
reports  constitute  a  considerable  part  of  the  year's  work ;  they 
are  designed  to  open  up  various  ranges  of  materials  and  doc- 
trine, and  hence  eight  special  reports  will  be  called  for,  four  in 
each  half-year.  As  the  students  are  advanced  and  the  topics 
numerous  and  very  directly  related  to  the  subject  matter  of 
the  course,  it  is  expected  that  great  attention  will  be  paid  to 
the  special  reports ;  but  students  are  warned  against  trying  to 
write  elaborate  and  exhaustive  theses  upon  these  subjects. 
The  topics  will  be  as  follows : 

1.  Due  November  15.     Some  phase  of  American  political 

methods  (Handbook,  §§  139-142). 

2.  Due  December  15.     The  actual  workings  of  some  part  of 

the  State  government  (Handbook,  §  143). 

3.  Due  January  15.     The  actual  workings  of  some  part  of 

the  local  government  (Handbook,  §  144). 

4.  Due  February  15.    The  actual  workings  of  some  part  of 

the  national  government  (Handbook,  §§  145-147). 

5.  Due  March  15.     The  actual  workings  of  some  territorial 

function  (Handbook,  §  148). 


126-128]  DIPLOMACY  AND    GOVERNMENT  253 

6.  Due  April  15.    The  actual  workings  of  some  financial 

function  (Handbook,  §  149). 

7.  Due  May  15.     Some  phase  of  the  workings  of  the  com- 

mercial system  (Handbook,  §  150). 

8.  Due  June  15.     Some  phase  of  the  workings  of  the  war 

power,  foreign  power,  or  police  powers  (Handbook, 
§§  151-153). 


§  128.  General  Directions  for  Special  Reports  in  His- 
tory 13. 

For  the  convenience  of  the  instructor  in  handling  the  reports, 
and  for  the  training  of  students  in  methodical  habits  of  work, 
and  in  order  to  accustom  them  to  arrange  their  material  for 
others'  use,  the  following  general  directions  will  be  found  im- 
portant. Students  will  be  held  responsible  for  following  them 
out  carefully.  Particular  directions  and  suggestions  for  each 
report  will  be  found  below  : 

ASSIGNMENT.  So  far  as  possible,  the  preference  of  the  student 
for  a  particular  line  of  investigation  will  be  consulted ;  for  this 
purpose  students  are  required  when  they  enter  any  of  the 
courses  to  fill  out  a  blank  form  with  an  account  of  their  previ- 
ous study  and  a  list  of  preferred  topics.  Any  student  may 
take  up  a  new  subject,  by  the  consent  of  the  assistant,  — 
record  to  be  made  of  every  such  change. 

AUTHORITIES.  Abundant  information  as  to  bibliographies 
and  other  aids  may  be  found  in  other  parts  of  the  Handbook  ; 
and  in  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide.  Students  will  also  be  held 
responsible  for  such  information  as  may  be  had  from  the  fol- 
lowing collections : 

(a)  The  card  catalogue  in  the  Delivery  Room  of  the  Harvard 
College  Library. 

(b)  The  bibliographies,  encyclopaedias,  dictionaries,  and  other 
aids  in  the  Reading  Room  of  the  Library. 


254  SPECIAL  REPORTS  [§ 

(c)  The  reserved  books  in  Colonial  and  United  States  history, 
or  international  law  and  diplomatic  history,  or  government,  all 
in  the  Reading  Room.     The  usual  arrangement  of  the  books  is 
alphabetically  by  authors. 

(d)  Congressional  documents  and  other  official  material  in 
the  Reading  Room. 

(e)  Such  special  authorities  as  may  be  found  to  be  of  special 
service,  especially  sources. 

Note  that  the  Evans  Reference  Library  in  United  States  his- 
tory in  Harvard  2  contains  many  of  the  standard  reading  books. 

ASSISTANCE.  It  is  a  principle  of  the  whole  work  that  the 
actual  search  for  the  books  must  be  done  by  students  them- 
selves. No  other  assistance  or  guidance  will  be  expected  in 
this  exercise  except  from  the  instructor  and  regularly  appointed 
assistant.  Whenever,  after  a  faithful  attempt,  students  are 
not  able  to  bring  to  light  sufficient  information  on  their  subject, 
or  meet  contradictions  or  difficulties  which  they  do  not  know 
how  to  explain,  they  are  expected  to  apply  to  the  assistant. 
The  library  officials  should  not  be  asked  to  furnish  material,  or 
to  show  students  how  to  use  catalogues  and  other  aids  ;  the 
assistant  will  cheerfully  give  such  aid  to  those  who  need  it. 
It  is  not  desired  that  a  student  should  be  discouraged  at  the 
outset  for  want  of  guidance ;  nor  that  he  should  avoid  the 
lesson  which  the  exercise  is  meant  to  teach  —  the  independent 
use  of  books  and  aids. 

CONFERENCE.  All  students  are  required  to  report  to  the  as- 
sistant at  least  three  times. 

(1)  When   they  begin   work  upon  their  topic,  so  as  to  be 
sure  that  they  understand  what  is  expected  of  them. 

(2)  At  least  once  during  the  progress  of  their  work,  so  that 
the  assistant  may  know  that  they  are  on  a  right  road. 

(3)  In  order  to  submit  their  notes  or  completed  report  for 
the  assistant's  approval  before  handing  in  the  report. 


128]  GENERAL  DIRECTIONS  255 

These  requirements  are  absolute ;  no  report  will  be  credited 
to  a  student  unless  it  bear  the  assistant's  minute  of  three 
conferences. 

METHODS.  As  one  of  the  principal  objects  of  the  special 
report  work  is  to  train  students  in  acquiring  information  on 
any  subject,  with  the  greatest  economy  of  time  and  the  great- 
est clearness  of  result,  every  student  is  urged  to  think  out  a 
method  for  himself.  A  very  convenient  way  is  to  take  notes 
on  loose  sheets,  each  piece  of  paper  being  devoted  to  some 
branch  of  the  general  subject;  the  information  gained  from 
different  books  is  thus  assembled  in  a  classified  form,  and  when 
the  sheets  are  arranged,  the  material  for  the  condensed  report 
is  brought  together  in  logical  order.  In  all  cases,  exact  refer- 
ences to  volume  and  page  must  support  all  important  state- 
ments;  in  giving  authorities  the  author's  name  should  precede 
the  title  of  the  book.  No  reports  will  be  accepted  in  which 
references  are  lacking  or  indefinite.  Except  in  the  biblio- 
graphical report  (§  129)  every  reference  must  be  to  a  book 
or  passage  which  the  student  has  seen  himself ;  and  if  there 
are  serious  discrepancies  between  authorities,  they  should  be 
pointed  out.  The  effort  will  be  made  to  assign  only  topics  on 
which  there  is  positive  information  ;  but  if  a  diligent  search  in 
the  proper  books  brings  little  to  light,  the  work  will  be  as  read- 
ily accepted  as  though  more  had  been  found. 

FORM  OF  THE  REPORT.  All  the  reports  are  to  be  handed  in 
on  the  uniform  sheets  with  printed  headings,  on  which  topics 
are  handed  out.  Do  not  fold  the  papers.  The  amount  of  time 
spent  should  be  noted.  Dates  should  be  entered  in  the  narrow 
outside  column ;  subject  matter  only  in  the  broad  middle 
column ;  references  in  the  inner  column,  next  to  the  folding  in 
the  sheet.  On  the  back  of  the  page  the  text  should  still  come 
into  the  middle  column.  Additional  sheets  should  be  of  the 
same  size  and  ruling,  and  should  be  attached  by  mucilage  or 


256  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

sewing,  not  by  fasteners  or  pins.  Since  one  of  the  objects  of 
the  exercise  is  to  teach  conciseness,  the  length  of  the  report 
should  be  kept  within  limits. 

ARRANGEMENT.  The  matter  should  be  logically  arranged, 
point  by  point,  the  heads  indicated  by  catch-words  in  the  date 
column,  or  by  underlining.  Students  are  warned  against  try- 
ing to  write  theses  instead  of  brief  reports.  Special  notice 
will  be  taken  of  neatness  of  arrangement,  precision  of  the 
references,  and  uniformity  of  abbreviations  and  classification 
in  different  parts  of  the  same  piece.  Wherever  the  sub- 
ject admits  of  such  a  method,  students  should  analyze  and 
classify  their  results,  so  as  to  show  the  subordination  of  the 
topic  and  the  progress  of  the  thought.  On  application  to  the 
assistant  the  searcher  may  see  a  former  report  on  a  similar 
subject,  which  will  show  him  how  others  have  done  their  work. 

THE  RETURN  OF  THE  REPORT.  Ten  hours  of  faithful  work 
in  each  report  is  about  the  minimum  ;  if  no  satisfactory  result 
is  then  reached,  the  notes  may  be  shown  the  assistant  and  his 
approval  asked,  or  a  new  subject  tried.  In  any  case  credit 
cannot  be  given  for  reports  unless  handed  in  to  the  assistant 
on  the  day  appointed,  unless  they  bear  the  stamp  of  the  Re- 
corder of  the  college. 

§  129.    Bibliographical  Special  Reports  (see  Handbook, 

§§  7,  8). 

OBJECT.  The  first  report  is  intended  to  teach  students  how 
to  find  books  and  articles,  how  to  cite  references,  and  how  to 
arrange  results. 

SCOPE.  To  each  student  is  assigned  some  person  connected 
with  the  history  of  the  United  States.  The  report  is  to  be  a 
list  of  the  printed  books,  pamphlets,  and  magazine  articles 
bearing  on  that  person,  with  a  very  brief  statement  of  the 
public  services  which  make  him  worthy  of  remembrance.  No 
list  of  works  by  the  person  is  desired. 


128,  129]  DIRECTIONS  257 

AUTHORITIES.  Students  will  be  held  responsible  for  all  titles 
which  can  be  obtained  through  the  following  authorities  : 

(a)  The  bibliographical  aids  used  in  the  course,  especially 
Handbook,  §§  11,  18,  19,  20;  Guide,  §§  16,  20,  25,  32,  33,  34. 

(6)  The  card  catalogue  in  the  Delivery  Room  of  the  Harvard 
College  Library. 

(c)  The  encyclopaedias  and  biographical  dictionaries  in  the 
Reading  Room  of  the  Library. 

(d)  The  bibliographical  helps  and  library  catalogues  in  the 
Reading  Room  of  the  Library,  including  F.  Leypoldt,  Ameri- 
can Catalogue. 

(e)  Indexes   to   periodicals,  to   be   found    in    the    Reading 
Room,    especially   W.    F.    Poole,    Index  to   Periodicals,    and 
Supplements;  W.  I.  Fletcher,  A.  L.  A,  Index ;    L.  A.  Jones, 
Index  to  Legal  Periodicals. 

(/)  Bibliographies  of  books  relating  to  the  person,  in  biogra- 
phies, encyclopaedias,  biographical  dictionaries,  or  histories. 

(g)  Accounts  in  collections  of  biographies,  so  far  as  con- 
veniently accessible. 

(7i)  Accounts  reached  through  the  footnotes  to  detailed 
biographies  or  histories. 

SELECTION.  Only  those  books  are  to  be  enumerated  in  which 
the  whole,  or  a  distinct  or  specific  part,  a  chapter,  section 
or  article,  however  short,  is  devoted  to  the  person.  Thus, 
under  Washington,  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  enter  scattered 
references  from  books  primarily  on  the  Revolution,  or  on  the 
United  States,  or  on  Virginia ;  but  titles  ought  to  be  found  in 
a  collection  of  Lives  of  the  Presidents,  or  of  Great  American 
Generals,  or  Essays  on  Members  of  the  Federal  Convention. 
Hence  it  is  necessary  to  know  what  public  station  the  person 
has  filled.  Since,  however,  in  many  cases  the  books,  articles, 
and  sections  devoted  wholly  to  one  man  are  very  few,  the 
student  who  has  only  a  scanty  lot,  after  exhausting  the  biblio- 
17 


258  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   REPORTS  [§§ 

graphical  aids,  may  then  add  extracts  from  general  histories 
and  biographies,  not  less  than  one  page  in  length,  wholly  given 
up  to  the  man. 

METHODS.  The  most  convenient  method  is  to  go  through 
the  bibliographical  aids,  setting  down  each  promising  title  on 
a  slip  or  card,  and  keeping  them  arranged  alphabetically ;  then 
to  arrange  in  some  logical  order  and  write  out  consecutively. 
Students  are  not  expected  to  call  for  a  long  list  of  books  from 
the  Library  simply  to  verify  titles. 

VERIFICATION.  Students  are  expected  to  verify  for  them- 
selves the  titles  of  all  books  accessible  in  the  open  part  of  the 
Harvard  College  Library.  Insert  the  Library  number  of  all 
books.  The  instructor  will  be  very  glad  to  have  students 
search  out  books  not  in  Cambridge,  but  to  be  found  in  the 
Boston  Athenaeum,  Boston  Public  Library,  or  other  Boston 
libraries.  The  precise  form  of  the  title  of  books,  if  published 
before  1870,  may  usually  be  found  for  authors  from  A  to  S  in 
J.  Sabin,  BibUotheca  Americana  ;  if  in  print  in  1876  or  since 
that  time,  in  F.  Leypoldt,  American  Catalogue. 

FORM  OF  REPORT.  Titles  should  be  arranged  in  each  section 
alphabetically  by  authors.  References  and  abbreviations  should 
be  punctuated  systematically.  In  order  that  the  title  be  suffi- 
ciently full  to  identify  the  book,  the  place  of  publication  and 
date  should  always  be  given,  and  the  number  of  pages  and 
size  of  the  book  when  those  particulars  are  found.  All  refer- 
ences to  parts  of  books  must  show  the  precise  volume  and  page. 

§  130.    Bibliographical  Subjects. 

The  list  of  public  men  below  includes  most  of  the  names  on 
which  reports  have  already  been  prepared  in  HISTORY  13,  and 
many  others. 

In  making  up  the  assignments  the  most  distinguished  men 
have  to  be  omitted,  because  experience  shows  that  the  material 


129-130a] 


LIST  OF  PUBLIC  MEN 


259 


is  so  large  that  a  disproportionate  amount  of  work  must  be 
spent  upon  them.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  important  to  choose 
persons  who  are  not  so  insignificant  that  nothing  has  been 
written  about  them. 

§  isoa.    Alphabetical  List  of  Public  Men. 

About  five  hundred  and  ten  names  appear  in  the  list  in  this 
section.  Of  these  most  were  famous  in  the  Revolutionary  and 
later  history  of  the  United  States;  a  few  in  the  period  of  dis- 
covery or  in  the  colonial  period.  After  each  name  appears  the 
person's  highest  office  or  most  characteristic  calling. 


Lyraan   Abbott  (Clergyman  and 

Author,  N.  Y.) 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Sr.  (Dip- 
lomat, Mass.) 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  Jr.  (R.R. 

Pres.,  Author,  Mass.) 
John  Adams  (Pres.,  Mass.) 
John      Quincy     Adams     (Pres., 

Mass.) 
Samuel       Adams       (Statesman, 

Mass.) 

Nelson  W.  Aldrich  (Sen.,  R.I.) 
Russell    A.    Alger    (Sec.     War, 

Mich.) 

Ethan  Allen  (Soldier,  Vt.) 
William  B.  Allison  (Sen..  Iowa) 
Adelbert  Ames  (Gov.,  Miss.) 
Fisher  Ames  (Repr.,  Mass.) 
Oliver  Ames  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Robert  Anderson  (Soldier,  Ky.) 
John  Andre*  (Soldier,  England) 
John  A.  Andrew  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Edmund    Andros     (Royal    Gov., 

Mass.) 

H.  B.  Anthony  (Sen.,  R.  I.) 
Nathan     Appleton      (Merchant, 

Mass.) 


John  Armstrong  (Envoy  and  Sec. 

War,  N.  Y.) 

Benedict  Arnold  (Soldier,  N.  Y.) 
Chester  A.  Arthur  (Pres.,  N.  Y.) 
John  J.  Astor  (Merchant,  N.  Y.) 
Edward  Atkinson  (Critic,  Mass.) 
Stephen  Austin  (Colonist,  Texas) 

B 

George      Bancroft       (Historian, 

Mass.) 

N.  P.  Banks  (Speaker,  Mass.) 
James  Barbour  (Sec.  War,  Va.) 
Joel  Barlow  (Poet,  Conn.) 
Clara      Barton     (Philanthropist, 

Mass.) 

James  A.  Bayard  (Sen.,  Del.) 
Thomas  F.    Bayard  (Sec.  State, 

Del.) 

Henry   Ward    Beecher     (Clergy- 
man, N.  Y.) 

Alexander     Graham     Bell     (In- 
ventor, Mass.) 
John  Bell  (Sen.,  Tenn.) 
Judah  P.  Benjamin  (Sen.,  La.) 
Thomas  H.  Benton  (Sen.,  Mo.) 
Nicholas      Biddle    (Pres.     U.    S. 
Bank,  Pa.) 


260 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  REPORTS 


[§ 


James  G.  Birney  (Philanthropist, 

Ala.) 
James  G.  Elaine  (Speaker,  Sen., 

Sec.  State,  Me.) 
Francis  P.  Blair  (Soldier,  Mo.) 
Montgomery  Blair  (P.  M.  Gen'l, 

Mo.) 

Richard  P.  Bland  (Repr.,  Mo.) 
Daniel  Boone  (Pioneer,  Ky.) 
George  S.  Boutwell  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Linn  Boyd  (Speaker,  Ky.) 
William     Bradford     (Gov.,   Ply- 
mouth, Mass.) 

John  Breckenridge  (Sen.,  Ky.) 
John  C.  Breckinridge  (Sen.,  Vice- 

Pres.,  Ky.) 

Calvin  Brice  (Sen.,  Ohio) 
John    Bright    (Statesman,    Eng- 
land) 
Benjamin      N.      Bristow     (Sec. 

Treas.,  Ky.) 

David  C.  Broderick  (Sen.,  Cal.) 
Phillips      Brooks      (Clergyman, 

Mass.) 

Preston  S.  Brooks  (Repr.,  S.  C.) 
B.  Gratz  Brown  (Sen.,  Mo.) 
Jacob  Brown  (Soldier,  N.  Y.) 
John  Brown  (Abolitionist,  N.  Y.) 
Blanche  K.  Bruce  (Sen.,  Miss.) 
William    J.   Bryan    (Statesman, 

Neb.) 
William    Cullen    Bryant    (Poet, 

Editor,  N.  Y.) 
James  Buchanan  (Pres.,  Pa.) 
Simon      B.     Buckner    (Soldier, 

Ky.) 

Anson  Burlingame  (Repr.,  Diplo- 
mat, Mass.) 

A.  E.  Burnside  (Soldier,  R.  I.) 
Aaron  Burr  (Yice-Pres.,  N.  Y.) 

B.  F.    Butler    (Repr.,    Soldier, 
Gov.,  Mass.) 

B.  F.  Butler  (Atty-Gen'l,  N.  Y.) 


Pierce  Butler  (Sen.,  S.  C.) 
William  O.  Butler  (Soldier,  Ky.) 

C 

George  Cabot  (Sen.,  Mass.) 
John     Cabot    (Navigator,    Eng- 
land) 
Sebastian      Cabot      (Navigator, 

England) 

John  C.  Calhoun  (Sen.,  S.  C.) 
Simon  Cameron  (Sen.,  Pa.) 
George     W.      Campbell     (Sen., 

Tenn.) 
James   Campbell    (P.   M.    Gen'l, 

Pa.) 

John   G.   Carlisle    (Sec.    Treas., 
Ky.) 

Andrew   Carnegie    (Manuf.    and 

Author,  Pa.) 

Charles  Carroll  (Signer,  Md.) 
Lewis  Cass  (Statesman,  Mich.) 
William    E.     Chandler      (Sen., 

N.  H.) 

Zachariah  Chandler  (Sen.,  Mich.) 
William  Ellery  Charming  (Cler- 
gyman, R.  I.) 
Salmon    P.    Chase    (Sen.,  Gov., 

Sec.  Treas.,  Ohio) 
Samuel  Chase  (Judge,  Md.) 
Langdon  Cheves  (Speaker,  S.  C.) 
L.  E.  Chittenden  (Lawyer,  N.  Y.) 
Joseph    H.    Choate     (Diplomat, 

N.  Y.) 

Rufus  Choate  (Jurist,  Mass.) 
William  C.  C.  Claiborne   (Gov., 

La.) 
George   Rogers  Clark  (Explorer, 

Va.) 

John  Clarke  (Physician,  R.  I.) 
Cassius  M.  Clay  (Diplomat,  Ky.) 
Clement  C.  Clay  (Sen.,  Ala.) 
Henry   Clay    (Sen.,    Sec.    State, 

Ky.) 


130a] 


LIST  OF  PUBLIC  MEN 


261 


John    M.    Clayton   (Sec.    State, 

Del.) 

Grover  Cleveland  (Pres.,  N.  Y.) 
DeWTitt     Clinton     (Sen.,     Gov., 

N.  Y.) 
George   P.    Clinton   (Vice-Pres., 

N.  Y.) 

Howell  Cobb  (Sec.  Treas.,  Ga.) 
William  F.  Cody  (Scout,  Iowa) 
Cadwallader  Colden  (Gov., 

N.  Y.) 

Bird  S.  Coler  (Comptroller,  N.  Y.) 
Schuyler       Coif  ax      (Vice-Pres., 

Ind.) 

Christopher   Columbus    (Discov- 
erer, Spain) 

E.  H.  Conger  (Diplomat,  Iowa) 
Roscoe  Conkling  (Sen.,  N.  Y.) 
James  Fenimore  Cooper  (Author, 

N.  Y.) 
Peter     Cooper     (Merchant     and 

Philanthropist,  N.  Y.) 
Thomas  Corwin  (Sen.,  Ohio) 
Jacob  D.  Cox  (Sec.  Int.,  Ohio) 
S.  S.  Cox  (Repr.,  N.  Y.) 
Matthew    Cradock    (First   Gov., 

Mass.  Bay  Co.) 

Prudence    Crandall    (Philanthro- 
pist, Conn.) 
George  W.  Crawford  (Sec.  War, 

Ga.) 
William  H.Crawford  (Sec.  Treas., 

Ga.) 

Charles  F.  Crisp  (Speaker,  Ga.) 
John  J.  Crittenden  (Sen.,  Ky.) 
Thomas  L.  Crittenden  (Soldier, 

Richard  Croker  (Politician,  N.  Y.) 
Andrew  G.  Curtin  (Gov.,  Pa.) 
Caleb  Cusning  (Diplomat,  Mass.) 
George  A.  Custer  (Soldier,  Ohio) 
Manasseh  Cutler  (Clergyman  and 
Pioneer,  Conn.) 


D 

Alexander  J.  Dallas  (Sec.  Treas., 

Pa.) 

George  M.  Dallas  (Vice-Pres.,  Pa.) 
R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.  (Author,  Mass.) 
Cushman  K.  Davis  (Sen.,  Minn.) 
Jefferson  Davis  (Pres.,  C.  S.  A., 

Miss.) 

John  Davis  (Sen.,  Mass.) 
John  W.  Davis  (Speaker,  Ind.) 
William  R.  Day  (Sec.  State,Ohio) 
Jonathan  Dayton  (Speaker,  N.  J.) 
W.  L.  Dayton  (Sen.,  N.  J.) 
Silas  Deane  (Diplomat,  Conn.) 
Henry  Dearborn  (Sec.War,  Mass.) 
William  Dennison  (Gov.,  Ohio) 
Chauncey  M.  Depew  (Sen.,  N.Y.) 
George  Dewey  (Admiral,  Vt.) 
Samuel  Dexter  (Sec.  War,  Mass.) 
John      Dickinson       (Statesman, 

Del.) 

Nelson  Dingley,  Jr.  (Repr.,  Me.) 
Dorothea  Dix  (Philanthropist, 

Mass.) 

John  A.  Dix  (Soldier,  N.  Y.) 
Thomas  W.  Dorr  (Gov.,  R.  I.) 
Fred  Douglass  (Agitator,  Md.) 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  (Sen.,  111.) 
Neal  Dow  (Prohibitionist,  Me.) 
Sir   Francis    Drake   (Navigator, 

England) 
William   J.   Duane  (Sec.  Treas., 

Pa.) 

Joseph  Dudley  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
William   Dummer   (Lieut.  Gov., 

Mass.) 
Timothy      Dwight       (Educator, 

Conn.) 

E 

John    H.      Eaton      (Sec.      War, 

Tenn.) 
George  F.  Edmunds  (Sen.,  Vt.) 


262 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  REPORTS 


Jonathan   Edwards    (Clergyman, 

Mass.) 
Charles  W.  Eliot  (College  Pres., 

Mass.) 
Stephen    B.    Elkins    (Sec.    War, 

West  Va.) 

William  Ellery  (Statesman,  R.  I.) 
Oliver  Ellsworth  (Sen.,  Chief  Jus- 
tice, Conn.) 
Ralph    Waldo    Emerson     (Seer, 

Mass.) 

John  Endicott  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
W.  II.  English  (Statesman,  Ind.) 
John  W.  Eppes  (Sen.,  Va.) 
John  Ericsson  (Inventor,  N.  Y.) 
George  Eustis  (Jurist,  La.) 
Robley  D.  Evans  (Naval  officer, 

Va.) 

William  M.  Evarts  (Sen.,  N.  Y.) 
Edward  Everett  (Orator,  Mass.) 
Thomas  Ewing  (Sen.,  Ohio) 


Lucius   Fairchild    (Gov.,   Diplo- 
mat, Wis.) 
David    G.    Farragut     (Admiral, 

Tenn.) 

Reuben  E.  Fenton  (Sen.,  N.  Y.) 
William     P.      Fessenden     (Sec. 

Treas.,  Me.) 
Cyrus     W.      Field      (Capitalist, 

N.Y.) 

Millard  Fillmore  (Pres.,  N.  Y.) 
Hamilton  Fish  (Sec.  State,  N.  Y.) 
John  Fiske  (Author,  Mass.) 
Roswell  P.  Flower  (Gov.,  N.  Y.) 
John  B.  Floyd  (Sec.  War,  Va.) 
Charles   J.  Folger  (Sec.    Treas., 

N.  Y.) 

John  Forsythe  (Sen.,  Ga.) 
Benjamin  Franklin  (Allrounder, 

Pa.) 
John  C.  Fre'mont  (Soldier,  Cal.) 


Philip  Freneau  (Poet,  N.  Y.) 
William  P.  Frye  (Sen.,  Me.) 
Robert  Fulton  (Inventor,  Pa.) 

G 

Albert    Gallatin     (Sec.     Treas., 

Pa.) 

James  A.  Garfield  (Pres.,  Ohio) 
William  Lloyd  Garrison  (Philan- 
thropist, Mass.) 
Henry  George  (Author,  N.  Y.) 
Elbridge       Gerry        (Vice-Pres., 

Mass.) 

Joshua  R.  Giddings  (Repr.,  Ohio) 
Stephen    Girard    (Philanthropist, 

Pa.) 

Arthur  P.  Gorman  (Sen.,  Md.) 
Joseph  Graham  (Soldier,  N.  C.) 
William  A.  Graham  (Sen.,  N.  C.) 
Gideon   Granger  (P.   M.     Gen'l, 

N.Y.) 

U.  S.  Grant  (Pres.,  111.) 
Horace  Greeley    (Journalist  and 

Author,  N.  Y.) 
A.  W.  Greely  (Arctic  Explorer, 

Mass.) 

Nathanael  Greene  (Soldier,  R.  I.) 
F   T.  Greenhalge  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Andrew  Gregg  (Sen.,  Pa.) 
David  McM.  Gregg  (Soldier,  Pa.) 
W.    Q.     Gresham     (Sec.    State, 

Ind.) 

Robert  C.  Grier  (Judge,  Pa.) 
Felix  Grundy  (Sen.,  Tenn.) 

H 

John  P.  Hale  (Sen.,  N.  H.) 
Nathan  Hale  (Soldier,  Conn.) 
Alexander  Hamilton  (Sec.  Treas., 

N.  Y.) 
Hannibal      Hamlin    (Vice-Pres., 

Me.) 


130a] 


LIST  OF  PUBLIC  MEN 


263 


Wade  Hampton  (Soldier,  S.  C.) 
John        Hancock        (Statesman, 

Mass.) 

W.  S.  Hancock  (Soldier,  N.  Y.) 
Marcus  A.  Hanna  (Sen.,  Ohio) 
Robert  G.  Harper  (Sen.,  Md.) 
Benjamin  Harrison  (Pres.,  Ind.) 
Carter  Harrison  (Mayor,  111.) 
William    H.      Harrison      (Pres., 

Ind.) 
Sir    John   Hawkins    (Navigator, 

England) 

John  Hay  (Diplomat,  Ind.) 
R.  B.  Hayes  (Pres.,  Ohio) 
Robert  Y.  Hayne  (Sen.,  S.  C.) 
Thomas     P.     Hendricks    (Vice- 

Pres.,  Ind.) 

Patrick  Henry  (Statesman,  Va.) 
Richard     Hildreth      (Historian, 

Mass.) 

David  B.  Hill  (Sen.,  N.  Y.) 
Isaac  Hill  (Politician,  N.  H.) 
George  F.  Hoar  (Sen.,  Mass.) 
Garrett  Hobart  (  Vice-Pres. ,  N".  J.) 
O.  W.  Holmes  (Author,  Mass.) 
Joseph  Hooker  (Soldier,  Mass.) 
Stephen  Hopkins  (Signer,  R.  I.) 
Francis      Hopkinson       (Author, 

Pa.) 

Samuel  Houston  (Gov.,  Texas.) 
Isaac  Hull  (Naval  officer,  Conn.) 
William  Hull  (Soldier,  Conn.) 
David  Hunter  (Soldier,  Va.) 
Robert  M.  T.  Hunter  (Sen.,  Va.) 
Thomas       Hutchinson        (Gov., 

Mass.) 


Jared  Tngersoll  (Statesman,  Pa.) 
Robert  G.  Ingersoll  (Orator  and 

Lawyer,  N.  Y.) 
Washington      Irving      (Author, 

N.  Y.) 


Andrew  Jackson  (Pres.,  Tenn.) 
Thomas  J.  Jackson  (Soldier,  Va.) 
John  Jay  (Chief  Justice,  N.  Y.) 
William     Jay      (Philanthropist, 

N.  Y.) 

Thomas  Jefferson  (Pres.,  Va.) 
William    Travers    Jerome    (Re- 
former, N.  Y.) 

Andrew  Johnson  (Pres.,  Tenn.) 
Herschel  V.  Johnson  (Sen.,  Ga.) 
Reverdy  Johnson  (Sen.,  Md.) 
Richard  M.  Johnson  (Vice-Pres., 

Ky.) 

Sir  William  Johnson  (Fron- 
tiersman, N.  Y.) 

William  S.  Johnson  (Scholar, 
Conn.) 

Albert  S.  Johnston  (Soldier,  Ky.) 

John  Paul  Jones  (Naval  officer, 
Va.) 

George  W.  Julian  (Repr.,  Ind.) 

K 

John  Kelly  (Politician,  N.  Y.) 
Frances  Anne  Kemble  (Actress, 

Mass.) 

James  Kent  (Jurist,  N.  Y.) 
Michael  C.  Kerr  (Speaker,  Ind.) 
John  H.  King  (Soldier,  Mich.) 
Rufus  King  (Sen.,  N.  Y.) 
Henry  Knox  (Sec,  War,  Mass.) 


Marquis  de   Lafayette    (Soldier, 

France) 

L.  Q.  C.  Lamar  (Sec.  Int.,  Miss.) 
James  Lane  (Leader  Free  State 

Party,  Kan.) 

Henry  Laurens  (Statesman,  S.  C.) 
Charles  Lee  (Soldier,  Va.) 
R.  II.  Lee  (Statesman,  Va.) 


264 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  REPORTS 


[§ 


Robert  E.  Lee  (Soldier,  Va.) 
Meriwether      Lewis      (Explorer, 

Term.) 

ABRAHAM  LINCOLN  (Pres.,  111.) 
Benjamin  Lincoln  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Levi  Lincoln  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Robert    T.    Lincoln    (Diplomat, 

111.) 
Mary    A.    Livermore    (Agitator, 

Mass.) 
Edward  Livingston   (Sec.   State, 

N.  Y.) 
Robert  11.  Livingston  (Diplomat, 

N.  Y.) 

H.  C.  Lodge  (Sen.,  Mass.) 
John  A.  Logan  (Soldier,  111.) 
John  D.  Long  (Sec.   Navy, 

Mass.) 

H.  W.  Longfellow  (Poet,  Mass.) 
James  Longstreet  (Soldier,  S.  C.) 
Seth  Low  (Mayor,  N.  Y.) 
J.  R.  Lowell  (Poet,  Mass.) 
Wilson  Lumpkin  (Sen.,  Ga.) 


M 


S.  C.  McCall  (Repr.,  Mass.) 

G.  B.  McClellan  (Soldier,  N.  J.) 

Benjamin     McCulloch    (Soldier, 

Term.) 
Hugh    McCulloch    (Sec.    Treas., 

Ind.) 
Thomas     Macdonough       (Naval 

officer,  Del.) 

Irvin  McDowell  (Soldier,  Ohio) 
George  McDuffie  (Sen.,  S.  C.) 
James  McIIenry  (Sec.  War,  Md.) 
Thomas     McKean      (Statesman, 

Pa.) 

William  McKinley  (Pres.,  Ohio) 
Louis  McLane  (Sec.  State,  Del.) 
Robert  M.  McLane  (Diplomat, 

Del.) 


John     McLean    (P.    M.     Gen'l, 

Ohio) 
Alexander      Macomb       (Soldier, 

Mich.) 
William     H.     Macorab     (Naval 

officer,  Mich.) 

Nathaniel  Macon  (Speaker,  N.  C.) 
James    B.   McPherson    (Soldier, 

Ohio) 

James  Madison  (Pres.,  Va.) 
Willie  P.  Mangum  (Sen.,  N.  C.) 
Horace  Mann  (Educator,  Mass.) 
Daniel    Manning    (Sec.     Treas., 

N.  Y.) 
William   L.    Marcy   (Sec.    State, 

N.  Y.) 

George  P.  Marsh  (Diplomat,  Yt.) 
John    Marshall    (Chief    Justice, 

Va.) 
Luther       Martin       (Atty.-Gen'l, 

Md.) 

George  Mason  (Statesman,  Va.) 
James  M.  Mason  (Sen.,  Va.) 
Jeremiah     Mason       (Financier, 

N.  H.) 
Cotton    Mather  (Clergyman  and 

Author,  Mass.) 
Increase  Mather  (Pres.  Harvard, 

Mass.) 
Samuel    J.     May     (Abolitionist, 

N.  Y.) 

George  G.  Meade  (Soldier,  Pa.) 
Montgomery  C.   Meigs    (Soldier, 

Ohio) 
Return  J.  Meigs,  Jr.  (P.  M.  Gen'l, 

Ohio) 

Thomas  Mifflin  (Gov.,  Pa.) 
Nelson  A.  Miles  (Soldier,  Mass.) 
Roger  Q.  Mills  (Sen.,  Texas.) 
O.   McK.  Mitchell  (Soldier    and 

Astronomer,  Ky.) 
James  Monroe  (Pres.,  Va.) 
Edwin  D.  Morgan  (Sen.,  N.  Y.) 


130a] 


LIST  OF  PUBLIC  MEN 


265 


John  H.  Morgan  (Soldier,  Ky.) 
J.    Pierpont    Morgan  (Financier, 

N.  Y.) 

Justin  Morrill  (Sen.,  Vt.) 
Gouverneur  Morris    (Statesman, 

N.  Y.) 

Robert  Morris  (Financier,  Pa.) 
S.  F.  B.  Morse  (Inventor,  N.  Y.) 
Levi     P.      Morton     (Vice-Pres., 

N.  Y.) 

Oliver  P.  Morton  (Sen.,  Ind.) 
John  S.  Mosby  (Confederate  Sol- 
dier, Va.) 
Fred.    A.    Muhlenberg  (Speaker, 

Pa.) 

John  P.  G.  Muhlenberg  (Repr., 
Pa.) 

O 

James    Oglethorpe    (Philanthro- 
pist, Ga.) 
Richard      Olney      (Sec.       State, 

Mass.) 
John    Boyle    O'Reilly    (Author, 

Mass.) 

James  L.  Orr  (Speaker,  S.  C.) 
Harrison  G.  Otis  (Sen.,  Mass.) 
James  Otis  (Statesman,  Mass.) 


Thomas  Paine  (Author,  Pa.) 

Charles  H.  Parkhurst  (Clergy- 
man, N.  Y.) 

Francis  Parkman  (Historian, 
Mass.) 

Theophilus  Parsons  (Jurist, 
Mass.) 

William  Paterson  (Statesman, 
N.  J.) 

William  Penn  (Statesman,  Pa.) 

William  Pennington  (Speaker, 
N.  J.) 


Matthew  C.  Perry  (Naval  officer, 

R.  I.) 
Oliver  H.    Perry  (Naval   officer, 

R.  I.) 
James    L.     Petigru    (Statesman, 

S.  C.) 
Richard  F.  Pettigrew  (Sen.,   So. 

Dak.) 

E.  J.  Phelps  (Diplomat,  Vt.) 
Wendell  Phillips  (Orator,  Mass.) 
Sir  William  Phips  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Francis  W.  Pickens  (Sen.,  S.  C.) 
Timothy  Pickering  (Sen.,  Mass.) 
Franklin  Pierce  (Pres.,  N.  H.) 
Gideon  J.  Pillow  (Soldier,  Tenn.) 
John  S.  Pillsbury  (Gov.,  Minn.) 
Charles  Pinckney  (Sen.,  S.  C.) 
C.  C.  Pinckney  (Diplomat,  S.  C.) 
Thomas     Pinckney     (Diplomat, 

S.  C.) 

William  Pinkney  (Sen.,  Md.) 
Thomas  C.  Platt  (Sen.,  N.  Y.) 
Edgar  A.  Poe  (Author,  Va.) 
J.  R.  Poinsett  (Diplomat,  S.  C.) 
James  K.  Polk  (Pres.,  Tenn.) 
John  Pope  (Soldier,  111.) 
David     Porter     (Naval     officer, 

Mass.) 

David  D.  Porter  (Admiral,  Pa.) 
James    M.    Porter    (Sec.     War, 

Pa.) 
Edward    Preble     (Naval    officer, 

Me.) 

Israel  Putnam  (Soldier,  Conn.) 
Rufus  Putnam  (Soldier,  Conn.) 

Q 

Matthew  Quay  (Sen.,  Pa.) 
Josiah    Quincy     (elder)     (Pres. 

Harvard,  Mass.) 
Josiah  Quincy  (younger)  (Mayor, 

Boston,  Mass.) 
John  H.  Quitman  (Repr.,  Miss. 3 


266 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  REPORTS 


[§ 


R 

Sir   Walter   Ralegh   (Navigator, 

England) 

Samuel  J.  Randall  (Speaker,  Pa.) 
Edmund  Randolph   (Sec.    State, 

Va.) 

John  Randolph  (Repr.,  Va.) 
Peyton     Randolph    (Statesman, 

Va.) 

Robert  Rantoul  (Sen.,  Mass.) 
John  A.  Reagan  (Sen.,  Texas) 
Joseph  Reed  (Gov. ,  Pa.) 
Thomas  B.  Reed  (Speaker,  Me.) 
Paul  Revere  (Rev.  Patriot,  Mass.) 
A.  G.  Riddle  (Repr.,  Ohio) 
Charles  Robinson  (Gov.,  Kan.) 
John  Rodgers  (Na  val  officer,  Md.) 
Caesar  Rodney  (Statesman,  Del.) 
Daniel  Rodney  (Jurist,  Del.) 
Theodore  Roosevelt  (Pres.,  N.  Y.) 
Elihu  Root  (Sec.  War,  N.  Y.) 
William  S.    Rosecrans    (Soldier, 

Ohio) 
Benjamin      Rush       (Statesman, 

Pa.) 

William  E.  Russell  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Edward  Rutledge  (Gov.,  S.  C.) 
John  Rutledge  (Statesman,  S.  C.) 


Arthur  St.  Clair  (Soldier,  Pa.) 
Gurdon  Saltonstall  (Gov.,  Conn.) 
William  T.   Sampson,   (Admiral, 

N.Y.) 
Minot    J.    Savage     (Clergyman, 

N.Y.) 
Alexander      Scammel     (Soldier, 

N.  H.) 

W.  S.  Schley  (Admiral,  Md.) 
Carl  Schurz  (Sec.  Int.,  N.  Y.) 
Philip  Schuyler  (Soldier,  N.  Y.) 
Dred  Scott  (Slave,  Mo.) 


Winfield  Scott  (Soldier,  Va.) 
Theodore  Sedgwick  (Sen.,  Mass.) 
Samuel  Sewall  (Judge,  Mass.) 
William  H.  Seward  (Sec..  State, 

N.Y.) 

Horatio  Seymour  (Gov.,  N.  Y.) 
Robert  G.  Shaw  (Soldier,  Mass.) 
Daniel  Shays  (Soldier,  Mass.) 
P.  H.  Sheridan  (Soldier,  Ohio) 
John  Sherman  (Sec.  State,  Ohio) 
Roger  Sherman  (Sen.,  Conn.) 
W.  T.  Sherman  (Soldier,  Ohio) 
John  Slidell  (Sen.,  La.) 
Gerritt     Smith     (Philanthropist, 

N.  Y.) 

Joseph  Smith  (Mormon,  Mo.) 
Robert  Smith  (Sec.  State,  Md.) 
Jared  Sparks  (Historian,  Mass.) 
John    C.     Spencer     (Sec.    War, 

N.Y.) 

J.  C.  Spooner  (Sen.,  Wis.) 
Leland  Stanford  (Capitalist,  Cal.) 
Edwin  M.    Stan  ton    (Sec.    War, 

Pa.) 
George     L.    Stearns       (Soldier, 

Mass.) 
Alexander     H.     Stephens  (Vice- 

Pres.,  C.  S.  A.,  Ga.) 
Thaddeus  Stevens  (Repr.,  Pa.) 
Adlai  E.   Stevenson   (Vice-Pres., 

111.) 
Andrew    Stevenson      (Diplomat, 

Va.) 
Charles    Stewart    (Naval  officer, 

N.  J.) 
Richard    Stockton     (Statesman, 

N.  J.) 

Robert  F.   Stockton   (Naval  offi- 
cer, N.  J.) 

Joseph  Story  (Jurist,  Mass.) 
Caleb  Strong  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
James  Sullivan  (Gov.,  Mass. ) 
Charles  Sumner  (Sen.,  Mass.) 


130a] 


LIST  OF  PUBLIC  MEN 


267 


Roger  B.  Taney  (Chief  Justice, 

Md.) 

James  Tanner  (Gov.,  111.) 
Hannis    Taylor    (Diplomat    and 

Author,  Ala.) 

John  W.  Taylor  (Speaker,  N.  Y.) 
Zachary  Taylor  (Pres.,  Va.) 
George" H.  Thomas  (Soldier,  Va.) 
Allan  G.  Thurman  (Sen.,  Ohio) 
Samuel  J.  Tilden  (Gov.,  N.  Y.) 
Benjamin    R.      Tillman     (Sen., 

S.  C.) 
Daniel    Tompkins     (Vice-Pres., 

N.  Y.) 

Robert  Toombs  (Sen.,  Ga.) 
Benjamin  F.    Tracy  (Sec.  Navy, 

N.  Y.) 

George  Troup  (Gov.,  Ga.) 
Jonathan       Trumbull        (Gov., 

Conn.) 

James  Turner  (Sen.,  N.  C.) 
William  M.    Tweed   (Politician, 

X.  Y.) 
John  Tyler  (Pres.,  Va.) 

U 

Abel  P.  Upshur  (Sec.  State,  Va.) 


Clement  C.  Vallandigham  (Repr., 

Ohio.) 

Martin  Van  Buren  (Pres.,  N.  Y.) 
Stephen  Van  Rensselaer  (Repr., 

N.  Y.) 
Joseph    B.    Varnum     (Speaker, 

Mass.) 

W 

Benjamin  F.  Wade  (Sen.,  Ohio) 
James  S.    Wads  worth    (Soldier, 
N.  Y.) 


Morrison  R.  Waite  (Chief  Justice, 

Ohio) 
Robert  J.  Walker  (Sec.   Treas., 

Miss.) 
John  Wanamaker  (P.  M.  Gen'l, 

Pa.) 
Gouverneur  K.  Warren  (Soldier, 

N.  Y.) 

Joseph  Warren  (Soldier,  Mass.) 
E.  B.  Washburn  (Diplomat,  111.) 
Cadwallader      C.        Washburne 

(Gov.,  Wis.) 

Booker   T.     Washington     (Edu- 
cator, Ala.) 

Bushrod  Washington  (Judge,Va.) 
George  Washington  (Pres.,  Va.) 
Daniel  Webster  (Sec.  State, 

Mass.) 

Thurlow  Weed  (Journalist,  N.Y.) 
John  Wentworth  (Rep.,  111.) 
Henry  Wheaton  (Jurist,  R.  I.) 
Joseph  Wheeler  (Soldier,  Ala.) 
Andrew    D.    White     (Diplomat, 

N.  Y.) 

Hugh  L.  White  (Sen.,  Tenn.) 
John  White  (Speaker,  Ky.) 
Eli  Whitney  (Inventor,  Conn.) 
John  G.  Whittier  (Poet,  Mass.) 
Charles    Wilkes    (Naval    officer, 

N.  Y.) 

William  Wilkins  (Sen.,  Pa.) 
James  Wilkinson  (Soldier,  Md.) 
Roger      Williams      (Clergyman, 

R.I.) 

Hugh  Williamson  (Repr.,  N.  C.) 
David  Wilmot  (Repr.,  Pa.) 
Henry  Wilson  (Vice-Pres.,  Mass.) 
James  Wilson  (Judge,  Pa.) 
Fitz     John      Winthrop      (Gov., 

Conn.) 

John  Winthrop  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Robert    C.    Winthrop    (Speaker, 

Mass.) 


268 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  REPORTS 


[§§ 


Henry  A.  Wise  (Repr.,  Va.) 
Oliver     Wolcott     (Soldier     and 

Judge,  Conn.) 
Roger  Wolcott  (Gov.,  Mass.) 
Leonard  Wood  (Soldier  and  Gov., 

Cuba,  Mass.) 
Levi  Woodbury  (Sen.,  N.  H.) 


Elizur   Wright    (Journalist   and 

Abolitionist,  Mass.) 
Silas  Wright  (Sen.,  N.  Y.) 


Brigham  Young  (Mormon, Utah.) 


§  isob.  List  of  Public  Men  arranged  by  States  and 
Countries. 

ALABAMA. — James  G.  Birney;  Clement  C.  Clay;  Hannis 
Taylor ;  Booker  T.  Washington  ;  Joseph  Wheeler. 

CALIFORNIA. — David  C.  Broderick;  John  C.  Fremont; 
Leland  Stanford. 

CONNECTICUT.  —  Joel  Barlow  ;  Prudence  Crandall ;  Manasseh 
Cutler;  Silas  Deane ;  Timothy  Dwight;  Oliver  Ellsworth; 
Nathan  Hale  ;  Isaac  Hull ;  William  Hull ;  William  S.  Johnson  ; 
Israel  Putnam ;  Ruf  us  Putnam  ;  Gurdon  Saltoristall ;  Roger 
Sherman ;  Jonathan  Trumbull ;  Eli  Whitney ;  Fitz  John  Win- 
throp;  Oliver  Wolcott. 

DELAWARE.  —  James  A.  Bayard ;  Thomas  F.  Bayard ;  John 
M.  Clayton ;  John  Dickinson ;  Thomas  Macdonough ;  Louis 
McLane ;  Robert  M.  McLane;  Caesar  Rodney;  Daniel  Rodney. 

GEORGIA.  —  Ho  well  Cobb;  George  W.  Crawford;  William  H. 
Crawford;  Charles  F.  Crisp ;  John  Forsythe  ;  Herschel  V.  John- 
son ;  Wilson  Lumpkin ;  James  Oglethorpe ;  Alexander  H. 
Stephens ;  Robert  Toombs  ;  George  Troup. 

ILLINOIS.  —  Stephen  A.  Douglas;  U.  S.  Grant;  Carter  Har- 
rison; Abraham  Lincoln;  Robert  T.  Lincoln;  John  A.  Logan; 
John  Pope;  Adlai  E.  Stevenson;  James  Tanner;  E.  B.  Wash- 
burn;  John  Wentworth. 

INDIANA.  —  Schuyler  Coif  ax ;  John  W.  Davis ;  W.  H.  English  ; 
W.  Q.  Gresham ;  Benjamin  Harrison ;  W.  H.  Harrison ;  John 
Hay ;  Thomas  P.  Hendricks ;  George  W.  Julian ;  Michael  C. 
Kerr ;  Hugh  McCulloch  ;  Oliver  P.  Morton. 


130a,  130b]  PUBLIC  MEN  BY  STATES  269 

IOWA.  —William  B.  Allison ;  William  F.  Cody;  E.  H.  Conger. 

KANSAS.  —  James  Lane  ;  Charles  Robinson. 

KENTUCKY.  —  Robert  Anderson ;  Daniel  Boone ;  Linn  Boyd ; 
John  Breckenridge ;  John  C.  Breckinridge ;  Benjamin  N.  Bris- 
tow;  S.  B.  Buckner;  William  O.  Butler;  John  G.  Carlisle; 
Cassius  M.  Clay ;  Henry  Clay ;  J.  J.  Crittenden ;  Thomas  L. 
Crittenden;  Richard  M.  Johnson;  Albert  Sidney  Johnston; 
O.  McK.  Mitchell;  John  H.  Morgan;  John  White. 

LOUISIANA.  —  Judah  P.  Benjamin;  William  C.  C.  Claiborne; 
George  Eustis;  John  Slidell. 

MAINE.  —  James  G.  Blaine  ;  Nelson  Dingley,  Jr. ;  Neal  Dow ; 
William  P.  Fessenden;  William  P.  Frye;  Hannibal  Hamlin; 
Edward  Preble;  Thomas  B.  Reed. 

MARYLAND.  —  Charles  Carroll ;  Samuel  Chase  ;  Fred  Doug- 
lass ;  Arthur  P.  Gorman ;  Robert  G.  Harper ;  Reverdy  John- 
son; James  McHenry;  Luther  Martin;  William  Pinkney; 
JohnRodgers;  Winfield  S.  Schley;  Robert  Smith ;  Roger  B. 
Taney;  James  Wilkinson. 

MASSACHUSETTS.  —  Charles  Francis  Adams,  Sr. ;  Charles 
Francis  Adams,  Jr. ;  John  Adams;  John  Quincy  Adams ;  Sam- 
uel Adams ;  Fisher  Ames  ;  Oliver  Ames ;  John  A.  Andrew ; 
Edmond  Andros  ;  Nathan  Appleton  ;  Edward  Atkinson ;  George 
Bancroft;  Nathaniel  P.  Banks;  Clara  Barton;  A.  G.  Bell; 
George  S.  Bout  well ;  William  Bradford ;  Phillips  Brooks ;  Anson 
Burlingame ;  Benjamin  F.  Butler;  George  Cabot;  Rufus 
Choate;  Matthew  Cradock ;  Caleb  Gushing;  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.  ; 
John  Davis  ;  Henry  Dearborn  ;  Samuel  Dexter ;  Dorothea  Dix ; 
Joseph  Dudley  ;  William  Dummer  ;  Jonathan  Edwards ;  Charles 
W.  Eliot;  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson;  John  Endicott ;  Edward 
Everett ;  John  Fiske  ;  William  Lloyd  Garrison ;  Elbridge  Gerry ; 
A.  W.  Greely;  F.  T.  Greenhalge;  John  Hancock;  Richard 
Hildreth;  George  F.  Hoar;  O.  W.  Holmes;  Joseph  Hooker; 
Thomas  Hutchinson ;  Frances  Anne  Kemble ;  Henry  Knox ; 


270  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  REPORTS  [§ 

Benjamin  Lincoln;  Levi  Lincoln;  Mary  A.  Livermore;  Henry 
Cabot  Lodge;  John  D.  Long;  H.  W.  Longfellow;  James  R. 
Lowell;  S.  C.  McCall ;  Horace  Mann  ;  Cotton  Mather;  Increase 
Mather  ;  Nelson  A.  Miles;  Richard  Olney  ;  John  Boyle  O'Reilly ; 
Harrison  Gray  Otis;  James  Otis  ;  Francis  Parkman  ;  Theophilus 
Parsons ;  Wendell  Phillips  ;  Sir  William  Phips  ;  Timothy  Pick- 
ering ;  David  Porter ;  Josiah  Quincy  (elder) ;  Josiah  Quincy 
(younger)  ;  Robert  Rantoul ;  Paul  Revere;  William  E.  Russell; 
Theodore  Sedgwick  ;  Samuel  Sewall ;  Robert  G.  Shaw ;  Daniel 
Shays  ;  Jared  Sparks  ;  George  L.  Stearns  ;  Joseph  Story  ;  Caleb 
Strong  ;  James  Sullivan  ;  Charles  Sumner  ;  Joseph  B.  Varnum  ; 
Joseph  Warren;  Daniel  Webster;  John  G.  Whittier;  Henry 
Wilson  ;  John  Winthrop ;  Robert  C.  Winthrop ;  Roger  Wol- 
cott ;  Leonard  Wood  ;  Elizur  Wright. 

MICHIGAN.  —  Russell  A.  Alger  ;  Lewis  Cass  ;  Zachariah  Chan- 
dler ;  JohnH.  King  ;  Alexander  Macomb  ;  William  H.  Macomb. 

MINNESOTA.  — Cushman  K.  Davis  ;  John  S.  Pillsbury. 

MISSISSIPPI.  —  Adelbert  Ames  ;  Blanche  K.  Bruce  ;  Jefferson 
Davis  ;  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar;  John  H.  Quitman  ;  Robert  J.  Walker. 

MISSOURI.  —  Thomas  H.  Benton  ;  Francis  P.  Blair  ;  Mont- 
gomery Blair  ;  Richard  P.  Bland  ;  B.  Gratz  Brown  ;  Dred  Scott ; 
Joseph  Smith. 

NEBRASKA.  —  William  J.  Bryan. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  —  William  E.  Chandler ;  John  P.  Hale  ; 
Isaac  Hill ;  Jeremiah  Mason ;  Franklin  Pierce ;  Alexander 
Scammel;  Levi  Woodbury. 

NEW  JERSEY.  —  Jonathan  Dayton ;  William  L.  Dayton ; 
Garrett  Hobart ;  George  B.  McClellan ;  William  Paterson ; 
William  Pennington ;  Charles  Stewart ;  Richard  Stockton ; 
Robert  F.  Stockton. 

NEW  YORK.  —  Lyman  Abbott ;  John  Armstrong ;  Benedict 
Arnold ;  Chester  A.  Arthur ;  John  J.  Astor ;  Henry  Ward 
Beecher  ;  Jacob  Brown  ;  John  Brown  ;  Aaron  Burr  ;  Benjamin 


130b]  PUBLIC  MEN  BY  STATES  111 

F.  Butler ;  L.  E.  Chittenden ;  Joseph  H.  Choate  ;  Grover  Cleve- 
land ;  DeWitt  Clinton ;  George  Clinton ;  Cadwallader  Golden  ; 
Bird  S.  Coler ;  Roscoe  Conkling ;  James  Fenimore  Cooper ; 
Peter  Cooper ;  S.  8.  Cox ;  Richard  Croker ;  Chauncey  M. 
Depew;  John  A.  Dix;  John  Ericsson;  William  M.  Evarts ; 
Reuben  E.  Fenton ;  Cyrus  W.  Field  ;  Millard  Fillmore ;  Ham- 
ilton Fish;  Roswell  P.  Flower;  Charles  J.  Folger;  Philip 
Freneau ;  Henry  George  ;  Gideon  Granger ;  Horace  Greeley ; 
Alexander  Hamilton;  Winfield  S.  Hancock;  David  B.  Hill; 
Robert  G.  Ingersoll ;  Washington  Irving ;  John  Jay ;  William 
Jay ;  William  Travers  Jerome  ;  Sir  William  Johnson ;  John 
Kelly  ;  James  Kent ;  Ruf us  King ;  Edward  Livingston ;  Robert 
R.  Livingston ;  Seth  Low  ;  Daniel  Manning ;  William  L.  Marcy ; 
Samuel  J.  May ;  Edwin  D.  Morgan ;  John  Pierpont  Morgan ; 
Gouverneur  Morris;  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse;  Levi  P.  Morton; 
Charles  H.  Parkhurst ;  Thomas  C.  Platt ;  Theodore  Roosevelt ; 
Elihu  Root;  William  T.  Sampson;  Minot  J.  Savage;  Carl 
Schurz ;  Philip  Schuyler ;  William  H.  Seward ;  Horatio  Sey- 
mour; Gerritt  Smith;  John  C.  Spencer;  John  W.  Taylor; 
Samuel  J.  Tilden;  Daniel  Tompkins;  Benjamin  F.  Tracy; 
William  M.  Tweed ;  Martin  Van  Buren  ;  Stephen  Van  Rens- 
selaer ;  James  S.  Wads  worth ;  Gouverneur  K.  W'arren ; 
Thurlow  Weed ;  Andrew  D.  White ;  Charles  Wilkes ;  Silas 
Wright. 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  —  Joseph  Graham ;  William  A.  Graham ; 
Nathaniel  Macon;  Willie  P.  Mangum ;  James  Turner;  Hugh 
Williamson. 

OHIO.  —  Calvin  Brice ;  Salmon  P.  Chase  ;  Thomas  Corwin  ; 
Jacob  D.  Cox ;  George  A.  Custer ;  William  R.  Day ;  William 
Dennison;  Thomas  Ewing ;  James  A.  Garfield ;  Joshua  R. 
Giddings;  Marcus  A.  Hanna;  R.  B.  Hayes;  Irvin  McDowell; 
William  McKinley ;  John  McLean ;  James  B.  McPherson ; 
Montgomery  C.  Meigs ;  Return  J.  Meigs,  Jr. ;  A.  G.  Riddle ; 


272  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

William  S.  Rosecrans  ;  Philip  H.  Sheridan  ;  John  Sherman ; 
William  T.  Sherman ;  Allan  G.  Thurman ;  Clement  C.  Vallan- 
digham  ;  Benjamin  F.  Wade ;  Morrison  R.  Waite. 

PENNSYLVANIA.  —  Nicholas  Biddle  ;  James  Buchanan  ;  Simon 
Cameron ;  James  Campbell ;  Andrew  Carnegie ;  Andrew  G. 
Curtin;  Alexander  J.  Dallas;  George  M.  Dallas;  William  J. 
Duane  ;  Benjamin  Franklin ;  Robert  Fulton  ;  Albert  Gallatin  ; 
Stephen  Girard  ;  Andrew  Gregg  ;  David  McM.  Gregg ;  Rob- 
ert C.  Grier;  Francis  Hopkinson;  Jared  Ingersoll;  Thomas 
McKean ;  George  G.  Meade  ;  Thomas  Mifflin  ;  Robert  Morris  ; 
Frederick  A.  Muhlenberg ;  John  P.  G.  Muhlenberg ;  Thomas 
Paine ;  William  Penn ;  David  D.  Porter ;  James  M.  Porter ; 
Matthew  Quay ;  Samuel  J.  Randall ;  Joseph  Reed ;  Benjamin 
Rush  ;  Arthur  St.  Clair  ;  Edwin  M.  Stanton  ;  Thaddeus  Stevens  ; 
John  Wanamaker;  William  Wilkins;  David  Wilmot;  James 
Wilson. 

RHODE  ISLAND. — Nelson  W.  Aldrich ;  H.  B.  Anthony;  A. 
E.  Burnside  ;  William  Ellery  Channing  ;  John  Clarke  ;  Thomas 
W.  Dorr ;  William  Ellery ;  Nathanael  Greene  ;  Stephen  Hop- 
kins ;  Matthew  C.  Perry  ;  Oliver  H.  Perry ;  Henry  Wheatou  ; 
Roger  Williams. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.  — Preston  S.  Brooks  ;  Pierce  Butler;  John 
C.  Calhoun ;  Langdon  Cheves ;  Wade  Hampton ;  Robert  Y. 
Hayne;  Henry  Laurens;  Richard  Henry  Lee;  James  Long- 
street;  George  McDuffie;  James  L.  Orr;  James  L.  Petigru; 
Francis  W.  Pickens;  Charles  Pinckney;  C.  C.  Pinckney ; 
Thomas  Pinokney ;  J.  S.  Poinsett;  Edward  Rutledge;  John 
Rutledge ;  Benjamin  R.  Tillman. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA.  —  Richard  F.  Pettigrew. 

TENNESSEE.  —  John  Bell ;  George  W.  Campbell ;  John  H. 
Eaton ;  David  G.  Farragut ;  Felix  Grundy ;  Andrew  Jackson  ; 
Andrew  Johnson  ;  Meriwether  Lewis ;  Benjamin  McCulloch ; 
Gideon  J.  Pillow ;  James  K.  Polk ;  Hugh  L.  White. 


130b,  131]  PUBLIC  MEN  BY  STATES  273 

TEXAS.  —  Stephen  Austin  ;  Samuel  Houston ;  Roger  Q.  Mills ; 
John  A.  Reagan. 

UTAH.  —  Brigham  Young. 

VERMONT.  —  Ethan  Allen ;  George  Dewey ;  George  F.  Ed- 
munds ;  George  P.  Marsh ;  Justin  Morrill ;  E.  J.  Phelps. 

VIRGINIA.  —  James  Barbour;  George  Rogers  Clark;  John  W. 
Eppes;  Robley  D.  Evans;  John  B.  Floyd;  Patrick  Henry; 
David  Hunter;  Robert  M.  T.  Hunter;  Thomas  J.  Jackson; 
Thomas  Jefferson  ;  John  Paul  Jones ;  Charles  Lee ;  Richard 
Henry  Lee;  Robert  E.  Lee;  James  Madison;  John  Marshall ; 
George  Mason;  James  M.  Mason;  James  Monroe;  John  S. 
Mosby  ;  Edgar  A.  Poe  ;  Edmund  Randolph ;  John  Randolph  ; 
Peyton  Randolph;  Winfield  Scott;  Andrew  Stevenson  ;  Zachary 
Taylor ;  George  H.  Thomas ;  John  Tyler ;  Abel  P.  Upshur ; 
Bushrod  Washington  ;  George  Washington  ;  Henry  A.  Wise. 

WEST  VIRGINIA.  —  Stephen  B.  Elkins. 

>    WISCONSIN.  —  Lucius  Fairchild  ;  J.  C.  Spooner  ;  Cadwallader 
C.  Washburne. 

ENGLAND.  —  John  Andre  ;  John  Bright ;  John  Cabot ;  Sebas- 
tian Cabot ;  Sir  Francis  Drake ;  Sir  John  Hawkins ;  Sir  Walter 
Ralegh. 

FRANCE.  —  Marquis  de  Lafayette. 

SPAIN.  —  Christopher  Columbus. 

§  131.    Constitutional  Special  Reports. 

OBJECT.  This  report  is  intended,  like  the  weekly  papers 
(Handbook,  §  26),  to  train  students  in  applying  to  specific 
cases  the  general  principles  of  the  Constitution  ;  but  instead  of 
undertaking  to  give  an  opinion  off-hand  and  without  the  use  of 
books,  they  will  be  expected  to  bring  to  bear  upon  their  ques- 
tion all  the  authorities  which  they  can  command. 

SCOPE.  Each  topic  will  be  a  simple  question  in  constitu- 
tional law,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  a  very  detailed  question. 
18 


274  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

The  report  is  to  be  a  brief  statement  of  the  conclusions  which 
the  student  has  reached,  with  the  reasons  for  those  conclusions ; 
but  in  the  report  it  is  expected  that  objections  to  the  position 
taken  will  be  stated  and  discussed,  and  the  reasons  for  setting 
them  aside  will  be  made  apparent.  Students  are  cautioned 
against  making  these  reports  vague,  and  especially  against 
copying  opinions  of  jurists  or  statesmen  without  showing  how 
they  affect  the  results.  A  series  of  bald  extracts  from,  or  ab- 
stracts of,  authorities  is  not  considered  a  report.  It  is  expected 
that  the  subject  will  be  logically  developed  in  analyzed  heads, 
each  worked  out  in  arguments  backed  up  by  references  to  the 
authorities  upon  which  the  opinion  is  based ;  and  brief  quota- 
tions may  well  be  introduced  to  show  the  character  of  the 
evidence.  Special  notice  will  be  taken  of  a  systematic  analysis 
of  the  subject  and  a  neat  form  of  statement,  in  which  the 
main  heads  of  the  argument  are  clearly  stated. 

AUTHORITIES.  Bibliographies  of  the  Constitution  will  be 
found  in  Handbook,  §§  19,  21c,  32,  34,  35,  36,  37-61,  95- 
123,  138;  Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  VII, 
255-266  ;  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  the  Constitution  ;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Federal  Government,  §§  38,  469,  and  Actual  Government; 
J.  G.  Barnwell,  Reading  Notes  to  the  Constitution.  Use  also  the 
bibliographical  introductions  or  footnotes  to  the  best  books  on 
constitutional  history  and  constitutional  law  (Handbook,  §§  31a, 
31J).  • 

Students  will  be  expected  to  refer  to  any  parts  of  the  Con- 
stitution bearing  upon  their  subject,  to  study  the  constitutional 
treatises,  to  examine  acts  of  Congress  and  other  evidences  of 
the  practice  of  the  government  with  reference  to  their  subject, 
and  to  make  use  of  Supreme  Court  Reports  and  other  re- 
positories of  official  legal  opinions  (Handbook,  §  31c). 

The  principal  authorities  on  constitutional  law  will  be  found 
in  the  alcove  containing  books  on  government.  Duplicates  of 


131,  132]  DIRECTIONS  275 

many  of  these  books  will  be  found  in  the  Evans  Library,  and 
in  any  good  public  or  private  law  library.  The  footnotes  to 
these  treatises  should  lead  to  other  commentaries,  and  especially 
to  decisions  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  and  other 
courts.  Some  of  the  treatises  are  enumerated  in  Handbook, 
§  32&,  and  lists  of  legal  reports  of  cases  and  aids  to  the  study 
of  constitutional  questions  will  be  found  in  Handbook,  §  32c. 

CONFERENCE.  In  addition  to  the  conference  hours  of  the 
assistant,  the  instructor  may  himself  be  consulted  at  hours  to 
be  hereafter  announced. 

METHOD.  The  easiest  and  most  complete  way  of  handling 
the  subject  is  to  take  notes  upon  loose  sheets,  appropriating 
one  for  each  branch  of  the  subject  as  it  is  developed.  The 
student  may  then  go  through  all  the  authorities,  searching 
simply  for  discussions  which  may  seem  to  him  to  bear  upon 
the  point,  and  taking  his  references,  point  by  point.  He  will 
then  have  a  body  of  classified  references,  and  may  go  back  to 
those  which  he  has  marked  as  being  most  helpful.  By  com- 
paring the  various  authorities  thus  collected  in  each  sub- 
division of  the  subject  seriatim,  he  will  be  able  to  come  to  a 
decision  for  himself. 

§  132.    Subjects  for  Constitutional  Special  Reports. 

Out  of  this  list  of  about  1,000  subjects  for  investigation  in  con- 
stitutional subjects,  many  are  discussed  at  more  or  less  length 
by  the  treatise  writers,  or  in  special  monographs.  References 
at  the  section  heads  will  lead  to  some  of  the  special  materials. 
In  general  the  topics  are  very  limited,  so  that  the  available 
materials  can  be  exhausted.  Of  the  following  subjects  a 
large  number  have  been  tested  and  give  opportunity  for  proper 
discussion.  Students  may  arrange  for  a  change  of  subject 
if  it  seems  hard  to  find  suitable  evidence.  In  Handbook,  §§ 
139-153,  will  be  found  lists  of  questions  in  practical  govern- 


276  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

ment,  many  of  which  might  also  be  used   for  constitutional 
reports. 


§  1323.    Genesis  and  Nature  of  the  Union  (see  Hand- 
book, §§  19a-19c,  21a,  21c,  33-38,  99,  141a). 

REVOLUTION. 

1.  Was  Massachusetts  ever  sovereign  and  independent? 

2.  Has   any   State    existed   without   being   a   State   in  the 
Union  ? 

3.  Was  the  issue  of  Continental  paper  notes  really  a  legal 
tender  ? 

4.  Were  ordinances  of  the  Continental  Congress  binding  on 
the  people  of  the  United  States  after  1789? 

5.  Did  the  Second  Continental  Congress  exercise  sovereign 
powers  ? 

6.  Were  the  people  bound  to  obey  the  resolutions  of  the 
Continental  Congress? 

7.  Were  the  States  bound  to  obey  the   resolutions  of   the 
Continental  Congress? 

THE  CONFEDERATION. 

8.  Was  the  Confederation  a  league  of  sovereign  States  ? 

9.  Had  the    Congress  of   the  Confederation  any  power   of 
enforcing  its  decrees? 

10.  Had  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation  supreme  juris- 
diction in  prize  cases? 

11.  Were  the  States  bound  to  obey  the  ordinances  of  Con- 
gress ? 

12.  Had  the  Confederation   constitutional   power   over  the 
Indians  ? 

13.  Could  the  Confederation  keep  up  a  standing  army? 

14.  Was  the  Northwest  Ordinance  a  constitutional  act? 


132, 132a]  NATURE   OF   THE    UNION  277 

15.  Was  Patrick  Henry's  theory  of  State  rights  under  the 
Confederation  sound? 

16.  Had  the  States  a  right  to  secede  from  the  Confederation  ? 

17.  Was  the  Confederation  ever  legally  dissolved? 

RATIFICATION  OF   THE  CONSTITUTION. 

18.  Is  the  Constitution  a  compact  between  the  States  and 
the  general  government? 

19.  Who  were  "  the  people  of  the  United  States  "  in  1787? 

20.  Is  the  Federal  constitution  supreme  over  the  Massachu- 
setts constitution  of  1780? 

21.  Did  the  States  forever  bind  themselves  by  their  ratifica- 
tion of  the  Constitution  ? 

22.  Are  the  people  of  New  York  to-day  bound  by  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  Constitution  in  1788? 

23.  Did  the  framers  of  the  Constitution  know  "  a  people  of 
the  United  States  "  possessing  political  powers  ? 

24.  May  a  State  repeal  its  ratification  of  a  constitutional 
amendment? 

25.  Is   there  any   part   of   the  United   States   Constitution 
which  cannot  be  amended? 

26.  Was  North  Carolina  in  or  out  of  the  Union  in  1789? 

SOVEREIGNTY. 

27.  Was  the  government  of  the  United  States  sovereign  in 
1790? 

28.  Was  the  government  of  the  United  States  sovereign  in 
1791? 

29.  Can   the   United  States   be  compelled  to   pay   its  just 
debts? 

30.  May  a  State  be  compelled  to  pay  debts  due  to  the  Fed- 
eral government? 

31.  Who  is  the  sovereign  in  the  United  States? 


278  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

32.  Is  Congress    sovereign    within  the  sphere   of   national 
powers  ? 

IMPLIED  POWERS. 

33.  How  far  is  the  intent  of  the  framers  of  the  Constitution 
to  be  taken  into  account  in  determining  its  meaning  ? 

34.  Does    the    "general    welfare"    clause  give    additional 
powers  to  Congress,  not  elsewhere  stated? 

35.  Is  the  "  general  welfare  "  clause  a  limitation  on  the  tax- 
ation clause  ? 

36.  Can   a   power   not  distinctly   implied    in   any   specified 
power  in  the  Constitution  be    implied   from    several    clauses 
taken  together? 

37.  May  the  United   States  government  exercise    a  power 
because  it  was  a  power  customary  in  civilized  governments  at 
the  time  the  Constitution  was  framed  ? 

38.  Are  tariff  acts  "  necessary  and  proper?  " 

39.  Was  the  Sedition  Act  constitutional? 

40.  Was  the  Embargo  constitutional  ? 

41.  Was  the  Legal  Tender  Act  constitutional? 

42.  What  powers  are  forbidden  both  to  the  nation  and  the 
States? 

43.  Whence  comes  the  authority  to  annex  territory? 

§  i32b.    Membership  in  the  Community  (see  Handbook, 
§§  216,  74,  80,  87,  97,  98,  140a,  140d). 

CITIZENSHIP. 

44.  Is  there  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  who  is  not  also 
a  citizen  of  a  State? 

45.  Can  there  be  a  citizen  of  a  State  who  is  not  also  a  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States  ? 

46.  Are  there   now  any  citizens  of  the  United  States  who 
have  fewer  rights  than  other  citizens  ? 


132a,  132b]     MEMBERSHIP  IN  THE   COMMUNITY  279 

47.  Can    a    Chinaman    become    a    citizen    of    the    United 
States? 

48.  Can  a  Japanese  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States? 

49.  Is  the  son  of  Chinese  parents,  born  in  the  United  States, 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ? 

50.  Are  the  Filipinos  citizens  of  the  United  States  ? 

51.  What,  is  the  legal  status  of   a  born   Porto  Rican  who 
settles  in  New  York? 

52.  What   is  the   status  of  a  born  Filipino  who  settles  in 
Hawaii  ? 

53.  Will  persons  born  in  Hawaii  thereby  become  citizens  of 
the  United  States? 

54.  Is  the  son  of  an  American  citizen,  born  in  Germany  and 
always  residing  there,  an  American  citizen  ? 

55.  Is  the  son  of  American  parents,  born  in  Germany,  a  cit- 
izen of  the  United  States  ? 

56.  Can  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  divest  himself  of  that 
citizenship? 

57.  May  Congress  by  statute   endow  Indians  with  citizen- 
ship? 

58.  May  an  Indian  be  compelled  to  accept  citizenship? 

59.  May  a  State  deprive  any  person  of  citizenship  ? 

60.  May  Congress  by  statute  banish  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States? 

61.  May  a  State  banish  a  citizen  of  that  State? 

62.  May  Congress  fix  banishment  as  a  penalty  for  crime? 

63.  May  Congress  forbid  American  citizens  to  return  from 
foreign  countries? 

64.  What  is  "  inhabitancy  of  a  State  "  in  the  meaning  of  the 
Constitution,  Art.  I,  Sec.  3,  §  3? 

65.  Is  a  corporation  created  by  a  State  entitled  to  the  privi- 
leges and  immunities  of  citizens  in  other  States? 


280  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

NATURALIZATION. 

66.  May  naturalization  be  accomplished  by  State  courts? 

67.  May  Congress  require  naturalization  by  United  States 
courts  only? 

68.  Is  naturalization  a  right  of  an  alien,  if  he  can  satisfy 
the  formalities? 

69.  Is  a  foreign  power  bound  to  accept  an  authentic  act  of 
naturalization,  even  though  obtained  by  fraud? 

70.  What  persons  are  excluded  from  naturalization? 

71.  May  a  Chinaman  be  naturalized  ? 

72.  May   Congress   by    statute    withdraw   a    naturalization 
once  granted? 

73.  Is   there   any   legal   distinction   between  a   naturalized 
and  a  native-born  citizen? 

74.  Is  a  naturalized  citizen  of  the  United  States  relieved 
from  obligation  to  his  native  government? 

75.  May  a  Filipino   Malay  be   naturalized   as  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States? 

ALIENS. 

76.  May  a  person   be  both  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
and  of  a  foreign  country? 

77.  Are  aliens  liable  to  military  service? 

78.  Are  aliens  entitled  to  sue  in  the  United  States  courts? 

79.  May   Congress    by   statute  forbid   aliens   to    hold   real 
estate  in  the  United  States  ? 

80.  May   Congress   by   statute   confiscate   the   property   of 
aliens  ? 

81.  May   Congress    by   law    compel    subjects   of    friendly 
countries  to  leave  our  territory? 

82.  Was  the  Alien  [friends]  Act  constitutional? 

83.  Was  the  Alien  [enemies]  Act  constitutional? 

84.  May  the  States  forbid  Japanese-born  persons  to  vote  ? 


132b,  132c]        NATURALIZATION  AND  FREEDOM  281 

85.  How  may  a  Chinaman  legally  enter  the  United  States? 

86.  May  Congress  expel  Chinese  who  have  once  been  allowed 
to  enter  the  country? 

87.  May  the  Chinese  now  in  Hawaii  be  banished  by  act  of 
Congress  ? 

88.  May  Congress  refuse  to  sell  public  lands  to  aliens? 

§  1320.  Personal  Rights  (see  Handbook,  §§  216,  40,  42, 
47,  51,  52,  55,  75,  82,  95,  96,  132&,  134c,  140c,  140e). 

PERSONAL  FREEDOM. 

89.  Was  slavery  ever  legal  on  board  United  States  men  of 
war? 

90.  Was    slavery   constitutionally    established   in    Missouri 
before  1820? 

91.  Did   the   Proclamation   of   Emancipation  annul  slavery 
clauses  in  State  constitutions? 

92.  Did  the  Proclamation  of  Emancipation  actually  free  any 
slaves  ? 

93.  Are  slaves  held  by  Filipinos  set  free  by  annexation  ? 

94.  May  the  United  States  by  treaty  acknowledge  the  exis- 
tence of  slavery  in  the  Sulu  archipelago? 

95.  Are  the  Hawaiians    protected   against   slavery   by  the 
Federal  constitution  ? 

96.  May    Congress   by   statute   permit   foreigners  to   carry 
away  negroes  to  be  sold  as  slaves? 

97.  May  Congress   provide   by   law   for   returning  fugitive 
slaves  who   may  escape  into   the   United   States    from   other 
countries? 

98.  Was  the  Fugitive  Slave  Act  of  1850  constitutional? 

99.  Were  the  Personal  Liberty  Laws  constitutional? 

100.  Had   Congress    at  any  time  the  right  to  prohibit  the 
return  of  fugitive  slaves  from  the  territories  ? 

101.  May  a  criminal  be  sold  to  service  for  a  term  of  years? 


282  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

102.  May  a  criminal  be  sold  to  serve  an  individual  for  life? 

103.  May  the  States  refuse  to  permit  the  entrance  of  citizens 
of  other  States  on  the  ground  of  pauperism  ? 

104.  May  mine  owners  in  Illinois  import  negroes  to  take  the 
places  of  strikers? 

105.  May  a  pauper  be  compelled  against  his  will  to  return 
to  the  State  from  which  he  came  ? 

106.  What  is  the  remedy  of  an  individual  illegally  arrested 
by  the  President's  order? 

107.  May  the  President  suspend  habeas  corpus? 

108.  May  a  general  suspend  habeas  corpus  in  time  of  war? 

109.  May  habeas  corpus  be  suspended  otherwise  than  by  an 
act  of  Congress? 

FREEDOM  OP  SPEECH. 

110.  May  a  person  be  punished  for  speaking  ill  of  Congress? 

111.  May  a  person  be  punished  in  time  of  war  for  telling 
the  truth  about  the  military  situation  of  the  country  ? 

112.  Could  a  correspondent  be  punished  for  sending  home 
truthful  despatches  on  operations  in  the  Philippines  ? 

113.  Are  the  Filipinos  entitled  to  meet  and  petition  Con- 
gress to  restore  the  islands  to  Spain? 

114.  Are  petitioners  entitled  to  have  their  petitions  read  in 
Congress? 

RIGHTS  OF  COLONISTS. 

115.  Are  the  people  of  Porto  Rico  entitled  to  keep  and  bear 
arms? 

116.  Are  Filipinos  entitled  to  "no  taxation  without  repre- 
sentation ?  " 

117.  Are  Cubans   entitled  under  the    Constitution  to  keep 
and  bear  arms? 

118.  May  soldiers  be  quartered  in  the  houses  of  Filipinos? 


132c]  PERSONAL  RIGHTS  283 

119.  Are  Hawaiians  entitled  to  counsel  in  criminal  trials  by 
the  Constitution  ? 

120.  Are  Porto  Ricans  entitled  to  sue  in  Federal  courts  in 
California? 

121.  May  a  Porto  Rican  be  deprived  of  his  property  without 
due  process  of  law? 

122.  Can  a  Filipino  be  deprived  of   property  without  due 
process  of  law? 

123.  Is  a  Hawaiian  entitled  to  indictment  before  trial? 

124.  May  a  Filipino  be  tried  without  an  indictment  or  pre- 
sentment? 

125.  Have  the  people  of  a  territory  a  right  to  trial  by  jury? 

126.  Are   Hawaiians   entitled  to  a  trial  by  jury  under  the 
Constitution  ? 

127.  Are  Filipinos  entitled  to  a  trial  by  jury? 

128.  May  Congress  bring  Porto  Ricans  to  the  continent  for 
trial  for  murder? 

129.  Are  the  people  of  a  dependency  free  from  liability  to 
"  cruel  and  unusual  punishments?  " 

130.  May   inhabitants  of   the  Philippines   be   burned  alive 
as  a  judicial  punishment  for  crime? 

PROTECTION  OF  RIGHTS. 

131.  Can  the  United  States  protect  a  citizen  against  depriva- 
tion of  his  civil  rights  by  a  State? 

132.  May  Congress  protect  colored  citizens  from  exclusion 
by  State  law  from  juries? 

133.  May  Congress  provide  for  the  punishment  of  persons 
who  prevent  negroes  from  voting? 

134.  May  the   United  States  protect  a  citizen  against  dis- 
crimination in  the  use  of  public  conveyances? 

135.  May   Congress   require   railway    companies    to   admit 
negroes  to  Pullman  cars? 


284  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

136.  Was  the  Freedman's  Bureau  Bili  of  1866  constitutional? 

137.  Can  anybody  deprive  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  of 
his  property  without  due  process  of  law  ? 

138.  May  Congress  divest  persons  of  titles  to  lands  which 
they  have  acquired  by  purchase  from  the  government? 

139.  May  private  houses  be  searched  by  revenue  officers  at 
night  ? 


§  i32d.    The  Electoral  System  (see  Handbook,  §§ 
142-1420). 

140.  May  Congress  in  any  way  regulate  the  suffrage? 

141.  May  Congress  establish  compulsory  voting  in  national 
elections  ? 

142.  May  Congress  establish  a  system  of  minority  represen- 
tation in  elections  to  Congress  ? 

143.  May  Congress  require  the  Australian  ballot  system  at 
national  elections? 

144.  May  Congress  require  the  registration  of  voters  at  na- 
tional elections? 

145.  May  Congress  grant   to  women  the  right  to  vote  for 
presidential  electors? 

146.  May  the  United  States  in  any  way  restrict  the  suffrage  ? 

147.  Would  an  educational  qualification  fixed  by  a  State  be 
a  reason  for  diminishing  its  representation  in  Congress  ? 

148.  Is   the    belief   that   polygamy   is    a   divine   institution 
ground  for  disenfranchisement? 

149.  For   what   reasons   has   the    United    States    excluded 
persons  from  the  suffrage? 

150.  May  Congress  deprive  deserters  of  their  right  to  vote? 

151.  Is  the  right  to  be  a  candidate  for  elective  office  secured 
by  the  Constitution? 


132c-l32e]  ELECTORAL  SYSTEM  285 

§  1326.    Status  of  the  States  (see  Handbook,  §§  21a,  21e, 
34,  50,  57,  61,  143-143/). 

FEDERAL  STATUS. 

152.  What  rights  have  States  which  cannot  be  infringed  by 
the  general  government? 

153.  May  a  territory  form  a  State  constitution  without  an 
enabling  act? 

154.  Do  territorial  laws  remain  in  force  after  the  admission 
of  the  territory  as  a  State? 

155.  May  a  Federal  constitutional  convention  duly  called  pro- 
pose an  amendment  to  take  away  the  equal  vote  in  the  Senate  ? 

156.  Was  Missouri  bound  by  the  text  of  the  Compromise  of 
1821? 

157.  May  Congress  fix  conditions  on  States  at  admission, 
which  will  hold  good  after  admission? 

158.  May   Congress  admit  Hawaii  as  a  State  on  condition 
that  all  native-born  men  shall  always  have  the  suffrage? 

159.  Can  a    State   be  formed   without   the   consent  of  the 
people  ? 

160.  Was  the  admission  of  West  Virginia  constitutional? 

161.  Might  Congress  admit  Porto  Rico  as  a  State  with  the 
condition  that  it  should  have  only  one  Senator? 

162.  Is  Utah  bound  by  any  restrictions  which  do  not  apply 
to  other  States? 

163.  Is  Ohio  bound  to  perform  any  duties  not  required  of 
other  States? 

164.  May  Congress  by  statute  assign  duties  to  State  officials? 

165.  What  duties  do  State  governments  perform  for  the  na- 
tional government? 

166.  May  a  State   Governor  refuse   to  extradite  a  person 
whom  he  admits  to  be  a  fugitive  criminal? 


286  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

167.  Does  the  United  States  in  any  official  way  recognize 
the  existence  of  cities  in  the  States? 

168.  Does  the  United  States  in  any  way  recognize  the  exist- 
ence of  county  governments? 

STATE  SOVEREIGNTY. 

169.  Was  any  State  sovereign  in  1788? 

170.  Was  New  Hampshire  ever  an  independent  State? 

171.  Is  a  State  sovereign  over  the  inheritance  of  property? 

172.  Is  a  State  sovereign  over  its  own  tax  system? 

173.  Is  a  State  sovereign  over  education? 

174.  Was  North  Carolina  a  sovereign  State  in  1789? 

INTERPOSITION  AND  NULLIFICATION. 

175.  What  is  the  meaning  of  "  interposition  "  as  used  in  the 
Virginia  Resolutions? 

176.  Is  "  interposition"  a  rightful  remedy  in  case  of  actual 
violation  of  State  rights  by  the  Federal  government? 

177.  What  is  the  meaning  of   ''nullification"  as  used  in  the 
Kentucky  Resolutions? 

178.  What  remedy  has  the  United    States    against   nullifi- 
cation ? 

179.  Was  nullification  in  1833  "  a  peaceful  remedy?  " 

SECESSION. 

180.  Does  a  man  owe  allegiance  to  his  State? 

181.  Does  secession   deprive   a  State   of  its  status   in  the 
Union? 

182.  What  was  the  legal  effect  of  secession  upon  the  status 
in  the  Union  of  the  seceding  States? 

183.  Was  Tennessee  in  the  Union  during  the  Civil  War? 

184.  Was  the  secession  of  Louisiana  unconstitutional  under 
the  treaty  of  1803? 


132e]  STATUS  OF  THE  STATES  287 

185.  Was  John  Bell  "bound  to  follow  his  State"  in  seces- 
sion in  1861? 

186.  Does  the  "  supreme  law  "  clause  provide  that  a  State 
cannot  secede? 

187.  What  are  the  constitutional  remedies  in  case  a  State 
secedes? 

188.  Is  secession  insurrection? 

189.  Is  secession  rebellion? 

190.  Is  secession  treason? 

191.  Had  Texas  any  more  right  to  secede  than  Virginia? 

192.  May  the  United  States  make  war  upon  a  State? 


ADJUSTMENT  OF  CONTROVERSIES. 

193.  Who  finally  decides  as  to  the  meaning  of  the  phrases  of 
the  State  constitutions? 

194.  What  is  u  a  republican  form  of  government?  " 

195.  May  Congress    by  statute   decide  which  of   two  rival 
State  governments  is  legal? 

196.  In  case  of  concurrent  powers  between  the  national  and 
State  governments,  which  has  precedence  ? 

197.  Who   decides   disputes    between   the    States   and    the 
national  government? 

198.  Is  there  any  tribunal  to  decide  disputes  between  State 
Governors  and  the  President? 

199.  May  a  suit  be  brought  against  a  State  by  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States? 

200.  May  a  State  be  compelled  to  pay  its  debts? 

201.  May  Congress  under  any  circumstances  declare  a  State 
statute  void? 

202.  May  Congress  provide  for  the  punishment  of  seditious 
libels  on  State  officials? 


288  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

§  i32f.   National    Legislative    Department  (see   Hand- 
book, §§  21/t,  37,  38,  109-111,  145-1 45e). 

QUALIFICATION. 

203.  May  Congress  by  statute  refuse  to  receive  Senators  and 
Representatives  from  a  State  now  in  the  Union? 

204.  May  Congress  prohibit   State  officers  from  accepting 
elections  to  the  House  of  Representatives? 

205.  May  Congress  by  statute  refuse  to  admit  Senators  and 
Representatives  elected  from  a  former  seceding  State? 

206.  May  Congress  make  any  new  qualifications  for  member- 
ship in  either  House  ? 

207.  Can  a  State  define  the  qualifications  for  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Representatives? 

208.  May  Congress  by  statute    declare    persons  who  have 
been  engaged  in  war  against  the  United  States  to  be  ineligible 
for  membership  in  either  House  ? 

209.  May  Congress  prescribe  residence  in  the  district  from 
which  a  member  is  elected  as  a  qualification  for  membership  in 
the  House? 

210.  May  a  member  elect  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
be  refused  a  seat  because  suspected  of  crime  ? 

211.  May  a  Senator  elect  be  excluded  from  the  Senate  on 
the  ground  that  he  believes  in  polygamy  ? 

212.  May  the  Senate  refuse  to  admit  a  Senator  elect  because 
it  does  not  like  him? 

213.  May  Congress   refuse  to  receive  a   member   elect  on 
grounds  of  personal  character  only? 

ELECTION  OP  SENATORS. 

214.  Is  the  clause  on  equality  of  representation  in  the  Senate 
amendable  except  by  unanimous  consent? 


I32f]  NATIONAL   LEGISLATIVE  289 

215.  Is  there  a  remedy  if  a  State  refuse  to  elect  Senators? 

216.  May  a  State  be  compelled  by  constitutional  amendment 
to  choose  Senators  by  popular  vote? 

217.  Might  a  State  by  its  constitution  direct  the  legislature 
to  choose  as  Senator  a  man  who  had  a  majority  of  the  popular 
vote  ? 

218.  May  States  require  a  preliminary  popular  election  to 
designate    candidates  out  of    whom    alone   Senators   may  be 
chosen  ? 

219.  If  a  legislature  meets  and  terminates  without  electing  a 
Senator,  may  the  Governor  thereupon  appoint  to  the  vacancy? 

220.  Could  retiring  Presidents  constitutionally  be  made  Sen- 
ators ex  officio  without  votes  ? 

221.  May  Congress  pass  an  act  regulating  contests  for  seats 
in  the  Senate? 

ELECTION  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 

222.  How  far  may  the  United  States  regulate  elections  to 
Congress  ? 

223.  May  Congress  in  any  way  regulate  State  elections? 

224.  May  Congress  by  statute  place  soldiers  at  the  polls,  in 
States  where  there  is  no  disturbance  of  the  peace? 

225.  May  the  President  under  the  present  laws  station  United 
States  troops  at  the  polls  at  elections? 

226.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  States  from  holding  elec- 
tions on  the  day  of  election  of  members  to  the  House  ? 

227.  May   Congress  compel    States  to   permit  their  public 
buildings  to  be  used  for  Federal  elections? 

228.  May  Congress  by  statute  district  the  States  for  con- 
gressional elections? 

229.  Is  there  any  remedy  for   so   districting   a  State   that 
one  congressional  district  shall  have  twice  the  population  of 
another? 

19 


290  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

230.  May  Congress  fix  the  time  for  elections  in  States? 

231.  Are    territorial   delegates   members   of   the   House   of 
Representatives  ? 

232.  May  Congress  by  statute  refuse  to  admit  the  Repre- 
sentatives elected  in  a  State? 

233.  May  Congress  commit  the  decision  in  contested  elec- 
tions to  State  courts? 

234.  May  Congress  by  statute  empower  the  Federal  courts 
to  decide  contested  elections  ? 

THE  SENATE. 

235.  Does  the  Senate  represent  the  States  rather  than  the 
people  ? 

236.  Is  a  Senator  bound  to  regard  instructions  by  the  legis- 
lature of  his  State  ? 

237.  Has  the  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  any  of  the 
privileges  of  the  Senate  ? 

238.  Has  the  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  a  right  to 
take  part  in  the  debates  of  the  Senate  ? 

239.  Is  the  Senate  bound  by  parliamentary  decisions  of  the 
Vice-President  ? 

240.  What  powers  has  the  Senate  which  are  not  possessed 

by  the  House? 

TBE  HOUSE. 

241.  What  powers  has  the  House  which  are  not  possessed  by 
the  Senate? 

242.  Has  the  House  the  sole  right  to  initiate  appropriation 
bills? 

243.  Has  the  Speaker  of  the  House  the  right  to  declare  a 
quorum   present  when  less    than    a    majority   answer   to   their 
names  in  roll-call? 

244.  May  Congress  by  statute  assign  duties  to  the  Speaker 
of  the  House? 


132f]  NATIONAL  LEGISLATIVE  291 

245.  May  the  Speaker  of  the  House  vote  as  a  member  and 
again  vote  in  a  tie  on  the  same  question? 

246.  May  the  Speaker  of  the  House  be  compelled  to  resign? 

247.  Could  a  person  not  a  member  of  the  House  be  elected 
Speaker  ? 

248.  Are  members  of  Congress  legally  bound  to  vote,  if 
present  ? 

249.  Could  committees  of  Congress  be  required  by  statute 
to  hold  their  sessions  in  public? 

250.  May  a  member  of  Congress  appear  as  paid  counsel  to 
argue  for  a  corporation  before  a  committee  of  Congress? 

PRIVILEGE. 

251.  May  Congress  punish  any  person  for  contempt? 

252.  How  long  does  the  privilege  of  freedom  from  arrest  of 
a  member  of  Congress  last  ? 

253.  May   Congress  inflict  any  punishment  on  persons  not 
members  of  Congress? 

254.  May  Congress  compel  the  testimony  of  witnesses? 

255.  May  Congress  inflict  the  penalty  of  imprisonment  on 
its  own  members? 

256.  May  either  House  expel  a  member  for  asserting  a  belief 
in  polygamy  ? 

LEGISLATIVE  PROCEDURE. 

257.  May  Congress  by  statute  regulate  the  time  of  adjourn- 
ment of  future  Congresses? 

258.  May  a  Congress  bind  a  succeeding  Congress? 

259.  May  Congress  delegate  to  a  commission  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  bill? 

260.  May  the  Executive  submit  drafts  of  bills  to  Congress? 

261.  Is  a  joint  resolution  legally  different  from  an  act? 


292  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

262.  Is  there  any  remedy  if  the  Journals  falsely  state  that  a 
bill  has  been  passed? 

263.  May  the  order  of  business  of  either  House  be  fixed  by 
statute  ? 

264.  Can  a  bill  be  carried  through  all  its  stages  and  become 
an  act,  all  in  one  day? 

265.  Could  either  House  of  Congress  by  rule  limit  the  privi- 
leges of  debate  to  chairmen  of  committees? 

266.  May  Congress  by  law  determine  the  time  of  expiration 
of  Congress? 

267.  Is  there  any  legal  limitation  on  legislative  u  riders  "? 

268.  Can  either  House  recall  a  bill  after  it  is  passed  and  sent 
to  the  other  House  ? 

269.  When  does  an  act  of  Congress  take  effect? 

270.  Does  a  bill  become  an  act  at  the  moment  the  President 
affixes  his  signature? 

271.  May  a  President  sign  a  bill  after  the  adjournment  of 
Congress  ? 

272.  If  Congress  adjourn  for  the  holidays,  do  bills  held  un- 
signed for  ten  days  by  the  President  become  a  law  without  his 
signature? 

273.  May  a  President  veto  a  bill  which  has  in  principle  been 
held  valid  by  the  Supreme  Court  ? 

RELATIONS  WITH  THE  EXECUTIVE. 

274.  May  either  House  by  a  committee  investigate  the  acts 
of  the   President? 

275.  May  the  Houses  by  concurrent  resolution  require  the 
President  to  submit  papers? 

276.  May   either    House   require    the   President   to   submit 
papers  ? 

277.  May   Congress   under   any   circumstances    forbid    the 
President  to  exercise  duties  specified  in  the  Constitution? 


I32f,  I32g]  NATIONAL  EXECUTIVE  293 

278.  May  Congress  authorize  the  President  to  make  regula- 
tions with  the  force  of  law? 

279.  May  Congress  by  statute  assign  to  the  President  duties 
not  specified  in  the  Constitution  ? 

280.  Are  Cabinet  officials  entitled  to  draft  bills  to  be  sub- 
mitted to  Congress  ? 

§  i32g.     National   Executive   Department  (see  Hand- 
book, §§  21gr,  49,  60,   107,   108,   146-146d). 

PRESIDENTIAL    ELECTIONS. 

281.  Are  Indians  eligible  to  the  presidency? 

282.  Are  Filipinos  eligible  to  the  presidency? 

283.  What  is  the  remedy  if  a  person  under  the  legal   age 
should  be  chosen  President? 

284.  May  Congress    by  statute   establish   qualifications  for 
presidential  electors? 

285.  Did  the  Federal  Convention  expect  presidential  electors 
to  vote  according  to  their  individual  preference  ? 

286.  How    are   vacancies   in    the    electoral    colleges  filled, 
between  the  popular  elections  and  the  choice  of  the  President? 

287.  Would  the  plan  of  dividing  the  State  electoral  vote  pro 
rata  to  the  popular  vote  in  each  State  be  an  improvement? 

288.  Who  is  constitutionally  entitled  to  count  the  electoral 
vote? 

289.  Is  the  President  of  the   Senate  entitled  to  count  and 
declare  the  electoral  vote  for  President? 

290.  May  the  electoral  vote  of  a  State  be  rejected  if  there  is 
no  conflicting  return? 

291.  Who  would   be   President  if  the  President  and  Vice- 
President  should  die  between  January  15  and  March  4? 


294  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

CABINET. 

292.  What  is  a  "department"  in  the  meaning  of  the  Con- 
stitution ? 

293.  May  Congress  require  the  President  to  select  Cabinet 
ministers  out  of  persons  already  in  the  civil  service? 

294.  May  the  President  appoint  an  executive  board  of  three 
persons,  to  take  charge  of  the  War  Department? 

295.  Could   Congress    require   the   President   to  accept  the 
judgment  of  his  Cabinet? 

296.  Is  the  act  of  a  Cabinet  officer  legally   the   act  of  the 
President  ? 

297.  Are  Cabinet  officers  bound  to  obey  the  directions  of 
the  President  or  else  to  resign  ? 

298.  Could  the    Vice-President    be  made  a  member   of   the 
Cabinet? 

299.  Could  Congress  by  statute  give  Cabinet  officers  seats  in 
either  House? 

300.  Could  Congress  assign  to  the  Interior  Department  the 
management  of  foreign  relations? 

301.  May  a  President  prescribe  the  duties  of  a  Secretary  of 
State? 

302.  Has  the  Secretary  of  War  any  duties  in  which  he  is 
not  subject  to  the  direction  of  the  President? 

303.  Is  a  Secretary  of  State  bound  to  submit  all  his  des- 
patches to  the  President? 

304.  Is  the  Secretary  of  War   bound  to  obey  a  direction  by 
the  President? 

305.  May  Congress  require  heads  of  departments  to  be  re- 
sponsible directly  to  Congress  ? 

306.  May  the  House  of  Representatives  require  a  head  of 
department  to  report  directly  to  them  ? 

307.  May  a  suit  be    brought  against   a  Cabinet   officer  on 
account  of  an  official  act? 


132g]  NATIONAL   CIVIL  SERVICE  295 

APPOINTMENTS  AND  REMOVALS. 

308.  Is  the  power  of  removal    a  part  of  the  power  of  ap- 
pointment? 

309.  Is  the  Consular  Clerks  Act  of  1864  constitutional? 

310.  May  the  Senate  require  the  President  to  submit  papers 
bearing  on  nominations  ? 

311.  Was  the  Tenure  of  Office  Act  of  1867  constitutional? 

312.  May  Congress  by  statute  provide  that  the  Senate  shall 
participate  in  removals? 

313.  Has  the  Senate  at  present  any  control  over  removals? 

314.  May  Congress  by  statute  require  the  President  to  state 
reasons  for  a  removal? 

315.  May  Congress  by  statute  require  heads  of  departments 
to  state  reasons  for  removals  ? 

316.  May  the  Senate  require  papers  relative   to   removals, 
before    confirming    appointments   to    fill    the    vacancies    thus 
caused  ? 

317.  May   Congress   by  statute   limit   the    term   of   public 
officials  ? 

318.  May   Congress   by   statute   require  that  appointments 
shall  be  made  only  from  persons  who  have  passed  a  civil  ser- 
vice examination? 

319.  May    Congress     give    to    graduates    of     agricultural 
colleges  a  preference  in  appointments  to  office  ? 

320.  May  Congress  provide  a  civil  service  examination  for 
ambassadors  ? 

321.  May  Congress  make  the  civil  service  rules  mandatory 
on  the  President? 

322.  May  Congress  require   that   appointments  to  office  be 
apportioned  per  capita  among  the  States  and  territories  ? 

323.  May  Congress  by  statute  give  to  officials  a  term  during 
good  behavior? 


296  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

324.  May  Congress  in  creating  an  office  designate  the  person 
who  is  to  fill  it? 

325.  May  Congress  designate  persons  to  be  promoted  in  the 
military  service? 

326.  May  Congress  by  statute  remove  officials  by  shortening 
the  term  of  their  offices  ? 

327.  May    a    naval    officer    be    dismissed  without  a  court 
martial  ? 

328.  May  an  officer  of    the  army  be    dismissed  without  a 
hearing  ? 

CIVIL  SERVICE. 

329.  May  the  President  appoint  foreign  representatives  for 
whose  salary  Congress  has  made  no  provision? 

330.  May  the  President  appoint  persons  without  salary  to 
offices  not  created  by  Congress  ? 

331.  May  the  President  accept  private  subscriptions  for  pay- 
ment of  an  official  whose  salary  Congress  refuses  to  vote? 

332.  May  Congress  designate  persons  to  occupy  public  offices 
already  created? 

333.  May  Congress  provide  pensions  for  civil  employees? 

334.  May  States  tax  the  salaries  of  United  States  officials? 

335.  May  Congress  impose  any  official  duties  it  pleases  on 
officers  of  the  government  other  than  the  President? 

336.  Have  executive  regulations  for  government  employees 
the  force  of  law? 

337.  May  an  official  of  the  United  States  at  the  same  time 
hold  office  under  a  State  or  territory? 

338.  May  the  President  delegate  his  power  of  appointment 
to  subordinates? 

339.  May  the   President  delegate   his   command   over  the 
army? 


132g]  EXECUTIVE  RESPONSIBILITY  297 

RESPONSIBILITY  OF  THE  PRESIDENT. 

340.  Is  the  Presidential  veto  a  legislative  power? 

341.  Is  a  President  bound  to  carry  out  a  statute  passed  over 
a  veto  based  on  unconstitutionally  ? 

342.  Is  the  President  bound  by  an  act  (or  joint  resolution) 
passed  over  his  veto? 

343.  May  a  President  refuse  to  carry  out  an  act  of  Congress 
on  the  ground  that  it  is  unconstitutional? 

344.  May   the   President    constitutionally  perform   an   act 
which  the  Supreme  Court  has  held  to  be  unconstitutional? 

345.  Was  President  Johnson  bound  to  carry  out  the  recon- 
struction acts  which  he  vetoed? 

346.  May  either  House  require  from  the  President  the  reasons 
for  an  official  action  ? 

347.  What  is  the  remedy  if  the  President  commit  an  unlaw- 
ful act? 

348.  May  a  suit  be  brought  against  the  President  in  office 
on  account  of  an  official  act? 

349.  May  a  suit  be  brought  against  an  ex-President  for  an 
official  act  performed  while  President? 

350.  May  the  Senate  censure  the  President? 

351.  May  a  President  be  impeached  for  incompetency  ? 

352.  Can  Congress  prescribe  the  districts  over  which  speci- 
fied generals  are  to  be  put  in  command? 

353.  May  the  President  be  summoned  as  a  witness? 

354.  Can  the  President  pardon  a  man  before  indictment? 

355.  Is   there  any  limitation  on  the  President's  power  of 
pardon  ? 

356.  May  Congress  by  law  relieve  from  penalties  already 
incurred  ? 

357.  May  the  President  pardon  offences  against  State  laws? 


298  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

§  i32h.   National   Judiciary  (see  Handbook,  §§    2K,  43, 
44,   112,   113,   147-147d). 

APPOINTMENT  AND  REMOVAL  OF  JUDGES. 

358.  May  Congress  create  a  judgeship  with  a  limited  term? 

359.  Are  territorial  judges  "judges  of  inferior  courts"  in 
the  constitutional  sense? 

360.  May    Congress    constitutionally    abolish    a     judgeship 
without  pensioning  the  incumbent? 

361.  May  Congress  get  rid  of  judges  by  repealing  the  laws 
creating  the  courts  to  which  they  are  attached? 

362.  For  what  offences  may  a  United  States  judge  be  im- 
peached ? 

363.  May  a  United  States  judge  be  impeached  for  making  an 
unpopular  decision? 

PROCEDURE  OF  COURTS. 

364.  May  the  Senate  require  the  chief  justice  to  give  him 
an  opinion  on  the  constitutionality  of  a  pending  bill? 

365.  May  the  President  require  the  opinion  of  the  Supreme 
Court  on  a  pending  treaty  ? 

366.  May   Congress   require   the   justices   of    the    Supreme 
Court  to  act  as  examiners  into  claims  on  the  government? 

367.  May  Congress  exclude  particular  kinds  of  cases  from 
the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court? 

368.  Had  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation  supreme  juris- 
diction in  prize  cases? 

369.  Have  the  United  States  courts  criminal  jurisdiction  at 
common  law? 

370.  May  Congress  by  statute  take  away  the  jurisdiction  of 
courts  over  pending  cases? 

371.  In  what  cases  is  the  decision  of  the  new  Circuit  Courts 
of  Appeals  final  ? 


132h]  NATIONAL  JUDICIARY  299 

372.  In  what  civil  cases  is  a  jury  required  in  United  States 
courts  ? 

373.  Are  judges  bound  by  the  intent  of  the  framers  of  the 
Constitution  ? 

374.  Are   naval  cadets  subject  to  the  ordinary  civil  courts 
for  offences  committed  within  the  academy? 

375.  May  a  United  States  court  enjoin  a  person  not  to  do  an 
act  defined  by  statute  as  criminal  ? 

376.  May  courts  punish  as  a  contempt  acts  criminal  under 
statute  law? 

377.  What  is  the  effect  of  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court 
upon  persons  not  parties  to  the  suit? 

378.  Is  an  individual  not  a  party  to  a  suit  before  the  Su- 
preme Court  punishable  for  ignoring  the  decision? 

379.  Is  a  United  States  court  bound  by  French  law  in  cases 
where  the  maker  of  the  will  dies  in  Paris? 

380.  Is  a  State  court  bound  to  accept  the  decision  of  a  court 
in  another  State  in  the  same  case  ? 

381.  Is  a  State  court  bound  to  accept  the  finding  of  the 
court  of  another  State  as  to  the  validity  of  a  will  ? 


.RELATIONS  TO  STATES. 

382.  In  cases  of  concurrent  jurisdiction  between  State  and 
national  courts,  which  has  the  precedence? 

383.  Can  cases  arising  under  Federal  laws  be  tried  in  State 
courts  ? 

384.  Can  cases  arising  under  State  laws  be  tried  in  Federal 
courts  ? 

385.  May  State  courts  issue  writs  of  habeas  corpus  against 
United  States  officials? 

386.  May  a  State  court  grant  habeas  corpus  in  favor  of  a 
person  confined  for  contempt  of  a  Federal  court? 


300  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

387.  May  the   United   States  courts  issue  writs    of   habeas 
corpus  against  State  officials? 

388.  May  the  New  Jersey  courts  declare  a  national  law  un- 
constitutional ? 

389.  Is  the  Supreme  Court  bound  by  the  decisions  of  State 
Supreme  Courts  on  points  of  State  constitutional  law? 

390.  How    may  cases    be    "removed"  from  a   State   to  a 
United  States  court?     (Does  not  refer  to  appeals  or  acts  of 
error. ) 

391.  How  may  cases  be  brought  up  from  State  to  United 
States  courts  by  "writ  of  error"? 

392.  When  and  how  may  cases  technically  be  "appealed" 
from  State  courts  to  Federal  courts  ? 

393.  Are   the   decisions   of   the  Commissioner  of   Pensions 
binding  on  the  State  courts? 

394.  May  a  Federal  court  mandamus  a  Governor  of  a  State? 

395.  May   United  States  courts  compel  a  State   official  to 
perform  his  State  duties? 

396.  May  the  United  States  courts  compel  city  officials  to 
perform  their  municipal  duties? 

397.  May  a  citizen  of  a  territory  sue  a  citizen  of  a  State  in 
a  territorial  court? 

RELATIONS  TO  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

398.  May  the  Supreme  Court  render  opinions  at  the  request 
of  any  executive  official? 

399.  Who  decides  disputes  between  executive  officials? 

400.  Is   a   decision  of  the  Supreme    Court   binding  on  the 
President? 

401.  May  an   executive  official  be  required  by  a  court  to 
perform  an  act  forbidden  by  the  President? 

402.  May   a  United  States  court  mandamus  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury? 


I32h]  NATIONAL  JUDICIARY  301 

403.  May  a  United  States  court  direct  an  officer  of  the  army 
not  to  arrest  civilians  ? 

404.  May  a  United  States  court  direct  a  letter  carrier  to 
deliver  mail  prohibited  by  act  of  Congress? 

CONTROL  OF  COURTS. 

405.  Is   the   Supreme   Court   bound   by   its    own   previous 
decisions  ? 

406.  Is  there  a  remedy  for  an  unconstitutional  decision  of 
the  Supreme  Court? 

407.  Can  a  judge  be  sued  for  any  official  act? 

408.  How  are  judgments  of  the  Supreme  Court  carried  out? 

409.  Is  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  binding  on  Congress  ? 

410.  Can  Congress  by  law  remit  judicial  penalties  incurred 
in  specific  cases? 

STATES  AS  PARTIES  TO  SUITS. 

411.  Is  the  Supreme  Court  the  arbiter  in  all  cases  between 
States  and  the  United  States? 

412.  May  a  State  be  summoned  to  appear  as  defendant  in 
a  suit  before  a  Federal  court  ? 

413.  May  a  suit  against  a  State  be  appealed  to  the  Supreme 
Court  from  a  State  court? 

414.  May  a  State  which  has  made  coupons  on  its  bonds  re- 
ceivable for  taxes  be  compelled  to  receive  such  coupons  ? 

IMPEACHMENT. 

415.  Does   resignation   remove   an  official  from  liability  to 
impeachment? 

416.  Is  impeachment  a  judicial  process? 

417.  May  a  President  be  impeached  for  drunkenness? 

418.  Can  Senators  of  the  United  States  be  impeached? 


302  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

DECLARING  ACTS  VOID. 

419.  May  United  States  courts  declare  a  joint  resolution  of 
Congress  void  ? 

420.  May  the  Supreme  Court  declare  an  income  tax  void  ? 

421.  May  the  Supreme  Court  declare  a  tariff  act  void? 

422.  May  the  Supreme  Court  declare  an  entry  in  the  Senate 
Journal  void? 

423.  May  the  Supreme    Court  declare   void  the  order  of  a 
general  in  the  field  in  time  of  war? 

424.  May  United  States  courts  declare  an  executive  proc- 
lamation .void? 

425.  May  a   State  constitution  be  held  void,  as  conflicting 
with  the  Federal  constitution? 

426.  May  the  Supreme  Court  of   the  United  States  declare 
a  city  ordinance  void? 

§  132!.   Territorial  Functions  (see  Handbook,  §§  2 1/,  42,  54, 
55,  63-65,  69,  71,  75,  77;  82,  90,  91,  97,  114,  115,  148-1482). 

ANNEXATION. 

427.  Is  the  intention  of  the  framers  of  the  Constitution  as  to 
annexation  of  territory  binding  upon  this  generation? 

428.  Was  the  annexation  of  Louisiana  constitutional? 

429.  Was  the  consent  of  the  people  of  the  Philippines  neces- 
sary  for   the   constitutional   transfer    of    the   islands    to   the 
United  States? 

430.  May  the  President  order  the  occupation  of  a  region  prior 
to  the  signing  of  the  treaty  of  peace  by  which  it  is  ceded  ? 

431.  May  Congress   annex  Cuba  by  joint  resolution,  con- 
trary to  the  express  desire  of  the  Cubans? 

432.  May  Congress  annex  the  island  of  St.  Thomas  without 
the  consent  of  the  people  of  the  island  ? 

433.  May  Congress   by  statute  annex  territory  without  the 
consent  of  the  people  thereof  ? 


132h,  132i]         ANNEXATION  AND  BOUNDARIES  303 

434.  May  Alaska  be  transferred  to  China  by  treaty? 

435.  Has  the  United  States  constitutional  authority  to  plant 
a  colony  in  unoccupied  territory  in  Africa? 

436.  May  the  President  contract  for  the   purchase   of  the 
Danish  West  Indies? 

437.  Did  the  previous  laws  of  Porto  Rico  remain  in  force 
after  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  of  cession  ? 

BOUNDARIES. 

438.  Might  Congress   include  Canada   within   our   customs 
boundary,  while  leaving  it  outside  the  political  boundary  ? 

439.  Who  decides  what  are  the  exterior  boundaries  of  the 
United  States? 

440.  May  Congress  fix  the  boundaries  between  States  ? 

441.  Would  a  State  be  bound  to  obey  an  act  of  Congress 
dividing  its  territory? 

442.  May  Congress  determine  the  boundary  between  an  old 
State  and  one  just  admitted? 

443.  May  Congress  by  statute  declare  that  Tierra  del  Fuego 
is  a  part  of  the  United  States? 

MARITIME  JURISDICTION. 

444.  Has  the  United  States  any  jurisdiction  outside  of  the 
three-mile  limit  and  the  decks  of  her  vessels  ? 

445.  What  is  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  over  en- 
closed bays  like  Chesapeake  and  Long  Island  Sound  ? 

446.  Has  the  United  States  any  jurisdiction  in  Bering  Sea? 

447.  In  what  jurisdiction  are  the  Great  Lakes? 

448.  Who  owns  the  bottom  of  the  sea  between  high  and  low 
water-mark  ? 

449.  Who  owns  the  bottom  of  the  sea  between  low  water- 
mark and  the  three-mile  limit? 


304  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

450.  May  the  United  States  forbid  Americans  to  fish  on  the 
Newfoundland  banks? 

451.  May  Congress  regulate  in-shore  fisheries  on  our  coasts? 

452.  Who  has  jurisdiction  over  the  malicious  cutting  of  a 
telegraph  cable  in  mid  ocean  ? 

453.  Is  the  wreck  of  a  ship  of  war  subject  to  United  States 
jurisdiction  ? 

454.  What  is  the  tribunal  for  offences  by  civilians  on  board 
foreign  ships  of  war  in  American  ports  ? 

455.  What  is  the  tribunal  for  offences  committed  on  board 
foreign  merchant  vessels  in  American  ports  ? 

456.  What  is  the  tribunal  for  offences  committed  on  board 
American  merchant  vessels  on  the  high  sea  ? 

457.  What  is  the  tribunal  for  offences  committed  by  civilians 
on  American  ships  of  war? 

SEAT  OF  GOVERNMENT. 

458.  Have  the  people  of  the  District  of  Columbia  a  right  to 
trial  by  jury? 

459.  May  Congress  withdraw  the  privilege  of  habeas  corpus 
from  the  people  of  the  District  of  Columbia  in  time  of  peace? 

460.  May  Congress  erect  the  District  of  Columbia  into  a 
territory  ? 

461.  Is  a  divorce  granted  in  the  District  of  Columbia  valid  in 
Massachusetts? 

462.  May  Congress  prohibit  in  the  District  of  Columbia  the 
sale  of  sweat  shop  goods  made  in  a  State  ? 

463.  May  Congress  prohibit  persons  coming  from  Maryland 
to  the  District  of  Columbia? 

464.  May  an   insurance  company  chartered  in  the  District 
of  Columbia  claim  a  right  to  do  business  in  Massachusetts? 

465.  Are  the  authorities  of  the  District  of  Columbia  bound  to 
extradite  a  criminal  who  has  fled  from  Maryland  ? 


132i]  SPECIAL  JURISDICTIONS  305 

POSTS  AND  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 

466.  May  the  United  States  by  eminent  domain  acquire  land 
in  a  State  for  a  national  park? 

467.  What    is    the    tribunal    for    offences    committed     in 
United    States    military    posts? 

468.  What  is  the  tribunal  for  offences  committed  in  United 
States  public  buildings? 

469.  May  Congress  construct  a  public  building  in   a   State 
contrary  to  the  will  of  that  State  ? 

470.  May  Congress  take  private  lands  to  be  made  into  forest 
reserves  ? 

471.  May  States  repeal  acts  granting  exclusive  jurisdiction 
to  the  United  States  over  forts? 

472.  May  Congress  expropriate  State  property  for  fortifi- 
cations ? 

473.  Who   has  jurisdiction  over  a    murder  committed  in   a 
United  States  custom  house? 

474.  May  Massachusetts  repeal  the  act  ceding  jurisdiction 
over  Castle  Island  to  the  United  States? 

475.  May  States  tax  buildings  rented  by  the  United  States? 

PUBLIC  LANDS. 

476.  Are  there  any  limitations  on  the  right  of  the  United 
States  to  dispose  of  public  lands  ? 

477.  May  Congress  recall  a  land  grant  once  made? 

478.  May  Congress  give  land  to  aliens? 

479.  May  the  United  States  lease  public  lands  for  a  term  of 
years  ? 

480.  May  States  tax  the  public  lands  within  their  limits? 

481.  May  the  United  States  grant  the  right  to  cut  timber  on 
government  lands  for  private  purposes  ? 

482.  May  Congress  annul  land  grants  made  in  the  Philip- 
pines by  previous  Spanish  authority? 

20 


306  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

483.  May  the  United  States  lease  ungranted    lands  in  the 
Philippines  in  perpetuity? 

484.  May  Congress  grant  lands   for  purposes  for  which  it 
could  not  grant  money  ? 

485.  May  the  States  tax  municipal  public  lands? 

486.  May  the  States  tax  railroad  land  grants? 

INDIANS. 

487.  May  Congress  grant  Indian  lands  to  white  men  without 
the  consent  of  the  Indians? 

488.  Have  the  Indians  a  legal  right  to  the  lands  which  they 
occupy  ? 

489.  Have  Indians  any  rights  which  Congress  is  bound  to 
respect? 

490.  May  Congress  constitutionally  appropriate   money  for 
the  support  of  Indians  ? 

491.  In  what  manner  may  an  Indian  become  a  citizen? 

492.  Can  a  crime  committed  by  an  Indian  on  an  Indian  on 
his  reservation  be  punished  by  a  United  States  court? 

493.  May  Indians  be  removed  from  their  reservations  with- 
out their  consent? 

494.  May  Congress  by  statute  compel  Indians  to  send  their 
children  to  school? 

495.  May  a  tribal  Indian  sue  m  a  United  States  court? 

496.  May  a  tribal  Indian  be  tried  for  murder  in  a  United 
States  court? 

497.  May  an  Indian  tribe  sue  another  Indian  tribe  in  the 
United  States  courts? 

498.  May  an  Indian  tribe  sue  a  State? 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 

499.  Is  the  Governor  of  Porto  Rico  an  "  officer  of  the  United 
States  "  in  the  constitutional  sense  ? 


1321]  DEPENDENCIES  307 

500.  May  Congress  define  the  duties  of    a  Governor  of   a 
territory  ? 

501.  Can  territoral  officials  be  officers  of  the  United  States? 

502.  May  territorial  judges  be  removed? 

503.  May  an  officer  of  the  army  be  appointed  Governor  of  a 
territory  ? 

GOVERNMENT  OF  DEPENDENCIES. 

504.  Does   the    Constitution    ipso  facto    extend   to   the  ter- 
ritories ? 

505.  Are  the  people  of  conquered  territory  entitled  to  priv- 
ileges secured  under  the  Constitution? 

506.  May  the  President  establish  a  military  government  in 
conquered  territory  previous  to  cession  ? 

507.  May  the  President  establish  a  military  government  in 
annexed  territory  previous  to  action  by  Congress? 

508.  May  the  President  establish  a  civil  government  in  con- 
quered territory  previous  to  cession? 

509.  May  the  President  establish  a  civil  government  in  an- 
nexed territory  previous  to  legislation  by  Congress  ? 

510.  May  Congress  authorize  the  President  to  establish  a  ter- 
ritorial government  according  to  his  discretion? 

511.  May  Congress  relegate   an  organized  territory  to  the 
unorganized  status? 

512.  Has  the  United   States  constitutional  power  to  plant 
colonies? 

513.  May  Congress  establish  a  permanent  government  in  the 
Philippines,  in  which  there  shall  be  no  trial  by  jury? 

514.  May  Congress  create  a  territorial  government  for  Porto 
Rico  in  which  the  governor  shall  have  power  to  make  laws? 

515.  May  the  President  provide  a  permanent  civil  govern- 
ment for  the  Philippines  ? 

516.  May  Congress  create  a  permanent  military  government 
for  Porto  Rico  ? 


308  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

517.  May  Congress  by  statute  establish  a  military  govern- 
ment in  the  Philippines? 

518.  May  Congress  pass  an  export  tax  law  applying  to  the 
Philippines  ? 

519.  May  Congress  grant  rights   of   self-government   to  a 
territory  equivalent  to  those  enjoyed  by  a  State  ? 

520.  May  Congress  establish   a    territorial    government-  in 
which  the  legislature  shall  be  appointed? 

521.  May  the  United   States  place  the    Philippine   Islands 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Indian  Commissioners? 

STATUS  OF  DEPENDENCIES. 

522.  Is  the    Constitution  the   "supreme  law  of  the  land" 
in  Hawaii? 

523.  May  Congress  establish  a  government  lottery  in  Porto 
Rico? 

524.  Had  Congress  power  to  prohibit  slavery  in  the  whole 
Louisiana  cession? 

525.  May    Congress    annul    the    charter  of    a    corporation 
granted  by  a  territorial  legislature? 

526.  May  Congress  constitutionally  confiscate  the  property 
of  a  corporation  in  a  territory  ? 

527.  May  Congress  make  sanitary  regulations  for  the  lepers 
in  Hawaii? 

528.  May  Congress  establish  a  government  monopoly  of  sell- 
ing tobacco  in  the  Philippines? 

529.  May  Congress  by  statute  compel  the  Porto  Ricaus  to 
send  their  children  to  school? 

530.  May  Congress  forbid  cock-fighting  in  Porto  Rico? 

531.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  sale  of  liquor  in  a  territory? 

532.  May  Congress   charter   a   special   bank  to  operate  in 
Porto  Rico? 


132i]  DEPENDENCIES  309 

TRADE  OF  DEPENDENCIES. 

533.  May  the  commanding  general  establish  a  special  tariff 
for  conquered  territory  previous  to  cession  ? 

534.  May  the  commanding  general  establish  a  special  tariff 
in  conquered  territory  after  cession  ? 

535.  Does  an  annexed  territory  forthwith  come  under  the 
general  revenue  laws? 

536.  May     Congress     establish    a    special    tariff     for    the 
Philippines? 

537.  May  Congress  make  a  separate  tariff  for  Alaska? 

538.  May  Congress  leave  the  Philippines  outside  our  customs 
boundary  ? 

539.  May   Congress   put    Porto    Rico   outside   the   customs 
boundary  of  the  United  States? 

540.  May  States  tax  goods  imported  from  Porto  Rico? 

541.  May  duties  be  laid  on  imports  from  the  Philippines? 

542.  May  Congress  make  a  separate  tariff  for  Alaska? 

543.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  people  of  Hawaii  from  trad- 
ing with  foreign  countries? 

544.  May  Congress  prohibit  trade  between  the  Philippines 
and  foreign  nations? 

545.  May    foreign    vessels   carry  goods  from  New  York  to 
Porto  Rico  ? 

546.  May  Congress  prohibit  commerce  from  Porto  Rico  to 
the  Philippines? 

547.  May  Congress  prohibit  foreigners  from  emigrating  to 
the  Philippines  while  allowing  it  to  the  United  States? 

548.  May  a  State  refuse  to  admit  goods  imported  from  Porto 
Rico? 

549.  May  Congress  lay  a  special   license  tax  on  merchants 
doing  business  in  Manila? 


310  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§| 

TAXATION  IN  DEPENDENCIES. 

550.  May   Congress  lay  a   special  tax  on  property  in   the 
territories? 

551.  May  the  real  estate  in  territories  be  taxed  by  a  national 
statute  ? 

552.  May  Congress  lay  taxes  in  the  States  expressly  to  sup- 
port the  government  of  the  Philippines  ? 

553.  May  Congress  tax  the  Hawaiians  for  the  support  of  the 
national  government? 

554.  May   Congress   lay   a   special   tax   on   the  people   of 
Samoa  ? 

555.  May  Congress  lay  a  poll  tax  on  the  Filipinos  ? 

§  132].   Financial  Questions  (see  Handbook,  §§  21&,  39, 
116,   117,   149-149d). 

FINANCIAL  SYSTEM. 

556.  May  Congress  appropriate  money  for  the  bureaux  in 
the  Navy  Department  for  more  than  two  years? 

557.  May  Congress  appropriate  money  for  navy  yards  five 
years  in  advance? 

558.  May  the  United  States  be  compelled  to  carry  out  a  five- 
year  contract  for  supplying  bread  to  the  navy? 

559.  Does  unclaimed  salary  revert  to  the  Treasury? 

560.  May   the   United   States    lend    its    cash  balances    on 
interest  ? 

561.  Can  an  accounting  officer  of  the  United  States  be  com- 
pelled by  a  court  to  sign  a  warrant  for  the  payment  of  money? 

562.  How  are  claims  against  the  United  States  collectable? 

563.  May  Congress  recall  an  appropriation  for  the  relief  of 
individuals,  before  it  is  paid  over  ? 

564.  Can  the  United  States  be  compelled  to  pay  the  interest 
on  its  debts  ? 


132i,  132J]  FINANCIAL   QUESTIONS  311 

565.  Are  there  any  limitations  on  the  borrowing  power   of 
the  United  States? 

566.  May  Congress  lower  the  rate  of  interest  on  government 
bonds  before  their  maturity? 

567.  May  the  United  States  in  any  way  be  compelled  to  pay 
just  debts  ? 

568.  May  Congress  vote  money  to  sustain  the  credit  of  the 
New  York  Clearing  House  Association  in  times  of  panic  ? 

RELATION  WITH  STATES. 

569.  May  the  United  States  seize  State  property  for  national 
purposes  ? 

570.  Has  a  State  constitutional  power  to  forbid  the  collection 
within  its  limits  of  an  unconstitutional  tax? 

571.  May    States   tax   corporations    created  by  the  United 
States? 

572.  May  Congress  return  to  the  States  money  once  collected 
from  them  in  taxes? 

573.  May  a  State  tax  the  incomes  of  United  States  officials? 

574.  May  the  States  tax  the  income  derived   from  govern- 
ment securities? 

575.  If  both  the  United   States  and   a  State  tax  the  same 
property,  which  comes  in  first? 

576.  May  Congress  distribute  surplus   revenue    among   the 
States? 

577.  Was  the  Distribution  Act  of  1837  constitutional? 

578.  Could    the   United   States    constitutionally   assume   the 
present  State  debts? 

579.  May  Congress  tax  the  property  of  cities? 

580.  May  States  pass  acts  punishing  counterfeiting  of  United 
States  securities? 

581.  Is  an  inspection  duty  on  meats  for  export  an  kt  export 
duty?" 


312  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

582.  May  the  United  States  appropriate  money  for  the  sup- 
port of  State  lunatic  asylums  ? 

583.  May  Congress  lay  taxes  in  order  to  produce  a  surplus 
revenue  to  be  distributed  among  the  States  ? 

PRINCIPLES  OF  TAXATION. 

584.  Is  there  any  limit  on  the  purpose  of  taxation  by  the 
United  States? 

585.  Has  the  United  States  any  exclusive  power  of  taxation? 

586.  May  Congress  lay  a  tax  on  imports  in  order  to  raise 
money  for  subsidies  to  American  vessels? 

587.  May  Congress  levy  a  special  tax  on  laborers  to  support 
a  Department  of  Labor? 

588.  May    Congress  tax  individual   balances  on  deposit  in 
banks  ? 

589.  May   Congress  tax  liquor   dealers  in   States  in   which 
the  sale  of  liquor  is  forbidden? 

590.  May  the  United  States  tax  oleomargarine  on  the  ground 
that  it  is  unhealthful? 

591.  May  the  United   States  lay  a  tax  on  oleomargarine  in 
order  to  protect  the  producers  of  butter? 

592.  May  Congress  lay  a  tax  on  oleomargarine  equal  to  its 
usual  selling  price? 

593.  May  Congress  grant  a  bounty  to  producers  of    sweet 
potatoes  ? 

594.  May   Congress  grant  a  bounty  for  the  importation  of 
tea? 

595.  Is  a  bounty  to  producers  of  maple  sugar  constitutional? 

596.  Was  the  sugar  bounty  constitutional? 

INCOME  AND  LEGACY  TAXES. 

597.  Is  an  income  tax  a  direct  tax? 

598.  May  the  United  States  lay  a  special  tax  on  an  income 
derived  from  foreign  investment? 


132j]  TAXES  313 

599.  May   the   United    States   tax   the   incomes    of    State 
officials  ? 

600.  May  a  State  levy  an  income  tax  including  salaries  of 
United  States  officials? 

601.  May  Congress  lay  a  tax  on  the  salaries  of  United  States 
officials  ? 

602.  May  Congress  lay  a  tax  on  incomes,  not  proportioned 
to  representation  in  Congress? 

603.  Was  the  income  tax  of  1894  constitutional? 

604.  May  Congress  lay  a  graduated  income  tax? 

605.  May  Congress  establish  a  graduated  income  tax  —  the 
gross  amount  to  be  divided  among  the  States  in  proportion  to 
their  population? 

606.  May  the  United    States  lay  a  tax  on   the  incomes  of 
institutions  of  learning,  exempt  by  State  law? 

607.  May  Congress  tax  incomes  derived  from  land? 

608.  May  Congress  lay  a  tax  on  the  income  of  colleges? 

609.  Is  a  national  income  tax,  graduated  up  to  100%  on  the 
largest  incomes,  constitutional? 

610.  May  the  United  States  tax  legacies? 

611.  May  the  United  States  lay  a  graduated  tax  on  legacies? 

612.  May   the    United    States    tax    legacies   to   institutions 
which  by  State  law  are  exempt  from  taxation? 

613.  May  the  United  States  tax  legacies  to  States? 

TARIFF. 

614.  May  the  United  States  forbid  the  importation  of  goods? 

615.  May  Congress  exact  a  tariff  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
protecting  American  industry? 

616.  May  Congress  lay  an  import  duty  so  high  as  to  be  pro- 
hibitory ? 

617.  May  Congress  make  duties  on  imports  from  one  country 
less  than  those  on  similar  imports  from  another  country? 


314  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

618.  May  Congress  grant  to  individuals  the  privilege  of  im- 
porting goods  free  on  which  others  pay  duties  ? 

619.  May  Congress   prohibit  the  importation  of   innocuous 
goods  ? 

620.  May  Congress  forbid  the  importation  of  coffee? 

621.  Are    passengers    entitled    to   bring   in    their   personal 
baggage  free  of  duty? 

622.  May  Congress  permit  naval   officers  to  import  goods 
for  their  own  use  free  of  duty? 

623.  Do  American    ambassadors    have   the    right   to   bring 
goods  into  the  United  States  duty  free? 

624.  May  Congress  admit  goods  free  of  duty  in  American 
bottoms  while  charging  duty  on  importations  in  foreign  bottoms  ? 

625.  May  Congress   lay  a  tariff  proportionately  lower   on 
large  quantities  than  on  smaller  quantities  of  the  same  com- 
modity ? 

626.  May   Congress   lay   higher   duties    on  importation    in 
foreign  vessels  than  on  those  in  American  vessels? 

627.  May  Congress  grant  to  American  merchants  a  lower 
rate  of  duty  than  is  paid  by  alien  merchants? 

628.  May  Congress  remit  duties   on  goods  intended  for  a 
World's  Fair? 

629.  May  Congress  pass  acts  altering  the  duties  on  goods 
already  imported  and  in  bond? 

630.  Can   foreign   built  yachts,   the  property  of   American 
citizens,  be  imported  without  the  payment  of  duty  ? 

631.  May  Congress  lay  duties  on  materials  for  State  public 
buildings  ? 

632.  May  a  tariff  act  be  passed  laying  additional  duties  on 
goods  imported  before  the  date  of  the  act? 

633.  May  Congress  give   the  President  power  to  withdraw 
duties  on  imports? 

634.  May  a  State  tax  imported  goods? 


132J]  TARIFF  315 

635.  Is  there  a  remedy  if  the  collector  assess  an  illegal  rate 
of  duty  on  imports? 

636.  May  the  United  States   seize  imported  goods  on  pay- 
ment of  the  declared  value? 

637.  May  Congress  require  importers  to  declare  the  cost  of 
manufacture  of  their  goods  ? 

638.  May  goods  once  imported  and  duty  paid  be  seized  for 
undervaluation  ? 

639.  What  is  the   legal  force  of    "  treasury  regulations  "  on 
the  tariff? 

640.  Who  decides   whether  the  classification  of   goods  for 
duty  by  a  collector  is  correct? 

641.  What  is  the  remedy  if  the  assessors  classify  imported 
goods  in  a  manner  not  contemplated  by  the  tariff  act? 

642.  Are  import  duties  a  lien  on  the  goods  on  which  they 
are  assessed? 

643.  May  a  tariff  be  altered  by  a  treaty? 

644.  May  Congress  require  the  payment  of  duties  in  gold? 

645.  May  Congress  require  the  payment  of  import  duties  in 
a  form  of  currency  not  required  for  other  taxes  ? 

646.  What  is  the  remedy  if  a  United  States  official  refuses 
to  receive  silver  dollars  in  payment  of  duty? 

COINAGE  AND  CURRENCY. 

647.  May  the  United  States  make  its  notes  legal  tender  to 
individuals,  but  not  legal  tender  to  the  government? 

648.  May  Congress  make  platinum  coins  legal  tender? 

649.  May  Congress  make  the  notes  of  national  banks  legal 
tender? 

650.  May  Congress  make  its  bonds  legal  tender  at  par  and 
accrued  interest? 

651.  May  Congress  issue  legal  tender  notes  for  the  retire- 
ment of  interest-bearing  bonds? 


316  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

652.  May  Congress  make  interest-bearing  notes  legal  tender 
for  face  and  accrued  interest? 

653.  May  Congress  declare  one  hundred  grains  to  be  the 
weight  of  a  ten-dollar  gold  piece  ? 

654.  May  Congress  make  payable  in  silver  contracts  specifi- 
cally calling  for  gold  ? 

655.  May  Congress   make   silver  legal   tender,    but  except 
payments  for  pensions  and  to  laborers? 

656.  Is  the  United    States  bound  to  redeem  at   full   value 
coins  reduced  by  ordinary  abrasion? 

657.  May  Congress  increase  the  legal  weight  of  the  silver 
dollar,  and  then  refuse  to  receive  the  old  dollars  at  their  face 
value  ? 

658.  May  Congress  provide  for  lending  legal  tender  notes  on 
real  estate  security? 

659.  May  the  United  States  make  silver    certificates  legal 
tender  ? 

660.  May  the  United  States  make  its  own  notes  legal  tender 
in  times  of  peace? 

661.  May  Congress  make  silver  bullion  at  its  weight  legal 
tender  in  payment  of  debts? 

662.  Could   Congress    constitutionally   create     an    artificial 
standard  of  values  based  on  average  prices  of   staple   com- 
modities ? 

BANKS. 

663.  Had    the    Confederation    constitutional    authority   to 
charter  the  Bank  of  North  America? 

664.  Could  the  United  States  create  a  bank  in  which  it  was 
the  sole  stockholder? 

665.  Were  the  bills  of  the  first  United  States  Bank  bills  of 
credit? 

666.  Was  the  first  United  States  Bank  constitutional? 


132j]  CURRENCY  AND  BANKS  317 

667.  Was  the  second  United  States  Bank  constitutional? 

668.  Can  the  United  States  be  compelled  to  redeem  national 
bank  notes  ? 

669.  Does  the  United  States   guarantee  the  national  bank 
notes  ? 

670.  Could  the  United  States  make  national  bank  notes  legal 
tender? 

671.  May  Congress  authorize  banks  of  issue  having  no  other 
security  for  notes  than  their  own  resources  ? 

672.  May    Congress   charter   a    bank  with   authority    to  do 
business  outside  the  United  States  ? 

673.  May  Congress  charter  a  bank  which  is  to  render  no 
service  to  the  government? 

674.  May  the  United  States  give  to  national  banks  exclusive 
privileges  of  government  deposits? 

675.  May   Congress  establish   a  system  of  national   banks 
which  shall  have  a  monopoly  of  the  banking  business  ? 

676.  May  Congress  authorize  banks  to  issue  silver  dollars? 

677.  May  a  State  create  a  bank  of  issue  in  which  it  is  the 
sole  stockholder? 

678.  Could  Congress  prohibit  the  chartering    of   banks  by 
States? 

679.  May  Congress  prohibit  banks  organized  under  State 
charters  ? 

680.  May  a  State  tar  a  national  bank  ? 

681.  May  States  tax  national  bank  stock? 

682.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  circulation  of   other  than 
national  bank  notes? 

683.  May  the  United  States  prohibit  State  banks  from  issu- 
ing notes? 

684.  Is  the  tax  on  State  bank  notes  constitutional? 

685.  May  Congress  prohibit  State  banks  from  discounting 
commercial  paper? 


318  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

§  i32k.   Commercial    Questions    (see  Handbook,   §§  217, 
43-45,  92,  118,  119,  150-1500- 

RELATIONS  OF  STATES. 

686.  May  a  State  prohibit  the  importation  of    any  foreign 
commodity  ? 

687.  May  a  State  forbid  the  sale  of  goods  imported  from  a 
foreign  country? 

688.  May   the   States   levy   duties   on   vessels   engaged   in 
foreign  commerce? 

689.  May  States  regulate  interstate  commerce? 

690.  May  a  State  tax  transportation  corporations,  chartered 
by  the  United  States  ? 

691.  May  a  State  direct  through  interstate  trains  to  stop  at 
specified  stations? 

692.  May  a  State  regulate  the  conditions  of  the  passenger 
traffic  to  foreign  countries? 

DEGREE  OF  REGULATION. 

693.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  importation  of  salt? 

694.  May  Congress  prohibit  all  exportation  of  goods? 

695.  May   Congress    assume    a    government    monopoly   of 
foreign  trade  ? 

696.  Is  the  slave  trade  piracy? 

697.  May  Congress  in  time  of  peace  forbid  American  vessels 
to  leave  port? 

698.  Could  the  United  States  lay  an  embargo  on  shipping  in 
specified  ports  while  allowing  trade  from  other  ports? 

699.  May  Congress  in  time  of  peace  exclude  the  merchant 
vessels  of  a  particular  nation  from  United  States  ports  ? 

700.  May  the  United  States  blockade  its  own  ports  ? 

701.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  importation  of  liquors? 


132k]  REGULATION  AND  IMMIGRATION  319 

702.  May  Congress  regulate  rates  of  freight  to  and   from 
foreign  countries? 

703.  May  the  United  States  regulate  commerce  carried  on 
wholly  within  the  limits  of  a  State? 

704.  May  Congress  prohibit  commerce  from  State  to  State? 

IMMIGRATION. 

705.  May  the  United  States  prohibit  immigration  at  specified 
ports  ? 

706.  May     Congress    forbid     immigration    from    specified 
countries  ? 

707.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  immigration  of  persons  of  a 
particular  race  ? 

708.  May  Congress  exclude  immigrants  on  the  ground  that 
they  are  subjects  of  Russia? 

709.  May  Congress    fix  a  property  qualification   for   immi- 
grants ? 

710.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  immigration  of  persons  not 
able  to  read  and  write? 

711.  May  Congress  by  statute  limit  to  a  fixed  number  the 
immigrants  to  be  annually  admitted? 

712.  May  Congress    forbid    the  immigration  of   Hawaiians 
into  California? 

713.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  immigration  of  Filipinos? 

714.  Do  the  Chinese  immigration  laws  apply  to  the  Philip- 
pines ? 

715.  May    Congress    prohibit  the  emigration   of   American 
citizens  ? 

716.  May    Congress  forbid    per;  on  s    to    emigrate    from   the 
States  to  the  Philippines  ? 

717.  Have  the  States    any  power  to    prohibit   people    from 
leaving  the  State? 


320  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

718.  May  any  State  prohibit  the  immigration  of  foreigners 
within  its  limits  from  other  States? 

719.  Have  the  States  any  power  to  prevent  immigrants  from 
landing  at  a  seaport? 

720.  May  a  State  pass  an  act  similar  to  the  Contract  Labor 
Act? 

721.  May  a  State  prohibit  convicts  from   coming  in  from 
abroad  ? 

722.  May  a  State  prohibit  the  immigration  of  persons  un- 
able to  care  for  themselves? 

ENCOURAGEMENT  OF  SHIPPING. 

723.  May  Congress  grant  a  bounty  of  ten  dollars  per  ton  dis- 
placement for  the  construction  of  private  merchant  steamers? 

724.  Is  a  national  bounty  to  fishermen  constitutional? 

725.  May    Congress    constitutionally    pay    a   subsidy    to    a 
steamship  line   except  for  carrying  the  mails? 

726.  May    Congress   pay   a  bounty   on  the  construction  of 
ships  for  foreign  trade  ? 

727.  May  Congress  pay  a  bounty  per  ton  of  goods  carried  to 
a  foreign  country  by  an  American  ship? 

728.  May  Congress  pay  a  bounty  to  foreign  ships  for  keep- 
ing up  a  service  from  San  Francisco  to  the  Philippines? 

729.  May  Congress  pay  a  bounty  to  American  lines  for  keep- 
ing up  a  service  from  New  York  to  Hawaii  ? 

EXTERNAL  NAVIGATION. 

730.  May   Congress  regulate  the  sanitary  condition  of  for- 
eign vessels  leaving  United  States  ports  ? 

731.  May  Congress  compel  foreign  ships  to  provide  suitable 
facilities  for  steerage  passengers  ? 

732.  May    Congress    regulate     commerce    through    health 
laws? 


132k]  NAVIGATION  321 

733.  May  Congress  tax  vessels  to  keep  up   a    life-saving 
service  ? 

734.  May  Congress  give  American  built  ships  a  monopoly 
of  importing  goods  ? 

735.  May  Congress  deprive  an  American  ship  of  its  registry 
as  a  penalty  for  smuggling  ? 

736.  May  Congress  give  to  foreign  owned  vessels  the  privi- 
lege of  American  registry  ? 

737.  Could  the  United  States  constitutionally   prohibit  the 
carrying  of  freight  in  steamers  ? 

738.  May  Congress  provide  that  freight  shall  be   exported 
only  by  regular  lines  of  steamers,  not  by  " tramps?" 

739.  May  Congress  tax  vessels  for  the  support  of  a  weather 
bureau  ? 

740.  Could  the  United  States  establish  mid-ocean   stations 
for  information  and  aid  to  vessels? 

741.  Could  the  United  States  require  that  pilots  submit  to  a 
civil  service  examination? 

742.  May  Congress  grant  to  Spanish  vessels   privileges  in 
Philippine  ports  not  conferred  on  the  ships  of  other  powers  ? 

INTERNAL  NAVIGATION. 

743.  May  Congress  by  law  designate  rivers  as  navigable? 

744.  May  the  United  States  open  a  new   channel  for   sea- 
going vessels  without  the  consent  of  the  State   in  which   the 
channel  lies? 

745.  May  the  United  States  close  a  navigable  river? 

746.  May   Congress    appropriate   public  money   to   protect 
private  property  from  the  wash  of  rivers? 

747.  May  the  Secretary  of  War  authorize  the  turning  of 
Lake  Michigan  water  through  the  Calumet  Canal? 

748.  May  Congress    construct  irrigating   canals  within  the 

boundaries  of  States? 
21 


322  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

749.  Can  Congress  regulate  navigation   wholly    within   the 
boundary  of  a  State? 

750.  May  Congress  authorize  the  obstruction  of  a  navigable 
river  by  a  permanent  low  bridge? 

751.  May  Congress  improve  the  navigation  of  a  river  wholly 
within  a  State  against  the  will  of  the  State  ? 

752.  May  Congress  prohibit  navigation  on  a  navigable  river? 

753.  May  Congress  construct  a  canal  outside  United  States 
territory  ? 

754.  Was  the  Bonus  Bill  of  1816  constitutional? 

755.  May  Congress  authorize  the  construction  of  drawless 
bridges  over  the  Charles  River? 

RAILROADS. 

756.  May  the  United  States  construct  and  operate  railroads? 

757.  May  Congress  construct  a  railroad  which   lies  wholly 
within  one  State? 

758.  May  the  United  States  construct  railroads  to  be  leased 
to  corporations? 

759.  May  Congress  provide  by  law  for  the  purchase  of  a 
railroad  for  public  use  without  the  consent  of  the  owners  ? 

760.  May  Congress  charter  railroads  without  the  consent  of 
the  States  through  which  they  run  ? 

761.  May  Congress  constitutionally  prohibit  pooling  of  rail- 
way earnings? 

762.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  consolidation  of  steamship 
companies? 

763.  May  Congress  regulate  the  wages  of  employees  of  rail- 
roads engaged  in  interstate  commerce  ? 

764.  May  the  United  States  construct  roads  in  a  State  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  State  ? 

765.  May  Congress  by  statute  fix  maximum  rates  for  over- 
land transportation  ? 


132k]  RAILROADS  323 

766.  May  Congress  fix  interstate  rates  on  land-grant  rail- 
roads ? 

767.  How  far  may  Congress  regulate  the  administration  of 
railroads?     (Question  of  rates  excluded.) 

768.  May  Congress  require  railroads  chartered  by  States  to 
make  returns  to  a  national  commission? 

769.  Can  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  compel  tes- 
timony ? 

770.  May  Congress  by  statute  compel  railroad  managers  to 
answer  the  questions  put  by   a  non-judicial  commission? 

771.  May    Congress   grant    money    subsidies    to    railroads 
chartered  by  a  State? 

772.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  consolidation  of  railroads? 

773.  May  Congress  provide  for   the  examination  for  color 
blindness  of  engineers  on  railroads? 

774.  May    Congress   regulate    the   rate   of    speed  of   trains 
while  passing  through  cities? 

775.  May   Congress    regulate  the   management  of    sleeping 
cars  ? 

776.  May  Congress  fix  parlor-car  rates  of  excess  fare? 

777.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  carrying  of  explosives  on 
railroads  ? 

778.  May  Congress  tax  the  rolling-stock  of  railroads? 

779.  May  Congress   pass   a  general  law   regulating  trolley 

lines? 

TRANSMISSION  OF  INTELLIGENCE. 

780.  Can  the  United  States  oblige  anybody  to  carry  mail? 

781.  Could    Congress    provide    for   carrying    mails    free    of 
postage  ? 

782.  May  the  United  States  refuse  to  deliver  letters  to  the 
persons  addressed? 

783.  Could   Congress    constitutionally   have    prohibited    the 
carrying  of  abolition  publications  in  the  mails? 


324  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

784.  May  Congress  forbid  the  delivery  of  mail  addressed  to 
presumably  innocent  persons? 

785.  May  Congress  by  statute  direct  postmasters  to  deliver 
only  such  mail  as  is  authorized  by  State  statute  ? 

786.  May  the   United    States  provide   for   the   opening  of 
letters  in  transit  through  the  mails? 

787.  May  States  establish  monopolies  of  express  business^ 
within  their  own  limits? 

788.  May   Congress    forbid    express   companies    to    carry 
packages  weighing  less  than  four  pounds? 

789.  May  Congress  forbid  express  companies  to  carry  small 
packages  to  Porto  Rico? 

790.  May  the  United  States  set  up  a  single  telegraph  com- 
bination and  give  it  a  monopoly  of  the  business? 

791.  Can  Congress  provide  by  law  for  purchasing  existing 
telegraph  lines,  without  the  consent  of  the  owners  ? 

792.  May  Congress  make  the  telegraph  business  a  govern- 
ment monopoly? 

793.  May  Congress  fix  the  rates  for  telegrams? 

794.  May  Congress  compel  a  telegraph  company  to*  furnish 
copies  of  telegrams  to  an  investigating  committee? 

795.  May   Congress   take   over   and   operate  the  telephone 
system  on  public  account? 

796.  May  a    State  in   any  way  tax  a  telegraph  or  express 
company  doing  interstate  business? 

797.  Could  the  United   States    constitutionally  construct  a 
submarine  cable  to  Europe? 

798.  May   a    State    compel  telegraph  companies  to  furnish 
copies  of  telegrams  as  evidence  in  law  suits? 

CORPORATIONS  AND  TRUSTS. 

799.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  organization  of  corporations 
whose  purpose  is  to  monopolize  some  branch  of  trade  ? 


132k]  POST  OFFICE  AND   TRUSTS  325 

800.  May    Congress    annul   the   charter   of    a  corporation, 
created  by  it  without  reservation  of  the  right  to  annul? 

801.  May    Congress   repeal   the    charter   of   a  corporation 
which  it  has  created? 

802.  Is  the  present  national  anti-trust  law  constitutional? 

803.  May  Congress  constitutionally  prohibit  trusts  ? 

804.  May  Congress  by  statute  forbid  the  formation  of   a 
pottery  trust? 

805.  May  Congress  make  the  formation  of  a  trust  a  criminal 
offence  ? 

806.  May   Congress  require   trusts   to  take   out   a  Federal 
license  as  a  condition  of  doing  business  ? 

807.  May  Congress  forbid  manufacturers  to  combine  in  in- 
corporated organizations  ? 

808.  May  Congress  require  trusts  to  publish  detailed  financial 
statements  ? 

809.  May   Congress  provide    that  no  tariff   duties  shall  be 
collected  on  goods  in  which  there  is  competition  by  trusts  ? 

SPECIAL  COMMERCIAL  POWERS. 

810.  May  Congress  regulate  fire  insurance? 

811.  May  Congress  regulate  life  insurance? 

812.  May  Congress  pass  usury  laws? 

813.  May  Congress  provide  for  the  granting  of  trade-marks? 

814.  May  Congress  by  statute  provide  that  the  government 
may  use  all  inventions  hereafter  patented  without  payment  to 
the  inventors? 

815.  May  Congress  grant  to  foreigners  copyright  privileges 
not  enjoyed  by  citizens  ? 

816.  May  Congress  require  all  seekers  for  copyright  to  give 
the  government  the  right  to  reprint  without  payment  for  tbue 
convenience  of  government  officers  ? 

817.  May  Congress  grant  perpetual  copyrights? 


326  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

818.  May  Congress  authorize  copyright  on  musical  sounds* 
(*.  e.,  give  exclusive  right  to  melodies  or  compositions)? 

819.  May  Congress  pass  a  retroactive  bankruptcy  act? 

820.  May  Congress  lay  taxes  on  arid  districts  for  the  con- 
struction of  irrigating  canals? 

821.  May  Congress   constitutionally  construct  a  system  of 
irrigating  canals? 

822.  May  States  pass  bankruptcy  acts  affecting   creditors 
outside  the  State? 

823.  May  Congress  fix  penalties  for  fraudulent  bankruptcies 
applying  to  bankruptcies  declared  previous  to  the  act? 

824.  Could  the  United  States  take  upon  itself  the  monopoly 
of  manufacturing  whisky? 

825.  Would  a  prohibition  of   the  manufacture  of  oleomar- 
garine be  constitutional? 

826.  May  Congress  compel  merchants  to  exhibit  their  books 
to  census  enumerators? 

827.  May  Congress  by  statute  compel  people  to  answer  the 
questions  of  census  takers  as  to  their  age? 

828.  Can   Congress   by   statute   compel   people    to   answer 
interrogations  of  census  enumerators  as  to  former  commission 
of  crimes? 

§  132!.    War  Powers  (see  Handbook,  §§  19j,  21m,  60,  121, 
152-152/). 

DECLARATION  OF  WAR. 

829.  Can  a  President  make  war  without  a  declaration  of  war? 

830.  May  Congress  by  joint  resolution  direct  the  President 
to  oppose  by  force  the  action  of  a  foreign  power? 

831.  May  the  President  in  time  of  pence  send  troops  out- 
side the  borders  of  the  United  States? 

832.  May  the  President  authorize  a  ship  of  war  to  capture  a 
foreign  merchant  ship  in  time  of  peace? 


132k,  1321]  WAR  POWERS  327 

833.    May  a  United  States  naval  vessel   capture  a  foreign 
merchant  ship  in  time  of  war,  if  bound  to  a  foreign  port? 


MILITIA. 

834.  Are  the  States  bound  to  furnish  militia   when  called 
upon? 

835.  Has  a  State  a  right  to  raise  troops  in  time  of  war? 

836.  Are  militia  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  in  any 
way  subject  to  the  authority  of  their  Governor? 

837.  May  a  President  call  out  militia  to  invade  a  neighbor- 
ing country? 

838.  May  a  State  refuse  to  allow  the  militia  of  another  State 
to  enter  its  borders  ? 

839.  Are  volunteers  militia  ? 

840.  Are  militia  subject  to  the  Articles  of  War? 

841.  May  a  militiaman  resign  while  on  actual  service? 

COMMAND. 

842.  Are  there  any  restrictions  on  the  President's  powers  as 
Commander-in-Chief  ? 

843.  May  the  President  delegate  his  power  of  commander- 
in-chief ? 

844.  May  Congress  vest  the  command  of  the  army  in  any 
other  person  than  the  President? 

845.  Are  West  Point  cadets  officers  of  the  United  States? 

846.  Has  a  Naval  cadet  a  right  to  an  appointment  in  the 
navy  ? 

847.  May  Congress  by  statute  limit  all  appointments  above 
second  lieutenant  to  persons  promoted  from  grade  to  grade  ? 

848.  Is  a  military  officer  bound  to    obey  any  order  of  the 
President? 


328  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

MARTIAL  LAW. 

849.  May  martial  law  be  declared  in  parts  of  the  country 
where  there  is  no  war? 

850.  May  Congress  release  soldiers  from  the  jurisdiction  of 
State  courts  in  cases  of  alleged  murder? 

851.  May  a  civilian  be  court  martialed? 

852.  What  is  the  tribunal   for  a  murder   committed  by  a 
soldier  in  time  of  war? 

853.  Could  Congress  by  statute  compel  Indians  to  perform 
military  service? 

854.  What   is  the  tribunal  for  a  murder  committed  by  a 
soldier  in  the  streets  of  New  York  in  time  of  peace? 

855.  Have  the  civil  courts  any  jurisdiction  after  the  decla- 
ration of  martial  law? 

MISCELLANEOUS  WAR  POWERS. 

856.  May  Congress  establish  factories  of  armor  plate? 

857.  May  a  State  quarantine  a  United  States  naval  vessel? 

858.  Can  the  United  States  take  merchant  vessels  into  the 
navy  without  the  consent  of  the  owners  ? 

859.  May  the  property  of  individuals  be  confiscated,  as   a 
war  measure  ? 

860.  May  the  United  States  seize    private   property  of  its 
citizens  in  time  of  war  without  later  compensation? 

861.  Can    Congress    constitutionally    discontinue    pensions 
once  granted? 

862.  May  Congress  constitutionally  diminish  pensions  once 
granted? 

863.  Would  it  be  constitutional  to  pension   self-supporting 
children  of  old  soldiers? 

864.  May  the  United  States  in  time  of  war  seize  an  enemy's 
goods  on  board  a  neutral  vessel? 


1321,  132m]  FOREIGN  RELATIONS  329 

§  132111.    Foreign    Relations  (see   Handbook,   §§  20-20;, 
21m,  46,   63-92,   120,   151-151c). 

REPRESENTATION. 

865.  May  Congress  by  joint  resolution  recognize  the  belliger- 
ency of  the  Boers  ? 

866.  Has  Congress  a  constitutional  right  to  recognize   the 
independence  of  a  country? 

867.  May  the  President  decide  when  an  insurgent  body  is 
entitled  to  recognition  as  a  belligerent? 

868.  May  the  President  appoint  foreign  envoys  without  pro- 
vision by  Congress  for  their  salaries? 

869.  May  the  President  appoint  military  or  naval  officers  as 
ministers  to  foreign  countries? 

870.  May  an  envoy  of  the  United   States  be   punished  for 
revealing  diplomatic  secrets? 

871.  Is  an  American  citizen  who  acts  as  Consul  for  a  foreign 
power  in  the  United  States  relieved  from  the  jurisdiction  of  our 
courts  ? 

872.  Could  the  United  States  by  statute  agree  to  a  perma- 
nent court  of  international  arbitration? 

873.  Is  an  ambassador  bound  to  obey  an  order  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  State? 

874.  May  a  foreign  minister  in  Washington  claim  a  personal 
conference  with  the  President? 

TREATIES. 

875.  Has   the  Senate   a   right  to  be   consulted   before  the 
beginning  of   a  negotiation? 

876.  May  the  President  refuse  to  submit  to  the  Senate  a 
treaty  duly  negotiated? 

877.  May  the  President  withdraw  a  treaty  once  sent  to  the 
Senate  for  ratification  ? 


330  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§ 

878.  May  the  President  with  the  consent  of  two-thirds  of  the 
Senate  declare  a  treaty  abrogated? 

879.  Has  the  House  of  Representatives  any   constitutional 
power  over  treaties? 

880.  May  the  House  of    Representatives  refuse  appropria- 
tions necessary  to  carry  out  a  treaty? 

881.  May  the  House  require  the  President  to  submit  papers 
bearing  on  commercial  treaties? 

882.  May  a  treaty  be  superseded  by  a  statute? 

883.  May  a  statute  be  superseded  by  a  treaty? 

884.  May  a  tariff  be  altered  by  treaty  ? 

885.  May  the  Interstate  Commerce  Act  be  altered  by  a  treaty  ? 

886.  Was  the  United  States  bound  by  the  arbitration  of  the 
King  of  the  Netherlands  in  1831  ? 

887.  May  Congress    appropriate   to   other    purposes    sums 
awarded  by  arbitration  in  satisfaction  of  private  claims? 

888.  May  a  State  be  compelled  to  observe  the  provisions  of  a 
Federal  treaty  ? 

889.  May  the  United  States  by  treaty  abandon  just  claims  of 
merchants  against  foreign  governments,  without  compensation? 

890.  May  a  treaty  grant  to  a  foreigner  privileges  not  enjoyed 
by  American  citizens  ? 

MONROE  DOCTRINE. 

891.  Would  a  voluntary  transfer  of  Cuba  to  France  by  the 
Cubans  be  a  violation  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine  ? 

892.  Does  the  Monroe  Doctrine  apply  to  the  west  coast  of 
South  America? 

893.  Does  the  Monroe  Doctrine  apply  to  Patagonia? 

894.  Does  the  Monroe  Doctrine  apply  to  the  West  Indies? 

895.  Would  a  cession  of  Dutch    Guiana  to  England  be  a 
violation  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine  ? 


132m,  132n]  GENERAL    WELFARE  331 

§  13211.    Uplifting   of   the    Community   (see  Handbook, 
§§   21?i,  39,  122,   153-1530). 

GENERAL  WELFARE. 

896.  May  Congress  expend  money  for  every  purpose  which 
is  for  the  "  general  welfare  "? 

897.  May    Congress    charter    a   telephone    company  on  the 
ground  that  it  is  for  the  general  welfare? 

898.  Is  there  constitutional  ground  for  Hamilton's  theory  of 
"  resulting  powers?" 

899.  Would  the  powers  of   Congress  be  diminished  if   the 
"  necessary  and  proper  "  clause  were  excised  from  the  Constitu- 
tion? 

900.  Has  Congress  any  resulting  powers? 

901.  May   Congress   exercise   undelegated   powers   because 
customary  in  civilized  governments  in  1789  ? 

902.  Is  Congress  bound   to  exercise  only  such   powers  &s 
were   intended    by    the   Constitution?     (Question    of    amend- 
ments not  to  come  in.) 

903.  May  Congress  impair  the  obligation  of  contracts? 

904.  May   Congress    create    corporations    which    serve    no 
public  purpose? 

905.  May  Congress  pass  stay  and  tender  acts? 

906.  May  Congress  deprive  persons  of  property  without  due 
process  of  law? 

AID  TO  THE  DISTRESSED. 

907.  May  Congress  grant  money  for  the  relief  of  distressed 
Americans  abroad? 

908.  May   Congress  vote   money  as  a  gift   to  a   foreigner 
resident  abroad? 

909.  May   Congress   vote   grants    of   money   to    Armenian 
refugees  ? 


332  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

910.  May  Congress  vote  money  to  Americans  whose  prop- 
erty has  been  destroyed  by  Boxers? 

911.  May   Congress   constitutionally   grant   money   for  the 
aid  of  sufferers  from  grasshoppers? 

912.  May  Congress   distribute  flowering   plants   to   private 
persons  ? 

913.  May  Congress   pass  tender  acts  by  which  real  estate 
may  be  made  a  legal  payment  for  antecedent  debts? 

914.  May   Congress   appropriate    money   for  the   relief   of 
destitute  farmers? 

915.  May   Congress    appropriate  money  for   destitute   per- 
sons who  come  to  this  country,  the  victims  of  foreign  oppres- 
sion? 

916.  May  Congress   appropriate   money  for   persons  made 
destitute  by  fire  or  flood? 

917.  May  Congress  constitutionally  appropriate  money  to  be 
spent  in  causing  rain  storms  ? 

918.  May  Congress  distribute  seeds  to  individuals  who  are 
in  no  special  necessity? 

PUBLIC  MORALS. 

919.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  manufacture  of  liquor? 

920.  May  Congress  prohibit  the  sale  of  liquor? 

921.  May  a   State  forbid  the  sale  of   liquor  brought  from 
another  State? 

922.  May  a  State  forbid  the  sale  of  liquor  imported  from 
other  States  in  original   packages? 

923.  May  Congress  establish  a  government  monopoly  of  the 
liquor  business  in  the  District  of  Columbia? 

924.  May    Congress  constitutionally  forbid  the  transporta- 
tion of  liquor  from  one  State  to  another? 

925.  May  Congress  grant  money  to  establish  model  farms 
for  the  reception  of  people  from  city  slums? 


132n]  MORALS  AND  LABOR  333 

926.  May  Congress   prohibit   the  insertion  of   immoral  ad- 
vertisements in  newspapers? 

927.  Is  a  State  charter  of  a  lottery  company  a  contract? 

928.  Could    Congress  authorize  a  lottery  with  the  right  to 
sell  tickets  in  the  States? 

929.  May  Congress  by  statute  prohibit  the  use  of  tobacco? 

930.  May  Congress  prohibit  football? 

LABOR. 

931.  May  Congress  prescribe  uniform  hours  of  labor  through- 
out the  United  States  ? 

932.  May  Congress  prescribe  an  eight-hour  day  on  contract 
work  for  the  government? 

933.  May  Congress  constitutionally   pass   a   general  eight- 
hour  law  ? 

934.  May  Congress  enact  an  eight-hour  day  for  all  the  rail- 
road men  engaged  in  interstate  commerce? 

935.  May    Congress   prohibit   laborers    from    entering   the 
country  on  the  ground  that  they  will  accept  wages  lower  than 
the  Union  scale? 

936.  May   Congress  prescribe  the  minimum  rate  of  wages 
which  laborers  shall  accept? 

937.  May  Congress  establish  a  judicial  tribunal  with  power 
to  decide  cases  arising  between  master  and  workman? 

938.  May  Congress  require    factory  owners  to  compensate 
employees  for  injuries? 

939.  May  Congress  direct  that  no  government  supplies  be 
bought  unless  made  by  American  citizens  ? 

940.  May  Congress  create  a  national  strike-arbitration  com- 
mission ? 

BUSINESS. 

941.  Might    the   United    States    assume   the    monopoly   of 
manufacturing  and  selling  liquors? 


334  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§ 

942.  Might  Congress  carry  on  gold-mining  in  Alaska  as  a 
government  monopoly? 

943.  May  Congress  regulate  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder 
as  a  monopoly  ? 

944.  May  Congress  grant  public  lands  for  the  endowment 
of  private  steel  works? 

945.  May  Congress   grant  a  bounty  for  the  production  of 
silver? 

946.  May  Congress  establish  government  factories  to  manu- 
facture for  the  regular  market? 

947.  May  Congress  regulate  the  methods  of  mining  copper? 

948.  May    Congress    regulate    the    manufacture    of    cotton 
goods  ? 

EDUCATION. 

949.  May  the  United  States  establish  a  national  university 
supported  by  public  taxation? 

950.  May  the  United  States  appropriate  money  for  the  sup- 
port of  State  universities  ? 

951.  May  the  United  States  appropriate  money  for  primary 
education  in  the  States? 

952.  May  Congress  construct  buildings  for  State  universities  ? 

953.  May  the  United  States  appropriate  money  to  support 
agricultural  colleges  in  the  States? 

954.  Is   the  United  States   grant   for   experiment   stations 
constitutional  ? 

955.  May  Congress  pay  the  salaries  of  United  States  mili- 
tary officers  wholly  engaged  in  teaching  the  art  of  war  in  Yale 
University  ? 

956.  May  Congress  by  statute  oblige  a  State  to  educate  its 
children  ? 

957.  May  Congress  grant  pensions  to  authors  in  token  of 
their  literary  distinctions? 


132n]  EDUCATION  AND  RELIGION  335 

958.  May  Congress  appropriate    money    for    prizes   to  in- 
ventors ? 

959.  Is  the  charter  of  the  American  Historical  Association 
a  contract? 

960.  May  the  United  States  erect  model  farms  at  the  public 


expense? 


RELIGION. 


961.  May  Congress  by  statute  forbid  the  religious  service  of 
a  particular  church? 

962.  May  Congress   grant  public  land  in    aid  of  religious 
worship  ? 

963.  Would  an  act  that  the   Chaplains  of  the  House   and 
Senate  be  always  members  of  the  Episcopal  Church  be  an  "  es- 
tablishment of  religion  ?  " 

964.  May  Congress  by  statute  direct  that  chaplains  of  the 
army  shall  be  clergymen  of  a  particular  church? 

965.  May  a  State  restrict  public  officers  to  adherents  of  a 
particular  religious  body? 

966.  May  Congress  appropriate  money  out  of  local  taxes 
for  the  support  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  Philippines  ? 

967.  May   Congress    support   the    Catholic    Church    in    the 
Philippines  out  of  the  proceeds  of  taxes  laid  on  the  States? 

968.  May  Congress  support  a  State  church  in  Porto  Rico 
out  of  national  taxes? 

969.  Could  the  United  States  support  the  Catholic  Church 
in  Porto  Rico  out  of  local  taxation? 

970.  May  Congress  abolish  the  monasteries  in   the  Philip- 
pines ? 

971.  May  Congress  confiscate  the  property  of    a  religious 
society? 

972.  May  Congress  forbid  the  public  services  of  the  Mormon 
Church? 


336  CONSTITUTIONAL  REPORTS  [§§• 

973.  May  a  Congress  bind  its  successors  to    support   reli- 
gious bodies  in  Manila? 

974.  May  Congress  appropriate  money  for  the  construction 
of  churches  in  the  District  of  Columbia  ? 

975.  May  any  State  in  the  Union  support  the  Catholic  clergy 
out  of  the  proceeds  of  public  taxes  ? 

§  1320.    Enforcement  (see  Handbook,  §§  123,  153/). 
RESISTANCE. 

976.  Is  the  forcible  taking  of  arms  out  of  a  United  States 
arsenal  an  act  of  treason  ? 

977.  Is  it  treason  to  muster  men  with  a  view  to  attack  the 
United  States? 

J978.    May   Congress  make  conspiracy  with  no  overt  act   a 
crime  ? 

979.  Who  decides  whether  or  no  there  is  "rebellion  or  in- 
vasion ?  " 

980.  Is  it  treason  to  conspire  to  make  war  on  the  United 
States? 

981.  Is  resistance  to  the  revenue  officers  a  levying  of  war  on 
the  United  States? 

982.  Is  it  treason  to  resist  United    States  troops  who  are 
putting  down  a  strike? 

983.  Is  the  assassination  of  a  President  in  time  of  war  an 
act  of  treason  ? 

MEANS  OF  ENFORCEMENT. 

984.  Is  the  President  bound  to  execute  a  law  which  he  con- 
siders unconstitutional? 

985.  May  Congress  prescribe  in  what  part  of  the  country 
the  army  shall  be  used  ? 

986.  May  vessels  of  the  United  States  Navy  be  used  to  keep 
order  in  case  of  rebellion  or  insurrection? 


132n,  132o]  ENFORCEMENT  337 

987.  May  naval  forces  be  used  to  put  down  a  strike? 

988.  May  troops  be  used  as  a  posse  comitatm  ? 

989.  May  the  President  direct  United  States  regular  troops 
to  enforce  a  State  statute  ? 

990.  May  United  States  troops  be  used  to  execute  the  orders 
of  a  court? 

991.  May  martial  law  be  now  constitutionally  declared  in 
Manila? 

992.  May  the   President   in    time   of    foreign   war   declare 
martial  law  at  home  ? 

993.  Can  the  United  States  protect   foreigners  from  mob 
violence  in  States? 

PENALTIES. 

994.  May  the   President  suppress   an  insurrection   against 
State  authority  without  the  request  of  the  State  ? 

995.  May  persons  be  tried  by  military  commissions  in  dis- 
tricts far  removed  from  the  seat  of  war? 

996.  May  Congress  confiscate  the  property  of  insurgents? 

997.  May    the    United    States    legally   confiscate   property 
of  persons  who  have  not  been  in  arms  against  the  govern- 
ment? 

998.  May  Congress  provide  for  the  confiscation  of  the  prop- 
erty of  Filipino  insurgents  ? 

999.  May   Congress    disqualify   insurgents   or   rebels   from, 
voting  ? 

1000.  May  a  United  States   court  punish  a  man  for  con- 
tempt who  has  committed  a  crime  defined  by  statute  ? 

1001.  Were   the   signers   of   secession  ordinances   of   1861 
thereby  guilty  of  treason? 


22 


338  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

§  133.    Special  Reports  on  Slavery. 

OBJECT.  The  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  make  the  student 
acquainted  with  slavery  in  actual  practice,  as  a  social  and 
economic  institution  ;  and  at  the  same  time  to  make  him  familiar 
with  the  literature  of  the  subject. 

SCOPE.  Each  student  has  assigned  to  him  some  phase  or 
event  in  the  history  or  workings  of  slavery ;  on  this  subject  he 
is  to  write  a  condensed  narrative,  freely  introducing  quotations 
from  books  or  other  authorities. 

METHODS.  A  careful  use  of  classified  library  catalogues,  of 
the  indexes  and  tables  of  contents  of  books,  and  of  the  special 
chapters  upon  the  subject  in  the  standard  histories  is  essential. 
Students  who  have  family  or  other  connections  in  the  South, 
or  among  old  abolitionists,  are  also  advised  to  write  to  people 
who  are  likely  to  have  some  personal  knowledge  of  the  subject 
which  they  are  studying,  and  to  ask  for  information  at  first 
hand.  All  material  ought  to  be  classified  and  the  results 
stated  in  a  logical  form. 

AUTHORITIES.  Special  bibliographies  in  Guide,  §§  148,  152. 
161,  186-189,  214;  in  Handbook,  §§  19,  *21&,  40,  *47,  *51, 
*55,  *56,  1405,  140c;  Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  His- 
tory of  America,  VII,  323-326 ;  Marion  Gr.  McDougall,  Fugitive 
Slaves;  W.  H.  Siebert,  Underground  Railroad ;  notes  to  H.  Von 
Hoist,  Constitutional  History ;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the 
United  States  ;  J.  C.  Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage  ;  Mary 
G.  Tremain,  Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia;  Jeffrey  R. 
Brackett,  The  Negro  in  Maryland  ;  Mary  E.  Locke,  Anti- Slavery 
in  America;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Suppression  of  the  African  Slave 
Trade. 

The  principal  books  describing  slavery  and  the  South  in 
slavery  times  will  be  found  in  the  college  reserved  libraries, 
with  some  duplicates  in  the  Evans  Library.  The  library  of 
Radcliffe  College  has  an  excellent  set  of  books  of  this  kind. 


133-134a]  DIRECTIONS  339 

The    Boston  Public    Library  is  also  rich  in  slavery  and  anti- 
slavery  literature. 

For  students  who  desire  to  go  very  deeply  into  the  subject 
permission  may,  in  some  cases,  be  had  to  use  the  rare  slavery 
tracts  presented  to  the  College  Library  by  Thomas  W.  Higgiuson 
and  by  Charles  Sumner.  . 

§  134.    Subjects  for  Reports  on  Slavery. 

The  following  list  of  subjects  is  meant  to  furnish  opportu- 
nity for  brief  investigations  of  questions  of  fact  with  reference 
to  the  conditions  and  legal  status  of  slavery,  and  of  the  anti- 
slavery  and  abolition  movements.  For  the  materials  on  the 
subject,  see  Handbook,  §  133. 


§  1343.    Genesis  of  Slavery  in  America. 
ENGLISH  SLAVERY. 

1.  Anglo-Saxon  slavery. 

2.  Chattel  slavery  in  England  after  the  Norman  conquest. 

3.  Villeinage  in  England. 

4.  Instances  of  negro  slaves  in  England  prior  to  1600. 

5.  Sale  of  prisoners  of  war  by  the  English  as  slaves  for  life 
in  the  seventeenth  century. 

6.  Facts  of  the  Somerset!  Case. 

7.  Extent  of  the  Somerset!  decision. 

8.  The  case  of  the  slave  Grace. 

9.  Englishmen  held  as  galley  slaves  by  the  Spaniards. 

10.  Englishmen  held  as  slaves  by  the  Barbary  pirates. 

11.  Cases  of  Englishmen  kidnapped  and  sold  as  life  slaves 
to  a  colony. 


340  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

COLONIAL  SLAVERY. 

12.  Existing  memorials  of  former  slavery  in  one  of  the  New 
England  States  (slave  quarters,  slave  pews,  buildings  put  up 
by  slave  labor,  etc.). 

13.  Existing  memorials   of   slavery  in   one   of   the   Middle 
States. 

14.  Instances  of  slaves  in  one  of  the  following  early  colonies. 

—  (a)  Plymouth. —  (&)  New  Haven.  — (c)  West  Jersey. 

15.  Rhode  Island  statute  against  slavery,  and  practice  under 
it. 

16.  Legality  of  slavery  in  Massachusetts  before  1780. 

17.  Evidences  that  baptism  was  looked  upon  as  setting  slaves 
free. 

18.  Colonial  slavery  in  one  of  the  following  places.  —  (a) 
Boston.  —  (/;)    Newport.  —  (c)   Cambridge.  —  (d)  Portsmouth. 

—  (e)    Hartford.  —  (/)    New    Haven.  —  (g)    New    York.  — 
(7i)    Albany.  —  (i)    Philadelphia.  —  (f)    Williamsburg.  —  (k) 
Charleston. — (I)  Savannah. 

19.  Memorials  of  slavery  in  one  of  the  following  places. — 
(a)  Boston.  —  (6)  Providence.  —  (c)  Newport.  —  (d)  New  York. 

—  (e)  Philadelphia.  —  (/)  Baltimore. 

20.  Instances  of  Indian  slaves  in  one  of  the  early  colonies. 

21.  Slave  codes  in  one  of  the  thirteen  English  colonies  on 
the  Continent. 

22.  Treatment  of  slaves  in  one  of  the  thirteen  colonies. 

23.  Instances   of  slaves  in  one  of  the  English  continental 
colonies.  —  (a)  Quebec.  —  (&)  Nova  Scotia.  —  (c)  New  Bruns- 
wick. —  (d)  East  Florida.  —  (/)  Hudson  Bay. 

24.  Conditions  of  slaves  in  the  English  West  Indies. 

25.  Literary  career  of  Phillis  Wheatley. 

26.  Sale   of   slaves  from  the   British    West   Indies   to   the 
British  continental  colonies. 


134a,  134b]  GENESIS  341 

27.  Colonial  attempts  to  prohibit  the  slave-trade. 

28.  White  indentured  servants  in  one  of  the  English  colo- 
nies. 

29.  Instances  of  white  people  held  as  slaves  by  Indians. 

SLAVERY  IN  NEIGHBORING  COUNTRIES. 

30.  Slavery  in  Brazil. 

31.  Slavery  in  Hayti. 

32.  Slavery  in  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

33.  Slavery  in  Cuba. 

34.  Slavery  in  Louisiana  before  1803. 

35.  Slaves  of  the  French  in  the  Northwest  before  1778. 

36.  Slavery  in  Mexico. 

§  i34b.   The  Master  Race. 

SOCIAL  STATUS  OF  SLAVE-HOLDERS. 

37.  Average  number  of  slaves  to  an  owner. 

38.  Instances  of  very  large  slave-holders. 

39.  Instances  of  very  small  slave-holdings. 

40.  Instances  of  owners  of  a  single  slave. 

41.  Instances  showing  the  social  prestige  of  slave-holding  in 
the  United  States. 

42.  Migrations  of  planters  with  their  slaves. 

43.  Absenteeism  of  Southern  planters. 

44.  Instances  of  slave-holders  who  became  anti-slavery  men. 

45.  Instances  of  very  violent  slave-holders. 

46.  Representation  of  slave  property  in  the  apportionment 
for  Southern  legislatures. 

TYPES  OF  SLAVE-HOLDERS. 

47.  Instances  of  slaves  held  as  a  source  of  income  by  phi- 
lanthropic societies. 

48.  Instances  of  Northern-born  slave-holders. 


342  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

49.  Instances  of  slave-holding  Quakers. 

50.  Foreign-born  slave-holders. 

51.  Instances  of  slaves  owned  by  lawyers. 

52.  Instances  of  slaves  owned  by  doctors. 

53.  Instances  of  slaves  owned  by  college  professors. 

54.  Instances  of  slaves  owned  by  ministers. 

55.  Instances  of  slaves  held  as  an  investment  and  hired  out* 

56.  An  account  of  the  worst  slave-holder  that  you  can  find. 

57.  An  account  of  the  best  slave-holder  that  you  can  find. 

58.  The  management  of  his  plantation  and  slaves  by  one 
of  the  following  slave-holders.  —  (a)   George  Washington.  — 
(b)  Thomas  Jefferson.  —  (c)  James  Madison.  —  (d)  James  Mon- 
roe. —  (e)  Andrew  Jackson.  —  (/)  James  K.  Polk.  —  (g)  John 
Tyler.  —  (7<i)  Zachary  Taylor. 

59.  Why  were  there  so  few  slave-holders  in  the  Tennessee 
mountains  ? 

60.  Management  of  his  plantation  and  slaves  by  one  of  the 
following   slave-holders.  —  (a)    Patrick   Henry.  —  (6)    Charles 
Carroll.  —  (c)  J.  C.  Calhoun.  —  (d)  Robert  Toombs.  —  (e)  Jef- 
ferson Davis.  —  (/)  A.  H.  Stephens.  —  (g)  John  Randolph. 

POOR  WHITES. 

61.  Effect  of  slavery  on  the  poor  whites. 

62.  Olmsted's  account  of  the  poor  whites. 

63.  Instances  of  poor  whites  who  became  large  slave-holders. 

64.  Feeling   of  the  poor  whites  toward  their  slave-holding 

neighbors. 

MIDDLE  CLASS. 

65.  Charleston  merchants. 

66.  Agents  of  foreign  concerns  in  New  Orleans. 

67.  Professional  men,  not  slave-holders  in  the  South. 

68.  Store-keepers  in  the  South  before  the  war. 

69.  Instances  of  hired  white  laborers  on  slave  plantations. 


134b,  134C]  WHITE  RACE  343 

OVERSEERS. 

70.  Southern-born  white  overseers. 

71.  Instances  of  Northern  men  used  as  overseers. 

72.  Extracts  showing  Southern  opinion  of  overseers. 

§  1340.    Free  Negroes. 

SOCIAL  STATUS  OF  FREE  NEGROES. 

73.  Instances  of  prosperous  freed  slaves. 

74.  Instances  of  contented  free  negroes  in  the  South. 

75.  Instances  of  trusted  and  honored  free  negroes  in  the 
South. 

76.  Instances  of  unhappy  free  negroes  in  the  South. 

77.  Were  the  free  negroes  in  slavery  times  a  criminal  class? 

78.  Is  the  field  negro  to-day  better  off  than  in  slavery  times? 

79.  Status  of  free  negroes  who  were  married  to  slaves. 

80.  Negroes  in  the  New  York  draft  riots. 

STATUS  OF  FREE  NEGROES  AS  TO  CITIZENSHIP. 

81.  Legal  status  of  free  negroes  in  one  of  the  sixteen  slave- 
holding  States. 

82.  "Black  laws"  in  one  of   the  following  States.  —  (a) 
Illinois.  —  (&)  Ohio.  —  (c)  Indiana.  —  (d)  Pennsylvania. 

83.  Treatment  of  negro  convicts  in  slavery  times. 

84.  Laws  relating  to  negro  testimony. 

85.  Instances  of  naturalization  of  negroes  before  1861. 

86.  Instances  of  negroes  voting  in  Northern  States  before 
1861. 

87.  Instances  of  negroes  voting  in  Southern  States  before 
1865. 

88.  Civil  Eights  Act,  1866. 


344  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

BANISHMENT. 

89.  Laws  requiring  manumitted  slaves  to  leave  the  State. 

90.  Instances  of  forced  removals  of  manumitted  slaves. 

91.  Instances  of  statutes  of  free  States  prohibiting  the  en- 
trance of  free  negroes. 

92.  Southern  laws  forbidding  free  negroes  from  entering  a 
State. 

93.  Slaves  set  free  by  Southern  courts  because  once  taken 
by  their  masters  to  free  States. 

NEGRO  SOLDIERS. 

94.  Free  negroes  as  soldiers  in  one  of  the  following  epochs.  — 
(a)  Intercolonial  wars,  1689-1763.  —  (6)  Revolution.  —  (c)  War 
of  1812.  —  (d)  Mexican  War. 

95.  Free  negroes  as  enlisted  sailors  in  one  of  the  following 
epochs.  —  (a)  Intercolonial  wars.  —  (6)  Revolution.  —  (c)  War  of 
1812.  — (d)  Mexican  War. 

96.  Slaves  in  one  of  the  thirteen  States  as  soldiers  during 
the  Revolution. 

97.  Negroes  in  Massachusetts  regiments    during  the   Civil 
War. 

KIDNAPPING  FREE  NEGROES. 

98.  Instances  of  free  negroes  kidnapped  into  slavery  in  one 
of  the  following  States.  —  (a)  New  York.  —  (6)  Pennsylvania. 

—  (c)  Ohio.  —  (d)  Indiana.  —  (e)  Illinois. 

99.  Measures  taken  by  the  State  authorities  in  relation  to 
the  abduction  of  slaves  in  New  York,  1846-1865. 

NEGRO  AND  INDIAN  SLAVE-HOLDERS. 

100.  Relations  between  Indians  and  slaves  in    the  United 
States. 

101.  Instances  of  Indians  holding  slaves  in  the  Northwest 

102.  Slaves  of  the  Seminoles. 


134c,  134d]  FREE  NEGROES  345 

103.  Instances  of  slaves  held  by  Indians  in  the  Southwest 

104.  Instances  of  slaves  held  by  Indians  in  the  far  West. 

105.  Negro  slave-holders. 

NEGRO  COLONIES. 

106.  An  account  of  the  American  Colonization  Society. 

107.  Contemporary  feeling  in  regard  to  the  founding  of  the 
American  Colonization  Society. 

108.  Number  of    negroes  sent   to  Africa  for  colonization, 
1815-1861. 

109.  Account   of   experiences   of   a   party  of    colonists    in 
Liberia. 

110.  Instances  of  slaves  deported  to  Africa,   after  manu- 
mission. 

111.  Contemporary  accounts  of  Liberia. 

ENSLAVEMENT  OF  FREE  PERSONS. 

112.  Cases  of  sale  of  negroes  for  jail  fees  in  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

113.  Re-enslavement  of  the  North  Carolina  slaves  in  1798. 

114.  Free  negroes  sold  into  slavery  in  the  slave  States  for  jail 
fees. 

115.  Instances  of  free  negroes  sold  into  slavery  (communi- 
cable to  their  descendants)  as  a  penalty  for  crime. 

§  i34d.   Property  in  Slaves. 

PRIVATE  OWNERSHIP. 

116.  Instances  of  the  giving  of  slaves  as  presents. 

117.  Instances  of  a  man  owning  his  brother. 

118.  Instances  of  joint  ownership  of  a  slave. 

119.  Slaves  held  by  officials  in    government   posts,  light- 
houses, etc. 


346  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

120.  Slaves  held  by  officers  on  board   United  States  men- 
of-war. 

121.  Were  slaves  legally  real  estate  or  chattels? 

122.  Slaves  hiring  their  own  time. 

123.  Hiring  out  of  slaves  by  their  masters. 

PUBLIC  OWNERSHIP. 

124.  Southern  State  taxes  on  slaves. 

125.  Instances  of   slaves  taken  by  the  State  and  sold  for 
taxes. 

126.  Federal  taxes  on  slaves. 

127.  Slaves  taken  by  the  Federal  government  in  execution. 

128.  Instances  of  slaves  held  as  the  property  of  a  State. 

129.  Instances  of  slaves  owned  by  a  municipality  or  county 
government. 

SLAVES  BUYING  THEIR  FREEDOM. 

130.  Slaves  buying  their  freedom  in  instalments. 

131.  Free  negroes  buying  slave  kindred. 

132.  Instances  of  fathers  buying  their  own  children  to  free 
them. 

133.  Instances  of  negroes  owning  their  own  families. 

SALE  OF  SLAVES. 

134.  Southern  opinion  of  slave  dealers. 

135.  Advertisements  of  slave  dealers. 

136.  System  of  slave  pens  or  barracoons  in  American  cities. 

137.  Advertisement  of  slave  auctions. 

138.  Instances  of  the  separation  of  families  by  sale. 

139.  Methods  and  places  in  which  slaves  were  sold  in  one 
of  the  large  cities. 

140.  Private  sales  of  slaves. 

141.  Sale  of  surplus  slaves  by  border  States  to  cotton  States. 

142.  Slave  markets  and  auctions  in  Northern  States. 


134d,  134e]  PROPERTY  347 

143.  Instances  of  slaves  purchased  to  set  them  free. 

144.  Reasons  for  the  sale  of  slaves.  —  (a)  Intractableness.  — 
(6)  Division  of  inherited  property.  —  (c)  As  a  punishment.  — 
(d)  To  pay  debts. 

145.  Slaves  turned  over  to  pay  gambling  debts. 

146.  Instance  of  a  master  selling  his  own  children. 

147.  Prices  of  slaves  in  one  of  the  following  periods.  —  (a) 
1619-1689.  —  (b)    1689-1775.  —  (c)    1775-1800.  —  (d)    1800- 
1830.— (e)   1830-1840.— (/)  1840-1850.  —  (</)   1850-1860. 

148.  Very  high  prices  of  slaves. 

149.  Very  low  prices  of  slaves. 

MANUMISSION. 

150.  Instances  of  slave  manumission  in  one  of  the  thirteen 
colonies. 

151.  Slaves  who  expressed  a  desire  to  be  free. 

152.  Laws  requiring  manumitted  slaves  to  leave  the  State. 

153.  Instances  of  manumission  for  public  services. 

154.  John  Randolph's  slaves  and  manumission. 

155.  Manumission  by  will. 

156.  Manumission,  other  than  by  will. 

157.  Instances  of  refusals  to  accept  freedom. 

158.  Methods  and   practice  of   manumission  in  one  of   the 
sixteen  slave  States. 

159.  Manumission  of  Washington's  slaves. 

160.  The  Custis  slaves. 

§  1346.   Slave  Life. 

NUMBER  OF  SLAVES. 

161.  Number  of  slaves  in  one  of  the  sixteen  slave  States, 
compared  with  the  total  population,  1790-1860. 

162.  Total  number  of  slaves  compared  with  total  population, 
1790-1861. 


348  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§ 

163.  Proportion  of  slaves,  of  free  negroes,  and  of  total  ne- 
groes to  the  total  population  of  the  slave-holding  States  taken 
together,  1790-1860. 

1 64.  Communities  in  which  the  slaves  outnumbered  the  whites. 

NEGRO  RACES  IN  SLAVERY. 

165.  Different  African  races  in  America. 

166.  The  Guinea  negro. 

167.  Instances  of  native  Africans  in  the  South  after- 1840. 

168.  Instances  of  slaves  having  some  Indian  blood. 

169.  Instances  of  whites  held  as  slaves. 

170.  Instances  of  slaves  who  were  almost  white. 

TRAITS  OF  SLAVE  CHARACTER. 

171.  Good  traits  in  negro  character. 

172.  Highly  gifted  slaves. 

173.  Instances  of  highly  trusted  slaves. 

174.  The  most  notable  act  of  heroism  by  a  slave  of  which 
you  can  find  record. 

175.  Negroes  in  charge  of  white  children. 

176.  Attachment  of  slaves  to  whites. 

177.  Instances  of  petted  slaves. 

178.  Instances  of  faithfulness  of  slaves. 

179.  Instances  of  provident  slaves. 

180.  Slaves  trusted  as  overseers. 

181.  Instances  of  attachment  between  master  and  man  slave. 

182.  Negro  improvidence. 

183.  Instances  of  discontented  slaves. 

184.  Negro  dullness. 

185.  Improvidence  and  wastefulness  of  slaves. 

186.  Instances  of  slaves  unfaithful  to  their  masters  during 
the  Civil  War. 

187.  Negro  dishonesty. 

188.  Instances  of  bad-tempered  slaves. 


I34e]  SLAVE  LIFE  349 

INTELLECTUAL  LIFE  OF  NEGROES. 

189.  Veritable  instances  of  negro  dialect  in  slavery  times. 

190.  Instances  of  highly  educated  slaves. 

191.  Instances  of  slaves  who  could  write. 

192.  Letters  written  by  slaves. 

193.  Literary  work  of  slaves  and  ex-slaves. 

194.  Instances  of  slaves  who  had  travelled  abroad. 

195.  Instances  of  very  musical  slaves. 

196.  Negro  character  as  illustrated  by  one  of  the  following 
persons.  —  (a)   Phillis   Wheatley.  —  (6)    Sojourner  Truth.  — 
(c)  Frederick  Douglass.  —  (d)  Henry  Box  Brown. 

197.  Slave  traits  in  Joel  Chandler  Harris'  stories. 

RELIGIOUS  LIFE  OF  SLAVES. 

198.  Slaves  in  Boston  church  organizations. 

199.  Religious  meetings  of  slaves. 

200.  Negro  churches. 

201.  Slave  preachers. 

202.  Laws  in  relation  to  religious  instruction  of  slaves. 

203.  Instances  of  very  religious  slaves. 

SURROUNDINGS  OF  SLAVES. 

204.  Names  of  slaves. 

205.  Ordinary  dress  of  slaves. 

206.  Slave  cabins. 

207.  Instances  of  remarkably  handsome  slaves. 

208.  Instances  of  remarkably  unattractive  slaves. 

209.  Instances  of  insubordinate  slaves. 

210.  Negro  life  in  cities  in  slavery  times. 

SLAVE  FAMILY  LIFE. 

211.  Slave  marriages. 

212.  Instances  of  elaborate  slave  weddings. 


350  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

213.  Slave  divorce. 

214.  Instances  of  slave-breeding  establishments. 

215.  Raising  slave  children  on  large  plantations. 

216.  Instances  of  very  aged  slaves. 

217.  Treatment  of  aged  slaves. 

218.  Accounts  of  the  death-beds  of  slaves. 

219.  Slave  funerals. 

220.  Worn-out  slaves  in  the  South. 

221.  Plantation  hospitals. 

222.  Accounts  of  the  death  and  burial  customs  of  slaves. 

223.  Slave  diseases. 

224.  Mortality  among  slaves. 

SLAVES  AT  PLAY. 

225.  Special  slave  festivals  in  New  England  in  slavery  times. 

226.  Slave  festivals  in  the  Southern  States  after  the  Ee volu- 
tion. 

227.  'Possum  and  coon  hunts  by  slaves. 

228.  Instances  of  slaves  visiting  each  other. 

229.  Slave  holidays. 

230.  Sundays  on  the  plantation. 

231.  Music  among  slaves. 

232.  Unlawful  assemblage  of  slaves. 

233.  Slaves  as  athletes. 

234.  Christmas  on  a  plantation. 

RIGHTS  OF  SLAVES. 

235.  Could  slaves  hold  property? 

236.  Did  slaves  have  a  right  to  sue? 

237.  Unlawful  religious  instruction  of  slaves. 

238.  Unlawful  trading  with  slaves. 

239.  Legal  regulations  in  protection  of  slaves. 

240.  Trials  for  the  murder  of  slaves. 


134e,  134f]  SLAVE  LIFE  351 

241.    Public  reprobation  of  cruel  usage  of  slaves. 
242-    Instances  of  gifts  by  masters  to  slaves. 

243.  Instances  of  colonial  slaves  worked  in  large  gangs  in 
one  of  the  following  colonies.  —  (a)  New  York.  —  (5)   Rhode 
Island.  —  (c)  Maryland.  —  (d)  Virginia.  —  (e)  South  Carolina. 

§  i34f.    Control  of  Slaves. 

TREATMENT  OF  SLAVES. 

244.  Incidents  of  slave  life  in  one  of  the  slave  States. 

245.  Bright  side  of  slavery  in  one  of  the  slave  States. 

246.  Instances  of    friendly  relations    between    masters    and 
slaves  in  one  of  the  slave  States. 

247.  Slavery  in  the  border  States,  compared  with  slavery  in 
the  Gulf  States. 

248.  Management  of  large  slave  plantations  in  one  of  the 
slave  States. 

249.  Treatment  of  slaves  in  one  of  the  slave  States. 

250.  Reminiscences  of  slavery  by  ex-slaves  still  living. 

251.  Reminiscences  of  slavery  by  white  people  still  living. 

EMPLOYMENT  OF  SLAVES. 

252.  Slave  life  on  one  of  the  following  kinds  of  plantation.  — 
(a)  Sugar  plantation.  —  (6)  Cotton  plantation.  —  (c)  Rice  plan- 
tation. —  (d)  Tobacco  plantation. 

253.  Slaves    employed    in    one    of    the    following    callings. 
—  (a)  Cooks.  —  (6)   Turpentine  makers.  —  (c)   Coachmen.  - 
(d)  Servants  in  hotels.  —  (e)  House  servants.  —  (/)  Miners.  — 
(g)  Fishermen.  —  (h)  Roustabouts. 

254.  Status  of  house  slaves. 

255.  Instances  of  slaves  used  in  factories. 

256.  Instances  of  slaves  serving  as  sailors. 


352  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

TASKS  OF  SLAVES. 

257.  Slaves  employed  at  one  of  the  following  trades.  —  (a) 
Ship    carpenters.  —  (6)    Masons.  —  (c)  House   carpenters.  — 
(d)  Machinists. 

258.  Usual  daily  tasks  of  slaves. 

259.  How  much  work  did  negroes  perform  in  comparison 
with  white  men? 

260.  Negro  slave-drivers. 

261.  Overworked  slaves. 

262.  Hours  of  labor  for  slaves. 

263.  Cases  of  slaves  worked  to  death. 

264.  Instances  of  slaves  worked  on  Sunday. 

PUNISHMENT  OF  SLAVE  OFFENCES. 

265.  Instances  of  judicial  trial  of  slaves. 

266.  System  of  sending  slaves  to  the  calaboose  to  be  whipped 
in  behalf  of  the  owners. 

267.  Usual  punishments  of  slaves. 

268.  Unusual  punishments  of  slaves. 

269.  Instances  of  killing  of  slaves  by  masters. 

270.  The  Slave  Code  of  one  of  the  slave  States. 

271.  Lynchings  of  slaves. 

272.  Instances  of  slaves  burned  for  crimes  or  offences. 

273.  Instances  of  special  tribunals  for  the  trial  of  slaves. 

274.  Special  tribunals  for  offences  by  free  negroes  in  the 
slave-holding  States. 

275.  Instances  of  compensation  to  masters  for  execution  of 
slaves. 

276.  Theft  by  slaves. 

277.  The  patrol  systems  in  one  of  the  slave  States. 

278.  Passes  for  slaves. 


134f,  134g]  CONTROL   OF  SLAVES  353 

SLAVE  INSURRECTIONS. 

279.  An   account   of   one  of   the    following  slave  insurrec- 
tions. —  (a)  Northern  Neck,  1687.  —  (b)  Negro  Plot  of  1712. 
—  (c)  New  York,   1741.  —  (d)  Gabriel,   1800. —(e)  Denmark 
Vesey,  1822.  —  (/)  Nat  Turner,  1831. 

280.  Slave  insurrections  in  one  of  the  English  colonies. 

281.  Southern  fears  of  insurrections  of  slaves. 

282.  Contemporary  accounts  of  the  Nat  Turner  insurrection. 

283.  Southern  references  to  Nat  Turner  insurrection   after 
1835. 

284.  Number  of  slaves  engaged  in  the  Negro  Plots  of  1712 
and  1741  in  New  York. 

285.  How  far  were  white  persons  accomplices  in  the  Negro 
Plot  of  1741? 

286.  Slave  uprisings  on  shipboard. 

OFFENCES  AGAINST  SLAVERY. 

287.  Cases  of  "slave-stealing"  in  the  South. 

288.  Instances  of  slaves  stolen  to  be  sold  with  the  slave's 
connivance. 

289.  Laws  forbidding  the  teaching  of  slaves  to  read. 

290.  Prosecutions  of  whites  for  unlawfully  assembling  with 
slaves. 

291.  Legal  penalties  for  circulating  abolition  literature. 

292.  Legal  penalties  for  denying  the  validity  of  slavery. 

293.  Trading  with  slaves  and  its  penalties. 

§  i34g.    Fugitive  Slaves. 

RUNAWAY  SLAVES. 

294.  The   best   account   of   escape    written    by    (or   for)   a 
fugitive. 

23 


354  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§ 

295.  Habitual  runaway  slaves. 

296.  Usual  reasons  for  running  away. 

297.  Usual  means  of  escape. 

298.  Advertisements  of  runaway  slaves. 

299.  Instances  of  runaway  slaves  personating  white  people. 

300.  Slaves  protecting  runaways. 

301.  Masters  killed  by  slaves  while  escaping. 

302.  Instances  of  professional  slave-catchers. 

303.  Instances   of  the   use    of   dogs   in   pursuing   runaway 
slaves. 

304.  Instances  of  slaves  escaping  during  Sherman's  March 
to  the  Sea. 

305.  Account  of  one  of  the  following  escapes.  —  (a)  Frederick 
Douglass.  —  (b)  Crafts.  —  (c)  Box  Brown.  —  (d)  Walker.  —  (e) 
Thompson. 

306.  Estimates  of  aggregate  escapes  of  fugitives.  —  (a)  From 
1793  to  1850.  —  (b)  From  1850  to  1860. 

FUGITIVE  SLAVES. 

307.  Escapes  from  Texas  into  Mexico. 

308.  Contemporary  accounts  of  fugitives  crossing  the  Ohio 
River. 

309.  Instances  of  fugitives  protected  by  United  States  mili- 
tary officers,  1861-1865. 

310.  Fugitive  slaves  in  one  of  the  following  Northern  cities. 
—  (a)   Boston.  —  (b)  New  York.  —  (c)  Syracuse.  —  (d)  Phila- 
delphia. —  (e)   St.  Louis.  —  (/)  Chicago.  —  (g)  Cincinnati.  — 
(li)  Oberlin.  —  (i)  Columbus.  —  (j)  Buffalo.  —  (fc)  Pittsburg. 

311.  Instances   of   fugitive  slaves  in  one    of   the  Northern 
States. 

312.  Underground  railroad  in  one  of  the  Northern  States. 


134g]  FUGITIVE  'SLA  VES  355 

NOTED  FUGITIVE  CASES. 

313.  A  typical  case  of  a  fugitive  slave  returned  by  judicial 
process. 

314.  Fugitive  slave  cases  in  one  of  the  Northern  free  States. 

315.  Attitude  of  one  of  the  following  public  men  on  fugitive 
slaves.  —  (a)  Salmon  P.  Chase.  —  (&)  Richard  H.  Dana.  —  (c) 
Daniel  Webster. 

316.  One    of    the    following    fugitive    slave    cases.  —  (a) 
Gorsuch. — (b)  Ottoman.  —  (c)  Drayton.  —  (d)   Anderson. 

317.  Trial  of  rescuers  in  one  of  the  following  cases.  —  (a) 
McHenry.  —  (b)  Van  Zandt.  —  (c)   Burns.  —  (d)   Shadrach.  - 
(e)    Obeiiin-Wellington.  —  (/)    Pearl.  —  (g)    Walker.  —  (7t) 
Han  way. 

318.  Inside  history  of  one  of    the  following  fugitive   slave 
incidents.  —  (a)    Burns.  —  (6)    Shadrach.  —  (c)    Christiana.  — 
(d)  Garner. 

319.  Incidents  of  one  of  the  following  rescues  of  fugitive 
slaves.  —  (a)  Thompson.  —  (b}  Latimer.  —  (c)   Van  Zandt.  - 
(d!)  Sims.  —  (e)  Burns.  —  (/)  Shadrach.  —  (g)  Oberlin-Welling- 
ton. —  (7i)   Jerry  Loguen. —  (i)   Christiana.  —  (f)  Chickasaw. 
—  (fc)  Philadelphia,  1838.  —  (I)  Glover. 

320.  Fugitive  slaves  sent  across  the  St.  Lawrence. 

LIFE  OF  ESCAPED  SLAVES. 

321.  Fugitives  living  in  the  neighborhood  of  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing places.  —  (a)  Boston.  —  (b)  Philadelphia.  —  (c)  Oberlin. 

—  (d)  Cincinnati. 

322.  Estimates  of  number  of  fugitive  slaves  resident  in  — 
(a]   Massachusetts.  —  (b)   Pennsylvania.  —  (c)  Ohio. 

323.  Instances  of   escaped   slaves   voluntarily  returning  to 
slavery. 

324.  Fugitive  slaves  in  the  Provinces. 

325.  The  Dismal  Swamp  settlement. 


356  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [f 

§  i34h.    National  Status  of  Slavery. 

ANTI-SLAVERY  IN  CONGRESS. 

326.  Criticism  of  slavery  in  Congress.  —  (a)  From  1775  to 
1788. —(6)  From  1789  to  1808.  —  (c)  From  1808  to  1831.— 
(d)  From  1831  to  1837.  —  (e)  From  1837  to  1843.  —  (/)  From 
1843  to  1846.  —  (g)  From  1846  to  1853.  —  (h)  From  1853  to 
1857.  —  (i)  From  1857  to  1860.  —  (/)  From  1860  to  1862.  - 
(fc)  From  1862  to  1864. 

327.  Contemporary  abolition  criticisms  of  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing statesmen.  — (a)  S.  A.  Douglas.  —  (b)  Franklin  Pierce. 
—  (c)  Jefferson  Davis  (to  1860).  —  (d)  James  Buchanan.  —  (e) 
Roger  B.  Taney.  —  (/)  Lewis  Cass. 

328.  Anti-slavery  attacks  in  the  House  of    Representatives 
by  —  (a)    J.   R.   Giddings.  —  (b)  William   Slade.  —  (c)   Owen 

Lovejoy. 

TERRITORIAL  SLAVERY. 

329.  Had  Congress  power  to  prohibit  slavery  in  the  whole 
Louisiana  cession? 

330.  The  Indiana  petitions  for  the  establishment  of  slavery, 
1802-1816. 

331.  Status  of  the  slaves  in  Missouri  before  the  admission 
of  the  State. 

332.  Declaration   that   Texas    should    be   annexed  for  the 
benefit  of  slavery. 

333.  The  effect  of  Mexican  laws  on  slaves  in  Texas  prior  to 
1836. 

334.  The  best  statement  of  the  advantages  to  slavery  from 
the  annexation  of  Texas. 

335.  Was  slavery  legal  in  Utah  in  1849? 

336.  Instances  of  slaves  in  Utah. 
.  337.    Slavery  in  California. 

338.    Webster's  7th  of  March  speech,  and  its  effect  upon  New 
England. 


134h]  NATIONAL  STATUS  357 

339.  Abolitionist  criticisms  of  the  7th  of  March  speech. 

340.  Actual   condition   of   slavery  in   New  Mexico,    1850- 
1861. 

341.  Jefferson  Davis'  argument  that  Congress  must  affirm- 
atively protect  slavery  in  the  territories. 

342.  Opinion  on  territorial  slavery  of  one  of  the  following 
statesmen.  —  (a)    J.    C.    Calhoun.  —  (b)    Henry    Clay.  —  (c) 
Zachary  Taylor.  —  (d)   S.   P.  Chase.  —  (e)   Charles   Sumner. 

-(/)  W.    H.    Seward.  —  (</)   S.    A.    Douglas.  —  (h)   A.    H. 
Stephens.  —  (i)  B.  F.  Wade,  (j)  J.  P.  Hale. 

KANSAS  EPISODE. 

343.  Contemporary  expressions  of  opinion  in   Missouri  on 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  Act. 

344.  Southern  criticisms  on  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Act. 

345.  A   criticism   of   Douglas'   arguments    on    the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  bill. 

346.  The  arguments  against  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Act. 

347.  Contemporary  defences  of  the  "  Border  Ruffian"  move- 
ment. 

348.  Organizations  for  pro-slavery  emigration  to  Kansas. 

349.  Overland  emigrations  to  Kansas. 

350.  Account  of  a  meeting  to  protest  against  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  bill. 

351.  Contemporary  accounts  of  the  first  Kansas  territorial 
legislature. 

352.  Instances  of  slaves  held  in  Kansas. 

353.  Instances  of  slaves  freed  by  force  in  Kansas  or   Mis- 
souri to  1861. 

354.  An  account  of  the  Kansas  investigating  committee  of 
1856. 

355.  Question  of  slavery  in  the  debate  on  Dunn's  bill,  1856. 

356.  Loss  of  life  on  each  side  in  the  Kansas  civil  war. 

357.  Kansas  admission  act,  1861. 


358  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

FREE  SPEECH. 

358.  Contemporary  accounts  of  the  "  Memorable  Secession" 
of  1837. 

359.  Contemporary  criticism  of  the  gag-resolutions. 

360.  John  C.  Calhoun  and  the  anti-slavery  petitions. 

361.  Censure  of  John  Quincy  Adams  in  1837. 

362.  Censure  of  John  Quincy  Adams  in  1842. 

363.  Censure  of  Joshua  R.  Giddings  in  1842. 

THE  MAILS. 

364.  Contemporary   accounts    of    the   seizure   of   mails   in 
Charleston,  1835. 

365.  Character   of  the  mails  stopped  in  Charleston  about 
1835. 

366.  Contemporary  constitutional  arguments  on  the  mail. 

367.  Attitude  of  Jackson  on  the  abolition  mails. 

NEGRO  CITIZENSHIP  AND  DRED  SCOTT  DECISION. 

368.  Life  and  character  of  Dred  Scott  (not  including  trial) . 

369.  Did  the  framers  of  the  Constitution  mean  that  a  negro 
might  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ? 

370.  Anti-slavery    arguments    before    the   Supreme    Court, 
1829-1861. 

371.  Discussions  of  slavery  by  the  courts  before  the  Dred 
Scott  case. 

372.  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  involving  slavery  before 
1857. 

373.  Inner  history  of  the  Dred  Scott  case. 

374.  Lincoln's  view  of  the  Dred  Scott  decision. 

375.  Contemporary  expressions  of  approval  of  the  Dred  Scott 
decision. 

376.  Defences  of  the  Dred  Scott  decision  by  the  judges. 


134h,  134i]  INTERSTATE   STATUS  359 

377.  Contemporary  unfavorable  criticisms  of  the  Dred  Scott 
decision. 

378.  Contemporary  Northern  approval  of  Dred  Scott  decision. 

379.  Supreme  Court  cases  involving  slavery,  1858-1865. 

§  134!.   Interstate  Status  of  Slavery. 
INTERSTATE  SLAVE-TRADE. 

380.  Domestic  slave-trade  by  rivers. 

381.  Contemporary   accounts  of    the  slave-trade  from   one 
United  States  port  to  another. 

382.  Domestic  slave-trade  overland  (not  by  sea  or  rivers). 

383.  Interstate  slave-trade  by  the  Ohio  River. 

384.  Interstate  slave-trade  by  sea. 

385.  State  laws  prohibiting  interstate  slave-trade. 

386.  Statistics  of  slave  exportations  from  the  slave-breeding 

States. 

QUESTIONS  OF  RESIDENCE. 

387.  Effect  of  residence  of  slaves  in  free  States. 

388.  Masters  "  sojourning  "  with  their  slaves  in  free  States. 

389.  Instances  of  slaves  held   in  free  States  by  temporary 
Southern  visitors. 

390.  Slaves  released  in  transit  through  free  States. 

391.  The  Passmore  Williamson  case. 

392.  The  negro  seaman  controversy. 

393.  The  Samuel  Hoar  mission  to  Charleston. 

394.  Contemporary  criticisms  of    the  South  Carolina  negro 
seaman  act. 

FUGITIVE  SLAVE  LAWS. 

395.  Southern  State  fugitive  slave  laws. 

396.  Violations  of  fugitive  slave  law  of  1793. 

397.  Anti-slavery  criticisms  of  the  fugitive  slave  law  of  1850. 

398.  Contemporary  Southern  opinions  of  the  fugitive  slave 
act  of  1850. 


360  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

399.  Were  alleged  fugitives  constitutionally  entitled  to  a  trial 
by  jury? 

400.  Act  repealing  fugitive  slave  law,  June  28,  1864. 

401.  Inner  history  of  the  case  of  Ableman  v.  Booth. 

402.  Appeal  of  the  Ableman  v.  Booth  case. 

403.  Feelings  and  movement  in  one  of  the  free  States  against 
the  fugitive  slave  law. 

PERSONAL  LIBERTY  LAWS. 

404.  Personal  liberty  laws  of  one  of  the  free  States. 

405.  Repeals  of  personal  liberty  laws. 

406.  Instances  of  the  application  of  personal  liberty  laws. 

407.  Northern    admissions    that   the    personal   liberty   laws 
were  unadvisable. 

408.  Southern  denunciations  of  the  personal  liberty  laws. 

EXTRADITION. 

409.  History  of  the  Prigg  case. 

410.  The  Williams  extradition  case. 

411.  Isaac  Gansey  extradition  case. 

412.  Extradition  in  the  '"Boston"  case. 

§  I34J.    International  Status  of  Slavery. 

GENERAL  QUESTIONS. 

413.  The  question  of  the  negroes  carried  away  by  the  British, 
1783-1800. 

414.  Question  of  negroes    carried   away  by   the  British   in 
1814-1815. 

415.  The  international  question  of  returning  fugitives. 

416.  Status  of  slaves  of  American  envoys  to  foreign  countries. 

417.  Origin  of  the  phrase  "  contraband  of  war "  applied  to 
fugitive  slaves. 


134i,  134J]  INTERNATIONAL   STATUS  361 

VESSELS  IN  FOREIGN  PORTS. 

418.  One  of  the  following  cases  of  slave  vessels  in  British 
ports.  —  (a)  Enterprise.  —  (b)  Encomium.  —  (c)  Hermosa.  — 
(d)   Comet.  —  (e)  Creole. 

419.  Contemporary  accounts  of  L'Amistad  case. 

420.  Contemporary  opinion  on  the  Creole  case. 

FOREIGN  SLAVE-TRADE. 

421.  The  Middle  Passage. 

422.  Average  loss  of  life  in  slave-trade. 

423.  Profits  of  the  slave-trade. 

424.  Northern  slave-traders. 

425.  Number  of  illegal  slave  importations. 

426.  Instances  of  slaves  imported  from  Africa  between  1820 
and  1861. 

427.  Instances  of  convictions  for  slave-trading  after  1820. 

428.  Methods  of  capture  of  slaves. 

429.  Slave-trade  acts  of  1794-1800. 

430.  Slave-trade  act  of  1808. 

431.  Slave-trade  act  of  1819. 

432.  The  activity  of  one  of  the  following  ports  as  a  place  for 
fitting  out  slavers.  —  (a)  Boston.  —  (£)  New  York.  —  (c)  Bristol, 
R.  I.  _  (d)  Newport. 

433.  Was  the  slave-trade  piracy? 

434.  An  account  of  a  slave-trading  voyage  after  1836. 

435.  Accounts  of  voyages  of  white  men  in  slavers. 

436.  Cruising  convention,  1842. 

437.  Instances  of  captures  of  slavers  by  United  States  cruisers 
under  the  cruising  convention  of  1842. 

438.  Propositions  for  reviving  the  slave-trade,  1850-1861. 


362  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§ 

§  1 34k.   The  Arguments  for  and  against  Slavery. 
ASSAILANTS  OF  SLAVERY. 

439.  The  best  narrative  of  slavery  by  a  slave. 

440.  The  best  account  of  slavery  by  a  Northern  observer. 

441.  The  best  account  of  slavery  by  a  woman  that  you  can 
find. 

442.  The  best  arraignment  of  slavery  by  a  minister. 

443.  Lincoln's  reasons  for  disliking  slavery. 

444.  Was  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  "  exaggerated? 

445.  A  summary  of  Frances  Kemble's  experiences  of  slavery. 

446.  Unfavorable  opinions  of  foreign  travelers  on  slavery. — 
(a)  1750-1775.—  (b)  1775-1790.—  (c)  1790-1815.  —  (d)  1815- 
1830.  —  (e)  1830-1845. —  (/)  1845-1860.  —  (g)  1860-1865. 

447.  Resolutions  of  State  legislatures  against  slavery  before 
1861. 

448.  Admission  by  slave-holders   that  slavery  was  wrong, 
after  1840. 

449.  Southern  denunciations  of  slavery  after  1830. 

450.  The  best  book  against  slavery. 

451.  The  best  statement  that  you  can  find  of  the  evils  of 
slavery. 

452.  An  examination  of  Northern  and  foreign  criticism  of 
slavery  as  it  existed  in  New  Orleans. 

DEFENDERS  OF  SLAVERY. 

453.  Favorable  opinions  of  slavery  by  foreign  travelers.  — 
(a)  1750-1790.  —  (b)  1790-1820.  —  (c)  1820-1840.  —  (d)  1840- 
1860. 

454.  The  best  defence  of  slavery  that  you  can  find  by  a 
Southern  writer. 

455.  Instances  of  Northern  pro-slavery  men. 

456.  The  best  book  in  defence  of  slavery. 


134k]  ARGUMENTS   ON  SLAVERY  363 

457.  The  best  defence  of  slavery  that  you  can  find  made  by 
a  minister. 

458.  A  summary  of   the  best  pro-slavery  speech   that   you 
can  find. 

459.  Defences  of  slavery  by  Northern  ministers. 

460.  Opinions  on  slavery  of  clergymen  who  knew  the  South. 

461.  Opinion  of    slaves  held  by  Northern  women  who  had 
lived  in  the  South. 

462.  Defence  of  slavery  in  Congress  by  J.  C.  Calhoun. 

463.  Defences  of  slavery  in  Congress.  —  (a)  1775-1788.  — 
(b)  1789-1807.  — (c)  1807-1829.  —(d)  1829-1837.— (e)  1837- 
1845.  —  (/)  1845-1851.  —  (g)  1851-1857.—  (h)  1857-1861. 

464.  Pro-slavery  utterances  of   Georgia  officials  or  legisla- 
tures. 

CLASSIFIED  CRITICISMS  OF  SLAVERY. 

465.  Argument  of  economic  disadvantages  of  slavery. 

466.  Argument  that  slavery  required  ignorance. 

467.  Argument  that  slavery  was  unchristian. 

468.  Argument  of  economic  wastefulness  of  slavery. 

469.  The  argument  of  natural  rights. 

470.  Argument  of  ill  effect  on  whites. 

471.  Argument  of  barbarity. 

CLASSIFIED  DEFENCES  OF  SLAVERY. 

472.  Argument  for  slavery  from  physical  inferiority. 

473.  Mental  inferiority  as  a  defence  of  slavery. 

474.  Argument  that  slavery  elevated  the  negro. 

475.  Argument  that  slavery  was  for  the  good  of  the  negro. 

476.  Argument  that  slavery  christianized  the  negro. 

477.  Argument  of  the  economic  advantages  of  slavery. 

478.  Argument  that  slavery  increased  production. 

479.  Argument   that   slavery   was   bad,    but   could   not  be 
removed. 


364  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

480.  Defence  of  slavery  from  ancient  precedent. 

481.  Analysis  of  the  biblical  arguments  in  defence  of  slavery. 

482.  The  defence  of  slavery  from  the  example  of  the  He- 
brew patriarchs. 

483.  Defence  of  slavery  from  New  Testament  sanction. 

484.  Argument  that  slavery  needed  new  land. 

485.  Argument  that  slavery  could  not  be  abolished  without 
disrupting  society. 

480.    Argument  of  the  danger  of  slave  insurrections. 

487.  Argument  that  slavery  was  'ka  positive  good." 

488.  Argument  that    slaves  were    necessary  as  a  basis   for 
white  republican  government. 

489.  Argument  that   the  Northern   people  had   no  concern 
with  slavery. 

490.  Argument  that  no  public  criticism  of  slavery  should  be 
allowed. 

491.  Statements  that   slavery  ought   to  be   introduced  into 
free  States,  1855-1860. 

492.  Argument  for  slavery  from  the  example  of  Hayti. 

§  134!.    Effects  of  Slavery. 

SOCIAL  EFFECTS  OF  SLAVERY. 

493.  Effect  of  slavery  on  the  character  of  the  whites. 

494.  Effect  of  slavery  on  young  white  men. 

495.  Effects  of  slavery  on  Southern  white  women. 

496.  Kind  mistresses  of  slaves. 

497.  Instances  of  very  rich  planters. 

498.  Instances  of  impoverished  slave-holders. 

499.  City  life  in  the  South  in  slave  times. 

500.  Ante-bellum  schools  in  the  South. 

501.  Examples  of  Southern  poetry,  1830-1861. 

502.  Life  in  Southern  colleges  in  slavery  times. 

503.  Effect  of  slavery  on  education. 


134k,  1341]  EFFECTS  365 

* 

ECONOMIC  EFFECTS. 

504.  Southern  wealth. 

505.  Southern  banks  in  slavery  times. 

506.  Did  slavery  pay  the  large  planters? 

507.  Plantation  buildings. 

508.  Process  of  agriculture  in  the  South. 

509.  Wearing  out  of  lands  by  slavery. 

510.  Worked-out  lands  in  the  South. 

511.  Instances  of  abandoned  plantations. 

512.  Foreign  immigration  to  the  South. 

513.  Instances  of  importation  of  food  for  slaves  from  other 
States. 

514.  Annual  expense  of  maintaining  a  slave.  —  (a)    1830- 
1850.  —  (b)  1850-1860. 

515.  The  waste  of  slave  labor. 

516.  Usual  profit  on  large  cotton  plantations. 

517.  Probable  profit  from  cotton  planting. 

518.  Estimate  of  the  profit  from  one  hundred  slaves. 

519.  Southern    contemporary   statements    of    opinion    that 
slavery  did  not  pay. 

520.  Was  slavery  more  profitable  to  the  planters  than  free 
labor  would  have  been?    , 

TRAVEL  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

521.  Southern  country  hotels  in  slavery  times. 

522.  City  hotels  in  the  South  in  slavery  times. 

523.  Staging  in  slavery  times. 

524.  Life  on  river  steamers  in  slavery  times. 

525.  Southern  highways  in  slavery  times. 

526.  Travel  on  Southern  railroads  in  slavery  times. 

527.  Southern  roads  in  slavery  times. 

528.  Southern  travel  by  wagon-roads  in  slavery  times. 


366  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

529.  DeBow  and  his  Review :  its  aims  and  influence  before 
1860. 

530.  Southern  criticisms  of  F.  L.  Olmsted's  book  on  South- 
ern travel. 

INDUSTRIES. 

531.  Contemporary  discussions  of  the  effect  on  slavery  of 
the  invention  of  the  cotton  gin. 

532.  The  importance  of  cotton  as  an  export  in  slave  times. 

533.  How  far  did  the  South  raise  its  own  food? 

534.  Southern  factories. 

535.  Southern  ship-building. 

536.  Southern  fisheries. 

537.  Instances  of  the  raising  of  slaves  as  a  business. 

§  134111.    Public  Emancipation  of  Slaves. 
NORTHERN  STATES. 

538.  Number  of  slaves  in  one  of  the  following  communities 
after  the  gradual  emancipation  act.  —  (a)  Rhode  Island.  —  (b) 
Connecticut.  —  (c)  New  York.  —  (d)  New  Jersey. —  (e)  Pennsyl- 
vania. —  (/)  Northwest  Territory.  —  (g)  Illinois. 

539.  Instances  of  slaves  in  one  of  the  following  communities 
after  abolition.  —  (a)  Vermont.  —  (b)  New  Hampshire.  —  (c) 
Massachusetts.  —  (d)  Ohio.  —  (e)  Illinois.  — (/)  Indiana. 

540.  Account  of  the  emancipation  act  of  one  of  the  follow- 
ing communities.  —  (a)  Rhode  Island.  —  (b)  Connecticut. —  (c) 
New  York.  —  (d)  New  Jersey.  —  (e)  Pennsylvania.  —  (/)  Illinois. 

541.  The  prohibition  of  slavery  in  the  Illinois  constitution. 

542.  The  last  slaves  in  one  of  the  following  communities.  — 
(a)  Massachusetts.  —  (b)   Rhode  Island.  —  (c)  Connecticut.  — 
(d)  New  York.  —  (e)  New  Jersey.  —  (/)  Pennsylvania.  —  (g) 
District  of  Columbia.  —  (h)  Indiana. —  (i)  Illinois. 

543.  Sale  of  slaves  out  of  one  of  the  following  communities 


1341,  134m]  PUBLIC  EMANCIPATION  367 

after  the  emancipation  act. —  (a)  New  York.  —  (6)  New  Jersey. 
—  (c)  Pennsylvania.  —  (c£)  Rhode  Island.  —  (e)  Northwest 
Territory. 

544.  Methods   in   which   slaves   obtained   their   freedom  in 
New  York,  with  instances. 

545.  Action  of  the  convention  of  1820-1822  in  New  York 
relative  to  slavery. 

546.  Abolition   of  slavery  in  one  of   the  following  commu- 
nities. —  (a)  Maryland.  —  (b)  Missouri.  —  (c)  West  Virginia.  — 
(d)  District  of  Columbia.  —  (e)  Tennessee. 

TERRITORIES. 

547.  Instances  of  slaves  in  one  of  the  following  territories.  — 
(a)  Utah.  —  (b)  New  Mexico.  —  (c)  California. 

548.  Contemporary  California   opinions   on    slavery,  before 
September,  1850. 

549.  An  account  of  the  State  convention  of  1849  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

550.  Attitude  of  California  toward  free  negroes. 

CIVIL  WAR,   1861-1862. 

551.  Contemporary    Southern    opinion   of   A.    H.  Stephens' 
*'  corner-stone  speech." 

552.  Why  did  the  number  of  slaves  decrease  in  the  District 
of  Columbia  from  1840  to  1865? 

553.  The  amount  of  compensation  for  slaves  in  the  District 
of  Columbia,  1862-1863. 

554.  Carrying  out  of  the  District  of  Columbia  emancipation 
act  of  1862. 

555.  Results  of  emancipation  in  the  District  of   Columbia, 
1862-1875. 

556.  Reminiscences  of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

557.  Confiscation  of  slaves  under  acts  of  1861,  1862. 


368  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

558.  Account  of  the  act  of  1862  prohibiting  slavery  in  the 
territories. 

559.  Workings  of  the   act  of    1862   prohibiting  slavery  in 
the  territories. 

560.  General  Butler's  "contraband"  doctrine. 

561.  Proposals  of  compensated  emancipation. 

562.  Cases  of  emancipation  in  Kentucky,  1861-1865. 

563.  Account  of  Fremont's  emancipation  proclamation. 

564.  Account  of  Hunter's  emancipation  proclamation. 

LINCOLN'S  PROCLAMATION. 

565.  Southern  contemporary  opinions  of  Lincoln. 

566.  Reception  of  the  Emancipation  Proclamation   by  the 
negroes. 

567.  Reception   of  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  by  the 
South. 

568.  Did    the    Emancipation    Proclamation   annul    slavery 
clauses  in  State  constitutions? 

569.  What  districts  were  excepted  from  the  Emancipation 
Proclamation  ? 

570.  Attitude  of  the  abolitionists  to  the  Emancipation  Proc- 
lamation. 

571.  The  use  of   slaves  to  aid   the  military   operations   of 
the  Confederacy. 

572.  Suggestions  of  negro  regiments  by  Lee  and  Davis  in 

1865. 

THIRTEENTH  AMENDMENT. 

573.  Last  slaves  in  one  of  the  former  seceded  States. 

574.  Emancipation   acts   by  one   of   the   following   commu- 
nities. —  (a)  Virginia.  —  (b)  North  Carolina.  —  (c)  South  Carolina. 

—  (d)  Alabama.  —  (e)  Georgia.  —  (/)  Mississippi.  —  (g)  Louisi- 
ana. —  (/i)  Texas. —  (i)  Arkansas.  —  (J)  Florida. 

575.  Instances  of  slaves  held  after  1865  through  their  own 
ignorance. 


134m,  134n]  ABOLITIONISTS  369 

§  13411.    Abolition  and  Abolitionists. 
ABOLITION  LEADERS. 

576.  First-hand  knowledge  of  slavery  by  one  of  the  follow- 
ing abolitionists.  —  (a)  John  Brown.  —  (b)  William  Lloyd  Gar- 
rison. —  (c)  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe.  —  (d)  S.  P.  Chase. — 
(e)  James  G.  Birney. —  (/)  Levi  Coffin. 

577.  Anti-slavery  career  of   one  of   the   following  colonial 
agitators.  —  (a)    Samuel    Sewall.  —  (6)    Anthony   Benezet.  - 
(c)  John  Woodman.  —  (d)   Samuel   Hopkins.  —  (e)   Benjamin 
Franklin. 

578.  Abolitionists  in  one  of  the  Northern  States. 

579.  Abolitionists  in  the  Western  Reserve. 

580.  An  account  of  the  reasons  why  one  of  the  following 
agitators  became  an  abolitionist.  —  (a)  Wendell  Phillips.  —  (b) 
Charles  Sumner.  —  (c)  James  Russell  Lowell.  —  (d)  Salmon  P. 
Chase.  —  (e)  Horace  Greeley. 

581.  Anti-slavery  career  of  one  of  the  following  abolitionists. 
—  (a)  William  Lloyd  Garrison.  —  (b)  James  Russell  Lowell.  — 
(c)  Henry  Ward  Beecher.  —  (d)  Abraham  Lincoln.  —  (e)  Benja- 
min Lundy.  —  (/)  S.  P.  Chase.  —  (g)  Charles  Sumner.  —  (h) 
Gerritt  Smith.—  (i)   William  Jay.  —  (j)  Wendell  Phillips. - 
(fc)  John  P.  Hale.  —  (I)  John  G.  Whittier.  —  (ra)  Arthur  Tappan. 

—  (n)   Edmund    Quincy.  —  (o)    Levi    Coffin.  —  (p)   Frederick 
Douglass.  —  (g)  T.  W.  Higginson. 

582.  Prominent  women  abolitionists. 

583.  Instances  of  anti-slavery  German- Americans. 

584.  Anti-slavery  career  of  Karl  Follen. 

585.  Criticism  of  slave  holders  by  one  of  the  following  men. 
—'(a)  John  P.  Hale.  —  (b)  B.  F.  Wade.  —  (c)  Joshua  R.  Gid- 
dings.  —  (d)  John  Brown.  —  (e)  James  G.  Birney. 

586.  Quaker  abolitionists. 

587.  Was  John  Quincy  Adams  an  abolitionist? 
24 


370  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§ 

588.  Anti-slavery  sentiment  in  one  of  the  following  places.  — 
(a)  Boston.  —  (b)  New  Haven.  —  (c)  New  York.  —  (d)  Philadel- 
phia. —  (e)  Pittsburg.  —  (/)  Cleveland.  —  (g)  Cincinnati.  —  (h) 
Chicago.  —  0')  Syracuse.  —  (j)  Rochester. 

589.  Foreign  anti-slavery  agitators  in  America. 

JOHN  BROWN'S  RAID. 

590.  The  United  States  League  of  Gileadites. 

591.  John  Brown  in  Kansas  as  a  free-State  fighter. 

592.  John  Brown's  assistance   to  fugitives  in  Kansas   and 
Missouri. 

593.  Southern  opinion  of  John  Brown. 

594.  Contemporary  approval  of  John  Brown,   1859. 

595.  Facts  of  John  Brown's  attack  on  Harper's  Ferry. 

596.  Was  John  Brown  a  murderer? 

597.  The  political  effect  of  John  Brown's  raid. 

598.  Governor  Andrew's  connection  with  John  Brown. 

599.  Total  number  of  slaves  aided  to  liberty  by  John  Brown. 

SOUTHERN  ANTI-SLAVERY. 

600.  Instances  of  Southern  abolitionists. 

601.  Anti-slavery  men  in  one  of  the  following  Southern  States. 
__  (a)  Virginia.  —  (b)  Maryland.  —  (c)  Kentucky.  —  ( d)  Dela- 
ware. —  (e)  Tennessee.  —  (/)  Missouri. 

602.  The  feeling  in  East  Tennessee  toward  slavery. 

603.  Assertions  of  the  undesirability  of  slavery  by  Southern 
planters,   after  1830. 

604.  Southern  anti-slavery  societies  before  1831. 

ABOLITION  ORGANIZATION. 

605.  Abolition  societies  in  one  of  the  Northern  States. 

606.  Number  of   members   of   the   American   Anti-Slavery 
Society. 


I34n]  ABOLITION  AND  ABOLITIONISTS  371 

607.  Reasons    for  the    split  in   the  American  Anti-Slavery 
Society,   1840. 

608.  Account  of    the    American   and   Foreign  Anti-Slavery 
Society. 

609.  Contemporary  feeling  in  the  North  about   the  found- 
ing of  the  an ti- slavery  societies. 

610.  Anti-slavery  meetings  in  one  of  the  following  places. 
—  (a)  Newburyport.  —  (b)  Boston.  —  (c)  Salem.  —  (d)  Worces- 
ter. —  (e)  Syracuse.  —  (/)   New    Haven.  —  (g)  Providence. 

-  (h)  Philadelphia.  —  (i)  Cleveland.  —  (j)  Cincinnati.  —  (k) 
Chicago.  —  (I)  Detroit.  —  (m)  Utica. 

611.  Account  of  a  national  anti-slavery  meeting. 

612.  Account   of   an  abolitionist  local  convention    in    New 
England. 

613.  Description  of  an  abolitionist  convention  in  New  York 
City. 

614.  A  typical  anti-slavery  petition  presented  to  Congress. 

615.  An  account  of  the  anti-slavery  movement  in  Southern 
Illinois. 

616.  Who  supplied  money  for  the  anti-slavery  movement  in 
Philadelphia  ? 

ABOLITION  PROPAGANDA. 

617.  An  account  of  one  of  the  following  abolition  papers.  — 
(a)  Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation.  —  (b)  Liberator.  —  (c) 
Emancipator.  —  (d)  National  Era. 

618.  A  criticism  of  the  Liberator  (from  a  personal  study  of 
the  files). 

619.  The  circulation  of  the  Liberator. 

620.  William  Lloyd  Garrison's  attitude  on  the  Federal  gov- 
ernment and  constitution. 

621.  Did  abolitionists  attempt  to  stir  up  slave  insurrections? 

622.  Had  the  abolitionists  any  responsibility    for  the   Nat 
Turner  insurrection? 


372  SLAVERY  REPORTS  [§§ 

623.  Were  severer  laws  passed  against  negroes  in  the  South 
as  a  result  of  the  abolition  movement  ? 

624.  Abolitionist  statements  of  the  guilt  of  slave-holders. 

625.  "  Incendiary  publications"  by  abolition  societies. 

626.  Instances  of  circulation  of   abolition  literature  among 
Southern  negroes  before  1861. 

627.  Anti-slavery  influence  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

628.  Instances  of  abolitionists  who  had  actually  seen  slavery 
as  it  was. 

629.  The  best  anti-slavery  poem  that  you  can  find. 

630.  The  anti-slavery  poets. 

631.  John  G.  Whittier  as  an  anti-slavery  politician. 

632.  Enumerations  of  the  principle  of  the  "  higher  law"  by 
abolitionists.* 

633.  Declarations  of  abolitionists  that  they  would  not  vote. 

634.  The  breach  in  Lane  Seminary. 

635.  A  summary  of  the  best  abolition  speech  that  you  can 
find. 

636.  Anti-slavery  opinions  on  amalgamation. 

637.  An  account  of  the  anti-slavery  almanacs. 

638.  Instances  of  anti-slavery  meetings  interrupted  by  mobs. 

639.  Women  in  anti-slavery  meetings. 

§  1340.  Contemporary  Judgment  of  Abolition. 
ATTITUDE  OF  PUBLIC  MEN. 

640.  Attitude  on  slavery  and  abolition  of  one  of  the  follow- 
ing New  England  public  men.  —  (a)  Fisher  Ames.  —  (6)  Edward 
Everett.  —  (c)  Caleb  Gushing.  —  (d)  John  Adams.  —  (e)  Robert 
C.  Winthrop.  —  (/)  Daniel  Webster.  —  (g)  Levi  Woodbury.  - 
(h)  Josiah  Quincy. 

641.  Opinions  on  slavery  and  abolition  of  one  of  the  follow- 
ing New  Englanders.  —  (a)  W.  E.  Charming.  —  (6)  R.  W.  Emer- 
son. __  (c)  Oliver  Ellsworth.  —  (d)  Rufus  Choate.  —  (e)  Anson 


134n,  134o]  CONTEMPORARY  JUDGMENT  373 

Burlingame.  —  (/)  W.  P.  Fessenden.  —  (g)  C.  F.  Adams,  Sr. 
-  (h)  R.  H.  Dana. 

642.  Attitude  on  abolition  of    one  of   the  following  public 
men.  —  (a)  Martin  Van  Buren.  —  (b)  George  B.  McClellan.  — 
(c)  David  Wilmot.  —  (d)  Albert  Gallatin.  —  (e)  John  A.  Dix.  - 
(/)  Thurlow  Weed.  —  (g)   W.  H.  Seward.  —  (h)  Edwin    M. 
Stanton.  —  (i)  John  Jay.  —  (j)  Millard  Fillmore. 

643.  Opinion  of  slavery  of  one  of  the  following  public  men. 

—  (a)  J.  R.  Giddings.  —  (b)  B.  F.  Wade.  —  (c)  Schuyler  Col- 
fax.  —  (d)  Thomas  Corwin.  —  (e)  Lewis  Cass.  —  (/)  William  H. 
Harrison.  —  (g)  W.  T.  Sherman.  —  (h)  John  Sherman. 

644.  Opinion   of   abolition   held   by   one   of   the   following 
public  men.  —  (a)  Thomas  H.  Benton.  —  (b)  Andrew  Johnson. 

—  (c)  James  K.  Polk.  —  (d)  J.  C.  Breckinridge.  —  (e)  Henry 
Clay. —  (/)  Andrew  Jackson.  —  (g)  J.  J.  Crittenden. 

645.  Opinion   of   abolition   held    by   one   of   the   following 
Southern  statesmen.  —  (a)  J.  C.  Calhoun.  —  (6)  R.  M.  T.  Hunter. 

—  (c)  W.  L.  Yancey.  —  (d)   Jefferson   Davis.  —  (e)    Robert 
Toombs.  —  (/)  Henry  A.  Wise.  —  (g)  Alexander  H.  Stephens. 

—  (h)  George  McDuffie.  —  (i)  Judah  P.  Benjamin. 

NORTHERN  OPPOSITION. 

646.  Public  opinion  adverse  to  the  abolitionist  agitation  in 
one  of  the  following  places. —  (a)  Salem.  —  (b)  Boston.  —  (c) 
Harvard    College.  —  (d)    Newport.  —  (e)   New   Haven.  —  (/) 
Hartford. 

647.  Murder  of  Lovejoy. 

648.  Is  it  true  that  Lovejoy  was  the  only  person  to  lose  his 
life  by  pro-slavery  mobs  ? 

649.  The  Birney  riot  in  Cincinnati. 

650.  Riots  in  New  York  City  growing  out  of  anti-slavery 
movement. 


374  DIPLOMATIC  REPORTS  [§§ 

651.  Contemporary    accounts    of    the    Pennsylvania    Hall 
riots. 

652.  The  destruction  of  New  Haven  College. 

653.  Destruction  of  the  Canaan  (N.  H.)  College. 

654.  The  separation  of  Professor  Follen  from  Harvard. 

655.  The  attitude  of   Harvard  students  towards  abolition, 
1830-1860. 

656.  Contemporary  New  England  opinion  of  the  abolition- 
ists. 

657.  Account  of   the   Garrison   Mob   of    1835  (from   con- 
temporaries). 

658.  The  case  of  Prudence  Crandall. 

659.  Contemporary  opinion  of  the  Liberator. 

660.  Douglas'  opinion  of  abolition. 

SOUTHERN  OPPOSITION. 

661.  Rewards  offered  for  abolitionists. 

662.  Contemporary  Southern  opinion  of  William  Lloyd  Gar- 
rison. 

663.  Appeals  by  the  South  to  the  North  to  suppress  aboli- 
tion agitation. 

664.  Instances  of  suppression  of  discussion  about  slavery  in 
Southern  places. 

665.  Instances  of  men  mobbed  in  the  South  as  abolitionists. 

666.  The  Amos  Dresser  episode. 

ATTITUDE  OP  THE  CHURCHES. 

667.  Attitude   of   one   of   the   following   denominations    to 
slavery.  —  (a)  Episcopal.  —  (6)  Catholic.  —  (c)  Methodist.  —  (d) 
Congregational.  —  (e)  Baptist.  —  (/)  Disciple.  —  (g)  Presby- 
terian. —  (h)  Quaker. 

668.  Split  of  the  Methodist  Church  over  slavery. 

669.  Split  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  over  slavery. 


134o,  135]  GENERAL  DIRECTIONS  375 

670.  Influence  of   the  Quakers  as  a    denomination   against 
slavery. 

671.  Attitude  of  missionary  societies  toward  slaves. 

672.  The  relation  of  the  church  to  slavery  in  the  South. 

673.  Opinions  on  slavery  of  one,  of  the  following  Northern 
divines.  —  (a)  Moses  Stuart.  —  (&)  Bishop  Hopkins.  —  (c)  Nehe- 
miah  Adams. 

§  135.  General  Directions  for  Special  Reports  in 
History  14. 

The  smaller  size  of  the  class  and  the  presumable  experience 
of  the  students  in  written  work  make  unnecessary  many  of 
the  fixed  rules  required  for  like  work  in  the  narrative  course. 
Students  are  expected  to  travel  their  own  road,  though  the 
instructor  will  always  be  ready  in  his  conference  hours  to  give 
advice  and  assistance. 

ASSIGNMENT.  From  the  list  of  lectures  (Handbook,  §  20), 
from  the  list  of  subjects  for  special  reports  (Handbook,  §§  136, 
137),  and  from  their  previous  knowledge  of  such  studies,  students 
may  select  or  suggest  subjects ;  and  they  are  invited  to  make 
their  preferences  known.  Some  of  the  subjects  call  for  simple 
narrative  treatment;  but  nearly  all  involve  some  contested  or 
doubtful  question  which  students  are  expected  to  elucidate. 

AUTHORITIES.  The  bibliographical  guide  for  the  course  is 
Foundations  of  American  Foreign  Policy,  eh.  viii,  which  is 
a  classified  list  with  brief  comments.  At  the  desk  of  the  Read- 
ing Room  of  the  Library  will  be  found  a  copy  of  this  bibliogra- 
phy, with  library  numbers  in  the  margin.  Other  bibliographical 
aids  are  enumerated  in  Foundations,  §  77  ;  and  in  Handbook, 
§12.  Some  classified  references  will  be  found  in  the  list  of 
lectures  (Handbook,  §  20),  and  in  the  materials  for  weekly 
papers  (Handbook,  §§  62-92).  Besides  the  Harvard  College 
Library  other  near-by  collections  will  be  found  serviceable  by 


376  DIPLOMATIC  REPORTS  [§§ 

investigators  (see  Handbook,  §  8).  The  Harvard  Law  School 
Library  is  rich  in  treatises,  collections  of  cases,  statutes,  etc. 
The  Boston  Athenaeum  has  a  special  fund  for  books  on  inter- 
national law  and  diplomacy.  The  Boston  Public  Library  has 
a  vast  general  collection.  On  many  of  the  subjects  the  Con- 
gressional Documents  will  be  necessary.  (See  Guide,  §  30; 
Foundations,  §  796.) 

METHODS.  No  fixed  system  for  collecting  materials,  deciding 
on  conclusions,  and  stating  the  results  can  be  recommended. 
In  the  Guide,  §  12,  are  some  suggestions  on  the  subject.  The 
main  thing  must  always  be  to  take  notes  on  separate  slips  of 
paper  or  cards  or  sheets,  which  may  be  classified  and  brought 
together  in  new  combinations.  Care  should  also  be  taken  to 
note  specific  references,  and  to  insert  in  the  report  such  as  are 
most  to  the  point.  Brief  quotations  are  often  very  helpful. 
Compare  the  Directions  for  Reports  in  History  13  (Handbook, 
§  128).  Students  may  at  any  time  examine  reports  prepared  in 
previous  years,  so  as  to  see  how  other  people  have  reached  and 
recorded  their  results  under  like  circumstances. 

§  136.  Special  Reports  in  Pre-Constitutional  Diplo- 
macy. 

In  the  first  half-year  the  class  will  be  at  work  on  the  founda- 
tion building  of  American  diplomacy,  and  the  reports  will 
correspond.  The  elaborate  secondary  works,  the  older  sets  of 
creaties,  the  Revolutionary  and  Confederation  correspondence, 
will  be  found  especially  serviceable  (Handbook,  §  135).  The 
following  is  a  list  of  a  few  possible  subjects,  on  some  of  which 
reports  have  been  prepared  by  students  in  this  course  in  former 
years. 

§  1363.  Discovery  and  Title  (see  Handbook,  §§  20a,  206, 
63,  65). 

1.    Rights  of  English  merchants  in  Spain  up  to  1585. 


135-136b]  COLONIAL  PERIOD  377 

2.  Spanish  merchants  in  England  up  to  1585. 

3.  International  law  of  privateering  previous  to  1600. 

4.  Official  basis  of  the  French  claims  to  America. 

5.  Official  basis  of  the  Spanish  claims  to  America. 

6.  Territories  disputed  between  England  and  France  (1689- 
1754,  illustrated  with  map). 

7.  Official  claims  of  the  English  to  America. 

8.  Official  claims  of  the  Portuguese  to  America. 

9.  Official  claims  of  the  Dutch  to  America. 

10.  Doctrine  of  title  by  prime  discovery  as  set  forth  up  to 
1700. 

11.  Doctrine  of  title  by  exploration  as  set  forth  up  to  1700. 

12.  Doctrine  of  title  by  occupation  as  set  forth  up  to  1700. 

13.  Doctrine  of  title  by  permanent  colonization  as  set  forth 
up  to  1700. 

14.  Doctrine  of  papal  control  over  the  disposition  of  new 
territory  (1689-1775). 

15.  Treaties  between  England  and  Spain  (1492-1604). 

16.  English-Spanish  diplomacy  as  to  America  (1604-1689). 


§  1360.    Trade   and   Sea-faring   (see   Handbook,  §§  20c, 
66-68). 

17.  Contemporary  accounts  of  colonial  piracy. 

18.  Instances  of  legal  convictions  of  pirates  up  to  1775. 

19.  Contemporary  accounts  of  privateering  (1689-1763). 

20.  Reaction  in  Spanish  colonial  policy  (1763-1793). 

21.  Basis  of  the  French  claims  west  of  the  Alleghenies. 

22.  Basis  of  the  English  claims  west  of  the  Alleghenies. 

23.  Spanish  claims  to  Georgia  up  to  1795. 

24.  Southern  boundary  of  the  Hudson  Bay  region. 

25.  Contemporary  complaints  of  the  English  Navigation  Acts 
(1689-1763). 


378  DIPLOMATIC  REPORTS  [§§ 

26.  Instances  of  foreign  vessels  received  in  colonial  ports, 
contrary  to  the  Navigation  Acts. 

27.  Instances  of  colonial  smuggling  in  American  vessels. 

28.  Spanish  complaints  of  illegal  trading  by  the  English  in 
the  Spanish  colonies. 

29.  Instances  of  colonial  trade  with  Spanish  colonies  before 
1775. 

30.  Instances  of  English  colonists  trading  with  the  enemy 
(1689-1763). 

31.  Correspondence  and  treaties  relating  to  Belize  (to  1789). 

32.  Origin  and  application  of  the  Rule  of  1756  (to  1763). 

33.  Captures  of  merchantmen  by  official  cruisers  in  time  of 
peace  (1689-1763). 


§  1360.  Revolutionary  Diplomacy  (see  Handbook,  § 
69-71). 

34.  Franklin's  diplomatic  services. 

35.  John  Adams'  diplomatic  services. 

36.  The  foreign  office  of  the  United  States  (1775-1781). 

37.  The  foreign  office  of  the  United  States  (1781-1788). 

38.  American  privateers  in  the  Revolution. 

39.  Prize  questions  in  the  Revolution. 

40.  Negotiations  as  to  the  boundaries  of  the  United  States 
(1779-1783). 

41.  Unofficial  negotiations  with  Great  Britain  (1775-1779). 

42.  Indian  negotiations  and  treaties  (1775-1783). 

43.  British  privateering  during  the  Revolution. 

44.  Intercourse  between  the  British  and   American   armies 
during  the  Revolution. 

45.  Capture  of  Paul  Jones'  prizes  in  Norway. 

46.  Were  the  American  envoys  justified   in  avoiding   Ver- 
gennes  in  the  negotiations  of  1782? 

47.  Detailed  account  of  the  first  treaty  with  Holland. 


136b-137a]  REVOLUTIONARY  DIPLOMACY  379 

§  is6d.  Diplomacy  of  the  Confederation  (see  Hand- 
book, §  20d). 

48.  Diplomacy  of  the  Armed  Neutrality  (1779-1783). 

49.  The   retention   of   the   frontier  posts  by  Great  Britain 
(1783-1796,  with  map). 

50.  Restrictions    on    American    vessels    in    English    ports 
(1783-1793). 

51.  The  facts  and  the  diplomatic  discussions  as  to  carrying 
away  negroes  by  the  British  in  1783. 

52.  Actual  discrimination  made  by  England  against  American 
shipping  (1783-1794). 

53.  The  effect  of  the  French  Consular  Convention  of  1788. 

54.  Jefferson's  mission  (1786-1789). 

55.  R.  R.  Livingston  as  Superintendent  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

56.  John  Jay  as  Superintendent  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

§  137.    Special  Reports  in  Federal  Diplomacy. 

For  the  period  of  Federal  diplomacy  the  principal  sources 
will  be  the  correspondence  of  various  kinds  —  United  States 
official ;  foreign  official ;  works  of  statesmen  ;  memoirs  ;  etc.  — 
and  the  official  debates  of  various  congresses  and  various 
parliaments  (see  Handbook,  §T135  ;  Guide,  §§  28,  30-35).  The 
subjects  will  include  some  question  disputed  at  the  time,  and 
perhaps  uncertain  even  now. 

§  isya.  First  Period  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars  (see 
Handbook,  §§  19d,  20e,  72-74,  132m,  151). 

1.  Could  a  better  treaty  than  Jay's  have  been  obtained  in 
1794? 

2.  The  doctrine  of  continuous  voyages  (1793-1806). 

3.  Instances   of  the  capture  of  persons  in  neutral   vessels 
before  1815. 

4.  Instances  of  impressments  (1793-1799). 


380  DIPLOMATIC  REPORTS  [§§ 

5.  Application  of  the  Rule  of  1756  (1793-1806). 

6.  Instances  of  illegal  captures  of  American  merchantmen 
by  English  (1793-1796). 

7.  The  question  of  the  right  of  deposit  on  the  Mississippi 
(1795-1803). 

8.  A   conspectus   of  the   various  French  decrees   affecting 
American  commerce  (1793-1815). 

§  i37b.  Second  Napoleonic  Period  (see  Handbook,  §§  19e, 
20e,  75-77). 

9.  Precise  claims  and  grievances  of  Americans  as  to  im- 
pressment. 

10.  The  change  in  British  admiralty  decisions  (1800-1806). 

11.  Diplomatic  relations  with  Spain  (1803-1815). 

12.  Instances  of  unfair  decisions  by  British  prize  and  ad- 
miralty courts  (1803-1815). 

13.  Was  West  Florida  part  of  Louisiana? 

14.  Joint  occupation  of  Oregon  (1805-1829). 

15.  Did  the  War  of  1812  affect  our  fishery  rights? 

16.  Questions  of  the  navigation  of   the  Mississippi  by  the 
British. 

17.  The  fisheries  question  (1812-1818). 

18.  Piracy  and  its  suppression  (1789-1829). 

19.  Account  of  the  Leopard-Chesapeake  affair,  and  the  con- 
sequent diplomacy. 

§  i37c.    Monroe  Doctrine  (see  Handbook,  §§  19/,  20/,  46, 
78,  79). 

20.  Proposed  annexations   by  the  United    States   south   of 
Mexico. 

21.  Official   assertions   of   a  special  interest  of  the  United 
States  in  Cuba. 

22.  Contemporary    expositions    of    the    Monroe    Doctrine 
(1820-1830). 


137a-l37e]  ANTE-BELLUM  381 

23.  Was  it  desirable  for  the  United  States  to  send  delegates 
to  the  Panama  Congress  ? 

24.  Recognition  of  the  Latin-American  powers  (1815-1825). 


§  i37d.    Diplomacy  from   1829  to   1861    (see  Handbook, 
§§  190,  197*,  200,  80-84). 

25.  British  diplomacy  in  the  Isthmus  from  1820  to  1845. 

26.  Relations  with  New  Granada  (1815-1846). 

27.  Difficulties  in  the  interpretation  of  the  Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty  (1851-1901). 

28.  The  Canadian  reciprocity  treaty  of  1854. 

29.  The  United  States  and  the  Paris  Declaration  of  1856. 

30.  Japanese  treaties  (1848-1861). 

31.  Chinese  treaties  (1840-1861). 

32.  The  Paraguay  episode  (1855-1861). 

33.  Negotiation  of  the  peace  of  Guadalupe-Hidalgo. 

34.  Slidell's  mission  to  Mexico  in  1846. 

§  1370.    Diplomacy  of   the    Civil  War  (see  Handbook, 
§§  19i,  20*,  85,  86). 

35.  How  far  did  the  Confederate  commerce-destroyers  re- 
ceive undue  privileges  in  colonial  ports  of  England,  Holland, 
France,  and  Spain? 

36.  Secretary  Chase's  share  in  the  foreign  relations  of  the 
United  States. 

37.  The  issues  of  the  Geneva  Arbitration. 

38.  Recognition  of  the  belligerency  of  the  Confederate  States 
by  France  and  England. 

39.  Attempts   to  treat  the  officers  and  crews  of   the  Con- 
federate commerce-destroyers  as  pirates. 

40.  Contemporary   criticisms    of    the    United   States   prize 
decisions  (1861-1868). 


382  DIPLOMATIC  REPORTS  [§§ 

41.  Regulation  of  the  trade  across  the  lines  during  the  Civil 
War. 

42.  Attitude  of  the  United  States  on  the  French  Empire  in 
Mexico. 

43.  Captures  of  vessels  by  the  United  States  hlockaders. 

44.  Doctrine  of  continuous  voyages  as  applied  in  the  Civil 
War. 

45.  Confederate  diplomatic  agents  during  the  Civil  War. 

§  i3yf.   Post-bellum    Diplomacy   (see   Handbook,  §  20£, 
87-90). 

46.  Controversies  with  Germany  over   American  meat  pro- 
ducts. 

47.  The  Japanese  indemnity. 

48.  The  removal  of  American  ministers  since  1865. 

49.  Negotiations  on  the  Danish  Islands  (1865-1871). 

50.  The  proposed  joint  intervention  in  Cuba  (1870-1877). 

51.  The  proposed  annexation  of  Santo  Domingo  under  Pres- 
ident Grant. 

52.  The  question  of  making  Bering  Sea  a  closed  sea. 

53.  The  relation  of    the  United  States  to  the  Congo  Free 
State. 

54.  Question  of  the  intervention  of    the  United  States   in 
Chile  or  Peru. 

55.  The  diplomacy  of  Chinese  immigration. 

56.  Doctrine  of  the  right  of  asylum  in  American  embassies. 

57.  Controversies  with  Mexico  since  1877. 

58.  Instances  of  difficulties  arising  under  the  expatriation 
treaties. 

59.  The  issues  in  the  controversy  with  Chile. 

60.  The  issues  in  the  Samoan  controversies. 

61.  Pan-American  Congress  of  1890. 

62.  Canal  negotiations  with  Nicaragua  (1865-1901). 

63.  Canal  negotiations  with  Colombia  (1865-1901), 


I37e-l38]  POST-BELLUM  383 

§  i37g.  Diplomacy  of  the  Spanish  War  (see  Handbook, 
§§  20;,  91). 

64.  The  annexation  of  Hawaii. 

65.  The  issues  in  the  war  with  Spain  in  1898. 

66.  The  issues  in  the  Venezuelan  controversy. 

67.  Instances  of  jurisdiction  asserted  by  the  United  States 
over  our  merchant  vessels  in  foreign  ports. 

68.  Relations   of    the   United    States   and   the   Philippines 
before  the  war  of  1898. 

69.  Captures  of  Spanish  merchantmen  in  the  war  of  1898. 

70.  Value  of  prizes  captured  during  the  Spanish  War. 

§  i37h.  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient  (see  Handbook,  §§  20j, 
92). 

71.  The  United  States  and  China  (1895-1901). 

72.  The  United  States  and  Japan  (1890-1901). 

73.  The  United  States  and  Siam. 

74.  Assertions  of  the  policy  of  the  Open  Door. 

75.  Treaty  rights  of  Americans  in  China. 

§  138.  General  Directions  for  Special  Reports  in 
Government  12. 

Since  in  this  graduate  course  in  government  students  are  ex- 
pected already  to  have  acquired  methods  of  research  and  abil- 
ity to  state  results  clearly,  the  reports  will  lead  to  an  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  sources  and  will  give  practice  in  investigating 
the  actual  working  of  institutions. 

ASSIGNMENT.  The  whole  set  of  eight  reports  will  be  assigned 
to  each  student  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  and  will,  in 
many  cases,  have  a  relation  with  each  other.  The  student's 
own  interests  and  opportunities  for  inside  knowledge  of  parts 
of  the  American  system  of  government  will  receive  special  at- 
tention ;  and  whenever  possible  reports  will  be  assigned  which 


384  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

will  lead  a  student  to  make  use  of  personal  investigation  into 
public  affairs. 

AUTHORITIES.  The  reserved  books  on  government  are  first 
to  be  exhausted.  After  that,  students  are  expected  to  draw 
from  available  libraries,  and  to  supplement  their  work,  wher- 
ever it  is  necessary,  by  correspondence  and  personal  inquiry. 

The  bibliographical  aid  which  corresponds  most  closely  in 
plan  with  this  course  is  Actual  Government,  which  contains  a 
general  bibliography  and  classified  special  bibliographies ;  W. 
E.  Foster,  References  on  the  Constitution,  is  useful ;  and  foot- 
notes to  the  treatises  on  constitutional  law  and  government 
will  be  helpful.  For  general  suggestions,  Handbook,  §§  13,  21, 
93,  127,  128,  139-153. 

FORM.  It  is  always  desirable  to  put  the  references  in  a 
column  parallel  with  the  text  of  the  report,  and  to  set  off  the 
dates  in  a  separate  column.  Students  are  not  expected  to  write 
elaborate  theses. 

RETURN  OF  THE  REPORT.  In  order  to  keep  the  work  up,  it 
is  essential  that  reports  be  handed  in  promptly,  at  the  time  in- 
dicated in  Handbook,  §  127.  In  the  case  of  mature  graduate 
students,  who  wish  to  have  control  of  their  time  so  as  to  do 
their  work  in  long  stretches,  special  arrangements  may  be  made 
with  the  instructor. 

§  139.   Special  Reports  on  Political  Theory. 

OBJECT.  These  reports  are  intended  to  lead  students  to  the 
sources  in  the  study  of  political  doctrines,  and  to  state  the 
result  in  analytical  form. 

SCOPE.  Each  assignment  will  be  a  political  principle  upon 
which  the  opinions  of  a  designated  body  of  writers  are  to  be 
gathered  and  clearly  set  forth,  with  suitable  extracts  and 
references. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  refer  to  exact  editions  where  a  book 
has  been  several  times  revised  or  edited. 


138,  139]  GENERAL   AND  POLITICAL  385 

AUTHORITIES.  The  general  books  enumerated  in  Handbook, 
§§  21,  95,  96;  Actual  Government,  ch.  i;  Guide,  §  32.  The 
treatises  on  government  in  general  and  on  the  nature  of  the 
State  will  also  be  found  useful,  such  as  Francis  Lieber,  Hermen- 
eutics ;  Montesquieu,  Esprit  des  Lois;  John  Austin,  Jurispru- 
dence; W.  W.  Willoughby,  Nature  of  the  State.  Students  will 
be  expected  to  exhaust  the  material  on  their  specific  subject  in 
the  College  Library. 

SUBJECTS.  The  following  are  a  few  topics  which  suggest  the 
line  of  work. 

(a)    CRITICISMS  OF  AMERICAN  GOVERNMENT  (see  Handbook, 
§§  21a,  31,  95,  96,  132a). 

1.  Opinions  of  American  government  by  one  of  the  follow- 
ing English  writers.  —  (a)  Lyell.  —  (6)  Sydney  Smith.  —  (c)  Sir 
Henry   Maine.  —  (d)  Lecky.  —  (e)    Percy   Greg.  —  (/)  Glad- 
stone. —  (g)  Carlyle.  —  (A)  John  Bright.  —  (i)  George  Canning. 

2.  Montesquieu's  view  of  the  three  departments. 

3.  How  far  did  American  public  men  in  1775  know  the  writ- 
ings of  one  of  the  following  publicists.  —  (a)  Montesquieu.  — 
(6)  Grotius.  —  (c)  Locke.  —  (d)  Hobbes.  —  (e)  Vattell. 

4.  Notions  of  American  government  by  one  of  the  following 
French    writers.  —  (a)    Brissot    de   Warville.  —  (6)    Mably.  — 
(c)  Carlier.  —  (d)  Tocqueville.  —  (e)  Boutmy.  —  (/)  Chevalier. 

5.  Strictures  on  American  government  by  one  of  the  follow- 
ing German  writers.  —  (a)  Schlief .  —  (6)  Von  Mohl.  —  (c)  Von 
Hoist. 

6.  American  defences  against  Tocqueville's  strictures. 

7.  Opinion  of  American  government  by  one  of  the  following 
American  writers.  —  (a)  John  Adams.  —  (6)  Thomas  Jefferson. 
—  (c)  Tucker's  Blackstone.  —  (d)  J.  C.  Calhoun.  —  (e)  Daniel 
Webster.  —  (/)  Abraham  Lincoln. 

25 


386  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

§  140.  Special  Reports  on  Citizenship  and  Funda- 
mental Rights. 

OBJECT.  The  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  aid  students  in 
forming  clear  ideas  as  to  the  relation  of  individuals  to  the 
State. 

SCOPE.  A  study  of  opinions  on,  or  the  practice  regarding, 
some  form  of  personal  rights. 

AUTHORITIES.  The  regular  constitutional  treatises  (Hand- 
book, §  31ft),  especially  in  their  discussions  of  the  constitutional 
amendments  ;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science ;  authorities  listed 
in  Handbook,  §§  21ft,  40,  52,  55,  60,  74,  80,  87,  95-98;  Actual 
Government,  chs.  ii,  iii. 

(a)  CITIZENSHIP. 

1 .  Instances  of  old  American  families  on  Cape  Cod. 

2.  Conferring  of  citizenship  by  special  legislative  acts. 

3.  Instances  of  citizens  of  Chinese  blood. 

4.  Instances  of  protection  of  American  citizens  abroad. 

5.  Instances  of  Indians  becoming  citizens. 

6.  A  study  of  naturalization  proceedings  in  Boston. 

7.  The  actual  method  of  naturalization  in  New  York  City. 

(b)  RACE  ELEMENTS. 

8.  Character  of  race  elements  in  one  of  the  following  States 
of  the  Union.  —  (a)  Calfornia. —  (b)  Illinois. —  (c)  Minnesota.  — 
(d)  Wisconsin.  —  (e)  Michigan.  —  (/)  Missouri.  —  (g)  Massa- 
chusetts. —  (h)  Connecticut.  —  (i)  Rhode  Island. 

9.  Character  of  the  foreign-born  voters  in  one  of  the  follow- 
ing cities.  —  (a)  Chicago.  —  (b)  Cleveland.  —  (c)  Minneapolis. 
—  (d)  St.  Louis.  —  (e)  New  Orleans.—  (/)  Fall  River.  —  (g) 
Cambridge. 

10.  Meaning  of  "race,  color,  and  previous  condition  of  ser- 
vitude "  in  the  Fourteenth  Amendment. 


140]  CITIZENSHIP  387 

11.  System  of  "protections"  given  by  the  United   States 
diplomatic  and  consular  officials  in  semi-civilized  countries. 

(c)  PERSONAL  LIBERTY 

12.  Instances  of  persons  held  by  others  in  permanent  illegal 
confinement. 

13.  Instances  of  permanent  loss  of  civil  rights  as  a  punish- 
ment for  crime. 

14.  The  driving  away  of  negroes  from  Illinois. 

15.  Prevention  of  negro  emigration  to  Kansas, 

16.  Instances  of  the  banishment  of  American  citizens  from 
a  State. 

17.  Instances   of   the   sale   of   convicts   to  private   persons 
during  the  term  of  their  sentence. 

18.  Instances  of  the  sale  of  convicts  to  contractors,   to  be 
employed  in  gangs  away  from  the  State  prison. 

19.  Instances  of  the  sale  of  the  services  of  convicts  to  con- 
tractors, the  work  to  be  done  in  the  prison. 

20.  Transportation  of  paupers  against  their  will  from  one 
State  to  another. 

21.  Account  of  the  system  of  imprisonment  for  debt  in  the 
United  States  since  1789. 

22.  Account  of  imprisonment  for  debts  due  to  the  United 
States. 

23.  Instances  of  persons  now  confined  for  debt. 

(d)  ALIENS  AND  NATURALIZATION. 

24.  State  restriction  on  the  holding  of  real  estate  by  aliens. 

25.  Instances  of  aliens  held  liable  for  military  service. 

26.  Status  of  children  of  aliens  born  in  the  United  States. 

27.  Cases  of  claims  for  protection  in  foreign  countries  by 
persons  not  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

28.  Instances   where    foreigners   domiciled    in    the    United 


388  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

States  have  been  claimed  by  foreign  governments  while  visit- 
ing in  their  native  country. 

29.  State  limitations  in  naturalization  proceedings. 

(e)  PRIVILEGES. 

30.  Equality  of  man  as  stated  in  State  constitutions. 

31.  United  States  laws  and  practice  for  regulating  the  press. 

32.  Authorizations  by  law  to  search  houses  at  night. 

33.  Instances  of  expatriation  of  citizens  of  the  United  States 
at  their  own  desire, 

34.  Usual  laws  punishing  offences  of  the  press. 

35.  Practice  of  the  States  with  reference  to  forbidding  the 
carrying  of  concealed  weapons. 

36.  State  practice  as  to  the  waiving  of  jury  trials. 

37.  Suggestions  that  a  decision  of  less  than  the  whole  of  a 
jury  ought  to  be  accepted. 

§  141.   Special  Reports  on  Constitution  Making. 

OBJECT.  To  bring  out  the  actual  working  of  the  system  of 
making  and  amending  constitutions  in  the  United  States,  and 
to  familiarize  students  with  the  records  of  constitutional  con- 
ventions and  the  secondary  literature  of  the  subject. 

SCOPE.  An  examination  into  some  special  phase  of  consti- 
tutional amendment,  State  or  national. 

AUTHORITIES.  Handbook,  §§  21c,  32,  36,  61,  99,  113  ;  Actual 
Government,  ch.  iv;  H.  V.  Ames,  Constitutional  Amendments 
(Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Annual  Report  for  1896,  II).  General 
books  are:  Charles  Borgeaud,  Constitutional  Amendments; 
J.  A.  Jameson,  Constitutional  Conventions;  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Con- 
stitutional History  of  the  American  People.  Records  of  the 
Federal  convention ;  proceedings  of  State  conventions,  usually 
published  in  extenso ;  State  statutes ;  contemporary  news- 
papers. A  good  set  of  materials  on  State  constitutions  may 
be  found  in  the  Massachusetts  State  Library. 


140,  141]  CONSTITUTION  MAKING  389 

(a)  SUBJECTS  ON  WRITTEN  CONSTITUTIONS. 

1.  Origin  of  the  idea  of   conventions  assembled  solely  to 
frame  a  constitution. 

2.  Attempts  to  limit  the  scope  of  the  work  of  a  constitu- 
tional convention. 

3.  An  account  of  the  formation  of  the  first  constitution  of 
one  of  the  sixteen  States  admitted  into  the  Union  before  1797 
(see  Guide,  §  143). 

4.  A  brief  history  of  the  written  constitution  of  one  of  the 
following    States   in   the  Union.  —  (a)  Wisconsin.  —  (b)  New 
Hampshire.  —  (c)  Virginia.  —  (d)  Ohio. 

5.  Workings  of  the  system  of  amendment  by  which  two  suc- 
cessive legislatures  must  submit  the  same  amendment. 

6.  Tabulation   of  popular  votes    on   constitutional    amend- 
ments in  the  States  (1895-1900). 

7.  The  records  of  constitutional  conventions. 

8.  An  account  of  a  recent  State  constitutional  convention. 

9.  State  draft  constitutions  which  have  failed  of  ratification 
when  submitted  to  popular  vote. 

10.  Examples  of  State  constitutions  set  in  force  without  the 
sanction  of  the  popular  vote. 

11.  Instances  of  special  legislation  embodied  in  (State)  con- 
stitutional amendments. 

12.  Traces   of    the   social   compact   theory   in     State   con- 
stitutions. 

13.  Tendency  to  increase  the  length  of  State  constitutions. 

14.  Early  State  constitutional  conventions  in  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing  States.  —  (a)    Massachusetts.  —  (b)  New  York.  —  (c) 
Pennsylvania.  —  (d)  North  Carolina. 

15.  Changes  brought  about  by  the  last  New  York  consti- 
tution. 

16.  An  account  of   the  South  Carolina  constitutional    con- 
vention of  1899. 


390  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

1 7.  Instances  of  unwise  restrictions  on  legislation  in  State 
constitutions. 

18.  Suffrage  amendments  to  State  constitutions. 

19.  Account  of  amendments  proposed    to    the    Articles  of 
Confederation. 

20.  Contemporary  theories  as   to  who   ratified  the  Federal 
constitution. 

21.  History  of  one  of   the  groups  of    amendments  to  the 
Federal  constitution.—  (a)  I-X.  —  (6)  XI,  XII.  —  (c)  XIII.  — 
(d)  XIV.  —  (e)  XV. 

§  142.    Special  Reports  on  Political  Methods. 

OBJECT.  The  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  familiarize  stu- 
dents with  the  manner  in  which  the  officers  of  government  are 
chosen  and  the  policy  of  administrators  and  legislators  is  de- 
termined, and  to  make  them  acquainted  with  the  literature. 

SCOPE.  Each  report  calls  for  a  discussion  of  a  characteristic 
political  institution,  usually  such  as  are  not  created  by  law,  but 
have  become  the  practice  of  officials  or  political  organizations. 

AUTHORITIES.  The  general  authorities  upon  these  subjects 
are  listed  in  .Handbook,  §§  13,  21d,  100,  101  ;  Actual  Govern- 
ment, chs.  v-vii.  Much  information  is  to  be  found  in  periodical 
literature  (use  the  special  indexes)  ;  and  much  may  be  learned 
by  personal  consultation  or  correspondence  with  men  actually 
engaged  in  politics. 

FORM.  Reports  should  be  clear  and  well  arranged ;  they  may 
include  copies  of  letters  and  of  printed  constitutions,  rules, 
accounts  of  political  organizations,  etc. 

(a)  PRINCIPLES  OF  POPULAR  GOVERNMENT. 

1.  Doctrine  of    equality  of  man  in,  political  writers  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

2.  Doctrine  of  the  social  compact  before  the  Revolution. 


141,  142]  SUFFRAGE  391 

3.  European  writers  on  the  social  compact  since  1788. 

4.  Divine  right  in  English  writers  to  1775. 

5.  Doctrine  of  checks  and  balances  since  1775. 

6.  Doctrine  of  sovereignty  of  the  people  before  1775. 

7.  Doctrine  of  sovereignty  of  the  people  since  1775. 

8.  Present  status  of  the  referendum  in  the  United  States. 

(b)   SUFFRAGE. 

9.  The  suffrage  in  the  English  colonies. 

10.  Enlargement   of    the    suffrage   in     State     constitutions 
(1789-1829). 

11.  The  present  provisions  of   Southern  constitutions  with 
regard  to  negro  suffrage. 

12.  Workings  of  the  educational  qualification  in  one  of  the 
following    States.  —  (a)   Massachusetts.  —  (b)   Connecticut.  — 
(c)  Mississippi. 

13.  Workings  of  the  Mississippi  suffrage  system  under  the 
new  constitution. 

14.  Present  property  qualifications  for  voters  in  the  United 
States. 

15.  Were  the  restrictions  on  voting  in  colonial  Massachu- 
setts enforced? 

16.  Account  of  limitations  of  municipal  suffrage  to  tax  payers. 

17.  Conditions  of  suffrage  in  Rhode  Island  (1642-1896). 

18.  Property    qualifications    in    one   of    the   New    England 
States. 

19.  Present  educational  suffrage  qualifications  in  the  United 
States. 

20.  Comparison  of  votes  with  voters  in  one  of  the  follow- 
ing cities.  —  (a)  Boston.  —  (b)  Philadelphia.  —  (c)  New  York. 
—  (d]  Chicago. 

21.  Workings  of  women  suffrage  in  Colorado. 


392  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

(c)  NOMINATING  MACHINERY. 

22.  Account  of  the  primary  in  Minnesota. 

23.  Workings    of    the    registration    system    in    some    one 
State. 

24.  Membership  in  political  caucuses  in  New  York  City. 

25.  Organization  of  national  conventions. 

26.  Early  political  conventions  (1783-1800). 

27.  Early  State  nominating  conventions  in  Massachusetts. 

28.  Political  caucuses  in  one  of  the  following   cities.  —  (a) 
New  York.  —  (&)  Boston.  —  (c)  San  Francisco. 

29.  Workings  of  the  Massachusetts  caucus  acts. 

30.  The  Congressional  caucus  (1789-1815). 

31.  Instances  of  bought  nominations. 

32.  System  of  "  notification  "  of  nominations  to  candidates. 

33.  An  account  of  a  State  convention  in:  —  (a)  Indiana. — 
(6)  New  York.  —  (c)  Massachusetts.  —  (d)  Louisiana. 

34.  An  account  of  the  Massachusetts  Democratic  Conven- 
tion of  1896. 

35.  How  do  the  bosses  get  control  of  rural  politics  in  New 
York? 

(d)  CAMPAIGNS. 

36.  A  description  of  the  political  committees  in  some  one 
State. 

37.  The  authority  of  a  State  committee. 

38.  A  description  of  a  National  Committee. 

39.  The  organization  of  national  political  clubs. 

40.  An    account   of  the  Federation  of  College  Republican 
Clubs. 

41.  Party  funds  for  campaigns. 

42.  Instances  of  assessments  on  office  holders  for  campaign 
funds. 

43.  Campaign  literature. 


142]  POLITICAL  MACHINERY  393 

(e)  VOTING. 

44.  Gerrymanders  in  one  particular  State. 

45.  Workings  of  minority  representation  in  Illinois. 

46.  Why  is  the  vote  so  small  in  Southern  elections  ? 

47.  Origin  of  the  idea  of  equal  electoral  districts. 

48.  Comparison  of  votes  and  population  in  one  of  the  follow- 
ing groups.  —  (a)  Indiana  and  Alabama.  —  (b)  Iowa  and  Ken- 
tucky. —  (c)  Connecticut  and  South  Carolina. 

49.  The  "  German  vote  "  in  Ohio. 

50.  Workings  of  the  registration  system  in  one  of  the  follow- 
ing States.  —  (a)  New  York.  —  (5)  Pennsylvania.  —  (c)  Illinois. 

51.  Workings  of  the  Rhode  Island  requirement  of  an  absolute 
majority  since  1861. 

52.  Instances  of  viva'voce  elections. 

53.  Workings  of  former  United  States  act  for  supervising 
elections. 

(f)  ELECTIONS. 

54.  Comparison  of  the  majorities  received  by  members  of 
Congress  at  any  election. 

55.  Early  instances  of  fraud  in  elections  (1781-1829). 

56.  Influence  of  corporations  on  elections. 

57.  Corrupt  practices  acts  in  the  States. 

58.  Protection  of  the  ballot  (including  count)  in  New  York 
State. 

59.  Electoral  bribery  in  one  of  the  following  States.  —  (a) 
New  Hampshire.  —  (b)  Massachusetts.  —  (c)  New  York.  —  (d) 
Illinois. 

60.  Electoral  frauds  in  one  of  the  following  States.  —  (a) 
Illinois.  —  (b)  Pennsylvania.  —  (c)  New  Hampshire.  —  (d)  New 
York.  —  (e)  South  Carolina. 

61.  An   account  of  an  election  in:  —  (a)   St.  Louis.  —  (b) 
Philadelphia.  —  (c)  Boston.  —  (d)  New  York.  —  (e)  Baltimore. 


394  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

62.  Election  riots  in  :  —  (a)  Colorado.  —  (b)  Baltimore.  —  (c) 
Troy. 

63.  Regulation   of   count  and   recount   of   votes  in :  —  (a) 
Massachusetts.  —  (b)  New  York. 


(g)  BOSSES. 

64.  Reason  for  the  popularity  of  —  (a)  Matthew  Quay.  — 
(b)  Richard  Croker.  —  (c)  Carter  Harrison.  —  (d)  A.  P.  Gorman. 
—  (e)  Hugh  McLaughlin.  —  (/)  S.  H.  Ashbridge. 

65.  Political  organization  in  one  of  the  following  States.  — 
(a)   Pennsylvania.  —  (b)   Connecticut.  —  (c)   California.  —  (d) 
Iowa. 

660  Boss  rule  in  one  of  the  following  cities.  —  (a)  Buffalo. — 
(6)  Cleveland.  —  (c)  Detroit.  —  (d)  Chicago.  —  (e)  Philadel- 
phia. —  (/)  Jersey  City.  —  (g)  Pittsburg. 

§  143.   Special  Reports  on  State  Government. 

OBJECT.  This  set  of  reports  is  intended  to  bring  out  ques- 
tions of  practice  rather  than  questions  of  powers  or  of  constitu- 
tional interpretation,  and  thus  to  make  the  student  acquainted 
with  the  actual  spirit  of  State  government. 

AUTHORITIES.  The  specific  literature  on  State  government  is 
still  very  small.  Some  material  may  be  found  through  Hand- 
book, §§  21e,  33,  34,  43,  44,  57,  61,  102,  103,  122,  123;  Actual 
Government,  chs.  viii-x.  On  questions  of  detail  the  students 
must  use  the  constitutional  treatises,  especially  those  which, 
like  Wharton  and  Bateman  and  Von  Hoist,  include  State  law 
(Handbook,  §  316).  The  reports  of  State  executive  officers  and 
of  investigating  committees  are  often  useful.  The  Secretary  of 
State  in  each  State  is  the  usual  medium  of  official  information. 


142,143]  STATE    GOVERNMENT  395 

(a)  STATUS  OF  STATES. 

1.  Account  of  the  admission  of  one  of  the  following  States 
to  the  Union.  —  (a)  Ohio.  —  (6)  Iowa.  —  (c)  California.  —  (d) 
Kansas.  —  (e)  Colorado.  —  (/)  North  Dakota. 

2.  Account  of  the  setting  off  of  Vermont  from  New  York. 

3.  Acts  of  Congress  declaring  State  statutes  void. 

4.  Action  of  Presidents  on  rival  State  governments. 

5.  Principles  of  Virginia  coupon  cases. 

6.  Conditions  imposed  on  States  at  entrance. 

7.  Instances  of  rival  State  governments  in  :  —  (a)  Louisiana. 
—  (6)  South  Carolina.  —  (c)  Kansas. 

(b)   STATE  LEGISLATURES. 

8.  Change  from  town  to  proportional  representation  in  the 
Massachusetts  legislature. 

9.  Number  of  members  in  New  England  legislatures. 

10.  Workings  of  the  system  of  town  representation  in  Con- 
necticut. 

11.  Instances  of  long  service  in  State  legislatures. 

12.  The  size  of  State  legislatures  in  the  West. 

13.  Instances  of  unfit  members  of  legislatures. 

14.  Instances  of  bribery  of  members  of  State  legislatures. 

15.  Likelihood  that  members  of   State  legislatures  will  be 
re-elected. 

16.  Instances  of  members  of  legislatures  "owned"  by  cor- 
porations or  individuals. 

17.  Character   of   the   legislature    of   one   of   the  following 
States.  —  (a)    Rhode    Island.  —  (6)    New   York.  —  (c)    New 
Jersey.  —  (d)  Ohio.  —  (e)  Tennessee. 

18.  Instances  of  dead-locks  between  the  two  houses  of  State 
legislatures. 

19.  Prohibitions  in  State  constitutions  against  private  legis- 
lation. 


396  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS 


£§ 


20.  System  of  "  strikes"  in  State  legislatures. 

21.  A  day  in  the  Massachusetts  legislature. 

22.  Powers  of  State  senates  over  appointments. 

23.  Powers  of  the  Speakers  in  State  legislative  bodies. 

24.  An  historical  account  of  the  legislature  of  a  State. 

25.  Instances  of  a  single  house  in  State  legislatures. 

26.  Limitations  on  the  length  of  sessions  of  legislatures. 

27.  Number  of  State  statutes  passed  (in  the  last  obtainable 
year) . 

28.  A  typical  day's  proceedings  in  a  legislature. 

29.  Instances  of  iniquitous  private  acts  in  the  States. 

30.  Vagaries  of  legislation  in  one  of  the  following  States. 

(a)    Missouri.  —  (6)    Wyoming.  —  (c)  North    Carolina.  —  (d) 
Arkansas.  —  (e)  Colorado. 

31.  Instances  of  private  legislation  by  States. 

(c)  STATE  GOVERNORS. 

32.  Governorship  of  States  placed  in  commission. 

33.  Salary  and  emoluments  of  Governors. 

34.  Instances  of  Governors  repeatedly  re-elected. 

35.  Status  of  the  Lieutenant-Governor. 

36.  Governor's  term  in  New  England. 

37.  Appointing  power  of  the  Governor  of  Ohio. 

38.  Instances  of  State  Governors  who    have  served  more 
than  three  terms. 

39.  Use  of   the   Governor's   veto  in  one  of   the   following 
States.  —  (a)  New  Hampshire.  — (b)  Massachusetts.  —  (c)  New 
York.  —  (d)  Minnesota.  —  (e)  Montana. 

40.  Status  of  the  Governor  of  Ohio. 

41.  Examples  of  important  State  vetoes. 

42.  Social  functions  of  Governors  (speech-making,  etc.). 

43.  Workings  of  legislation  without  a  gubernatorial  veto  in 
Ohio. 

44.  Status  of  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania. 


143]  STATE   GOVERNMENT  397 

(d)  STATE  EXECUTIVE  OFFICERS. 

45.  Status  of  the  Secretary  of  State  in  the  various  States. 

46.  The  executive    department  in  the   Pennsylvania    State 
government. 

47.  Defalcations  in  State  treasuries. 

48.  Attempts  to  introduce  the  Cabinet  system  in  the  States. 

49.  Vagaries  of  State  commissions  in  Massachusetts. 

50.  Impeachment  of  State  executive  officials. 

51.  Executive  boards  in  one  of  the  following  States.  —  (a) 
Minnesota.  —  (&)  Massachusetts.  —  (c)  Illinois. 

52.  The  functions  of  the  State  Treasurer  in  the  States. 

53.  Instances  of  removal  of  executive  officials  by  the  Gov- 
ernor. 

54.  Defects  in  the  executive  system  in  States. 

55.  An  estimate  of  the  number  of  persons  holding  State 
office  in  Maine. 

56.  Relation  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Historical   Society  to 
the  State. 

57.  Instances  of  State  executive   officials    many  times  re- 
elected. 

(e)  STATE  JUDICIARY. 

58.  Present  methods  of  selecting  judges  in  the  States. 

59.  Workings  of  the  elective  judiciary  in  Vermont. 

60.  Instances  of  unfit  State  judges. 

61.  Instances  of  packing  a  State  Supreme  Court. 

62.  Recent  change  in  the  judiciary  system  of  the  State  of 
New  York. 

63.  Instances  of  corrupt  judges  in  New  York. 

64.  A  description  of  the  judiciary  system  of  Massachusetts. 

65.  Historical  sketch  of  the  growth  of  the  elective  judiciary. 

66.  A  day  in  the  Massachusetts  courts. 


398  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

67.  Instances  of  judges  failing  of  re-election  on  account  of 
a  judicial  decision. 

68.  Some  account  of  cases  appealed  from  the  Supreme  Court 
of  California  to  United  States  Supreme  Court. 

69.  The  courts  and  judges  of  Colorado. 

70.  Principles  of  change  of  venue  in  criminal  cases. 

71.  Cases  of  mandamus  directed  to  State  officials. 

72.  Instances  of  mandamus  of  State  courts  on  State  exec- 
utive officers. 

73.  Supervisory  powers  of  State  officials  over  local  officers. 

74.  Instances  of  acts  held  unconstitutional  by  the  courts  of 
one  of  the  States. 


§  144.   Special  Reports  on  Local  Government. 

OBJECT.  These  reports  correspond  very  closely  to  those  on 
State  government  (Handbook,  §  143). 

AUTHORITIES.  Lists  in  Handbook,  §§  13,  21/,  94,  104,  105, 
106,  118;  Actual  Government,  chs.  xii-xiv.  There  are  some 
special  bibliographies,  especially  Municipal  Affairs,  March, 
1901  ;  notes  to  George  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  His- 
tory. The  materials  are  more  abundant  than  on  previously 
described  subjects.  Aid  may  often  be  had  from  the  treatises 
on  municipal  government,  as  J.  F.  Dillon,  Municipal  Corpora- 
tions /  and  from  the  reports  of  city  officials  and  departments. 
Local  histories  are  enumerated  in  the  Guide,  §  23. 

(a)  SUPERVISION  OF  LOCAL  GOVERNMENTS. 

1.  Supervisory  powers  of  State  officials  over  municipalities. 

2.  Supervision  of  township  government  by  county  officials 
in  some  one  Western  State. 

3.  Supervisory  power  of  State  officials  over  locality  officers. 

4.  Functions  performed  for  the  States  by  local  governments. 


143,144]  LOCALITY  GOVERNMENT  399 

5.  Instances  of  control  of  local  officials  in  their  exercise  of 
local  functions. 

6.  Relation   between  the  Governor  of  New  York  and  muni- 
cipal governments. 

(b)  LOCAL  SUBDIVISIONS. 

7.  Workings  of  the  school  district  system. 

8.  Incorporated  village  government. 

9.  Borough  government. 

10.  The  Louisiana  system  of  police  juries. 

(c)  NEW  ENGLAND  TOWNS. 

11.  Town  meetings  in  some  New  England  town. 

12.  Cambridge  town  meeting  (1789-1846). 

13.  Oddities  of  the  colonial  town  meetings  of  some  one  New 
England  town. 

14.  Boston  town  meeting  (1800-1823). 

15.  Functions  of  selectmen  in  some  one  New  England  town. 

16.  Defects  of  the  town-meeting  system. 

(d)  MIDDLE  AND  WESTERN  TOWNS. 

17.  Defects  in  the  township-county  system. 

18.  Defects  of  New  York  town  government. 

19.  Town   government   in  one  of  the  following  States.  — 
(a)   California.  —  (b)  Utah.  —  (c)  Wisconsin.  —  (d)  Nebraska. 

—  (e)  Indiana. 

20.  Option  system  of  towns  in  :  —  (a)  Minnesota.  —  (b)  Ne- 
braska. 

21.  Town    meetings    in :  —  (a)    Ohio.  —  (b)    Michigan.  — 
(c)  Nebraska. 

22.  Rural  government  in  Minnesota. 


400  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

(e)  COUNTY  GOVERNMENT. 

23.  Number  of  counties  in  the  States  compared. 

24.  Present    county   government   in    one   of    the   following 
States.  —  (a)  South  Carolina.  —  (6)  North  Carolina.  —  (c)  Lou- 
isiana. —  (d)  Virginia.  —  (e)  Georgia. 

25.  Defects  of  the  county-precinct  system. 

26.  Criticism  of  the  government  of  a  particular  county  in  — 
(a)  New  York.  —  (b)  Pennsylvania.  —  (c)  Ohio.  —  (d)  Kentucky. 

27.  Workings  of  county  government  in  Pennsylvania. 

28.  County  boards  in  New  York. 

29.  Did  Jones  County,  Mississippi,  secede? 

30.  County  jails  in  Minnesota. 

31.  County  commissioners   of  Norfolk   County,  Massachu- 
setts. 

(f)  FORM  AND  WORKINGS  OF  CITIES. 

32.  History  of  the  charter  of  —  (a)  New  York.  —  (b)  Buffalo. 
—  (c)  Albany.  —  (d)  Philadelphia.  —  (e)  Baltimore. 

33.  Instances  of  reform  charters  (1894-1901). 

34.  Defects  and  remedies  in  the  government  of  one  of  the 
following  cities.  —  (a)  Cambridge.  —  (b)  Somerville.  —  (c)  Co- 
lumbus. —  (d)  Atlanta.  —  (e)  Milwaukee. 

35.  Defects  in  the  government  of  one  of  the  following  cities. 
-(a)  Cleveland,  —  (b)  Chicago.  —  (c)  Detroit.  —  (d)  San  Fran- 
cisco. —  (e)  St.  Louis.  —  (/)  Utica.  —  (g)  Pittsburg. 

36.  Defects  of  the  Greater  New  York  charter. 

37.  Degree  of  success  of  city  governments  in  small  cities  in 
Massachusetts. 

38.  "Ripper  Acts"  of  1900  for  Pennsylvania  city  govern- 
ments. 

39.  Instances  of  illegal  assumption  of  power  by  cities. 

40.  Corrupt  grants  of  franchises  in  New  York  City. 

41.  Municipal  courts  in  Massachusetts. 


144]  CITIES  401 

42.    Instances  of  the  exercise  of  judicial  functions  by  local 
executive  officers. 


(g)  ADMINISTRATION  IN  CITIES. 

43.  Duties  performed  for  the  State  by  municipal  officials. 

44.  Relations  of  heads  of  city  departments  to  each  other. 

45.  Relations  of  heads  of  departments  to  the  mayor  in  Cam- 
bridge. 

46.  Salaries  of  members  of  municipal  legislature. 

47.  Single  chambers  in  municipal  government. 

48.  Working  of  the  second  chamber  system  in  city  govern- 
ment. 

49.  Legislative  body  of  Boston  since  1823. 

50.  The  "  Cabinet  system  "  in  city  government. 

51.  City  documents. 

52.  Usual  salaries  of  the  principal  city  officials. 

53.  System  of  appointive  city  boards  having  power  to  make 
appropriations. 

54.  Administration  of  a  city  fire  department. 

55.  The  workings  of  the  Boston  fire  commission. 

56.  The   number  of  persons   employed  by   the  city   of:  — 
(a)  Boston.  —  (b)  New  York.  —  (c)  Philadelphia.  —  (d)  Chicago. 
—  (e)  Cleveland. 

57.  Municipal  departments  of  public  buildings. 

58.  The  Park  Commission  in  some  one  city. 

59.  Administration  of  a  city  police  department. 

60.  Administration  of  a  city  health  department. 

61.  System  of  paving  and  repairs  of  pavement  in  large  cities. 

62.  Administration  of  paving  departments  in  cities. 

63.  Application  of  civil  service  reform  in  one  of  the  following 
cities.  —  (a)  Boston.  —  (b)  New  York.  —  (c)  Chicago. 

64.  The  Water  Commission  in  some  one  city. 
26 


402  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

65.  Character    and    workings   of    the   Chicago    Board   of 
Education. 

66.  Government  of  schools  in  Lynn. 

67.  The  Gas  Commission  in  some  one  city. 

§  145.    Special  Reports  on  the  National  Legislature. 

OBJECT.  To  give  a  clear  idea  of  the  real  forces  at  work  in 
Congress. 

SCOPE.  Inquiries  into  the  practical  workings  of  Congress 
and  the  two  Houses,  and  the  relations  between  Congress  and 
the  executive. 

AUTHORITIES.  Lists  in  Handbook,  §§  13,  217*,  35,  37,  38, 
109-111;  Actual  Government,  chs.  xv,  xvi ;  notes  to  M.  P. 
Follett,  The  Speaker;  records  of  Congress  (Guide,  §  306) ; 
reminiscences  of  members  of  Congress  ( Guide,  §  33)  ;  contem- 
porary newspapers,  especially  since  1865 ;  The  Nation  and 
the  regular  Washington  correspondents  of  the  great  dailies 
often  relate  interesting  matters.  Senators  and  Representa- 
tives will  usually  answer  letters  of  inquiry  from  constituents 
on  such  questions.  Among  special  works  about  Congress  and 
its  procedure  are  the  biennial  Manuals  of  the  House  and 
Senate  ;  T.  H.  McKee,  Red  Book  ;  W.  Wilson,  Congressional 
Government;  M.  P.  Follett,  The  Speaker ;  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto 
Power;  etc. 

(a)  MEMBERS  OF  CONGRESS. 

1.  Instances   of  Senators  who  did  not  reside  in  the  States 
from  which  they  were  elected. 

2.  Instances  of  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
not  residing  in  their  districts. 

3.  Previous  education  of  Representatives  elect. 

4.  Education  and  services  of  Senators  when  first  elected. 

5.  Administration  of  mileage  for  Congressmen. 


144,  145]  CONGRESS  403 

6.  An  account  of  a  contested  election  controversy  in  Congress. 

7.  House  members  unseated:  —  (a)  1789-1820.  —  (b)  1821- 
1840.  —  (c)  1841-1860.  —  (d)  1861-1880. —  (e)  1881-1900. 

8.  Senators  unseated  :  —  (a)  1789-1830.  —(b)  1831-1870.- 
(c)  1871-1900. 

9.  Length  of  service  of  members -of  the   House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

10.  Instances  of  privilege  claimed  by  members  of  Congress 
to  prevent  arrest. 

(b)  ORGANIZATION  OF  CONGRESS. 

11.  Instances  of  corruption  in  Congress. 

1 2.  Instances    of   members    of    Congress  who   have    served 
twenty  years  or  more. 

13.  "  Bigger  man  than  old  Grant." 

14.  Franking  privilege. 

15.  The  assignment  of  seats  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 
1C.    The  clerical  force  of  Congress. 

17.  Foreign  commendations  of  the  Senate. 

18.  Instances  of  instructions  of  United  States  Senators  by 
State  legislatures. 

19.  The  President  of  the  Senate. 

(c)  CONGRESSIONAL  COMMITTEES. 

20.  Manner  in  which  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives appoints  to  committees. 

2 1 .  Appointment  of  committees  in  the  Senate. 

22.  Instances  of  appointment  of  House  committees  by  ballot. 

23.  Influences    in    the    appointment   of    committees    by  the 
Speaker  at  the  beginning  of  some  particular  Congress. 

24.  Procedure  of. Congressional  committees  in  session. 

25.  Instances   of    open    hearings  held    by   committees    of 
Congress. 


404  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

26.  Hearings  before  Congressional  committees. 

27.  Correspondence    between    heads   of    departments    and 
chairmen  of  committees  in  Congress. 

28.  Instances  of  arguments  made  by  heads  of  departments 
before  committees  of  Congress. 

29.  Workings  of  Congressional  conference  committees. 

30.  Can  bills  be  brought  before  the  House  of  Representatives 
for  consideration  except  in  the  report  of  a  committee  ? 

31.  Committee  on  rules. 

32.  The  "  Steering  Committee  "  in  Congress. 

33.  Foreign  criticisms  of  the  "  Congressional  system. " 

34.  Attempts  of  committees  to  get  the  floor  for  their  busi- 
ness. 

35.  Number  of  written  reports  made  by  committees. 

(d)    CONGRESS  IN  SESSION. 

36.  Protests  against  secret  sessions  of  the  Senate. 

37.  Instances  of  disorder  in  Congress. 

38.  Instances  of  disorderly  sessions  of  Congress. 

39.  Instances  of  long  speeches  in  the  Senate,  intended  to 
obstruct. 

40.  Instances  of  very  long  debates  in  Congress. 

41.  Instances    of  long-continued  filibustering  in  the  House 
of  Representatives. 

42.  Methods  of  stopping  filibustering. 

43.  Influence  of  Senators  on  private  bills. 

44.  System  of  vacant  days  in  sessions  of  Congress. 

45.  Instances   of    Congressmen    imperiling    their   seats    by 
voting  against  the  opinion  of  their  constituents. 

46.  The  workings  of  the  previous  question  in  Congress. 

47.  Suspension  of  the  rules  of  the  House. 

48.  'b  Bringing  in  a  rule  "  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 

49.  The  closing  days  of  sessions  of  Congress. 


145,146]  NATIONAL  LEGISLATION  405 

(e)  LEGISLATIVE  OUTPUT. 

50.  Number  of  bills  introduced,  reported,  discussed,  passed 
one  House,  passed   the    second   House,   enrolled,  sent   to  the 
President,   signed,  vetoed,  became  law  by  ten  days'  rule,  and 
pocketed,  in  any  one  Congress   since  1829. 

51.  Instances  of  appearance  of  Cabinet  ministers  in  Congress. 

52.  Instances  of  bills  drafted  by  Cabinet  officers. 

53.  Instances   of    the    President's    affecting   legislation    by 
patronage. 

54.  Instances  of  the  President's  attempting  to  influence  legis- 
lation pending  in  Congress. 

55.  Instances  of  use  of  the  Vice-President's  casting  vote. 

56.  The  system  of  engrossing  bills  in  Congress. 

57.  Instances  of  errors  in  the  engrossment  of  bills. 

58.  Legislative  activity:  —  (a)  1789-1800.  —  (b)  1801-1820. 
—  (c)  1821-1840.  —  (d)    1841-1860. —  (e)    1861-1870. —  (/) 
1871-1880.  —  (g)  1881-1890.  —  (A)   1891-1900. 

59.  Incidents  of  the  President's  signing  bills. 

60.  Number  of  statutes  passed  in  the  United  States,  State 
and  Federal:  — (a)  1801-1810.  —  (b)   1857-1860.  —  (c)  1901- 
1902. 

61.  Cases  of   discretionary  powers  of  legislation  bestowed 
on  Presidents. 

62.  Acts  which  have  become  laws  by  the  ten  days  rule. 

63.  Pocketed  bills. 

§  146.    Special  Reports  on  the  National  Executive. 

SCOPE.  The  practice  of  the  President,  of  heads  of  depart- 
ments, of  subordinates,  especially  in  cases  not  distinctly  covered 
by  the  Constitution  or  statutes. 

AUTHORITIES.  Handbook,  §§  13,  21gr,  32,  37,  41,  48,  49, 
59,  60,  78,  81,  82,  84,  85,  91,  107,  108;  Actual  Government, 
chs.  xvii,  xviii ;  notes  to  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power ;  L.  M. 


406  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

Salmon,  Appointing  Power.  The  formal  side  of  the  President's 
power  is  set  forth  in  the  constitutional  treatises.  Official  au- 
thorities are:  J.  Richardson,  Messages  of  the  Presidents;  con- 
stitutional treatises ;  debates  on  bills  affecting  the  executive ; 
Congressional  documents,  especially  the  reports  of  the  depart- 
ments;  report  of  the  Senate  Committee  in  1888  on  the  execu- 
tive departments  (Senate  Reports,  50  Cong.,  1  sess.,  No.  507) ; 
report  of  the  Joint  ("Dockery")  Committee  of  1893  (House 
Reports,  53  Cong.,  1  sess.,  II)  ;  literature  of  civil  service  re- 
form (Handbook,  §§  49,  108).  See  also  the  lives  of  Presi- 
dents and  Cabinet  officers,  and  contemporary  newspapers.  Two 
ex-Presidents,  Benjamin  Harrison  and  Grover  Cleveland,  have 
published  books  or  articles  on  their  personal  experiences  while 
in  office. 

(a)    THE  PRESIDENT. 

1.  Previous  education  of  Presidents. 

2.  How  is  the  question  of  the  disability  of  the  President 
decided  ? 

3.  Instances    of    Vice-Presidents   in   confidential    relations 
with  Presidents. 

4.  Instances  of  ex-Presidents  or  Vice-Presidents  re-entering 
public  life. 

5.  Presidential  tours. 

6.  Administration  of  the  White  House. 

7.  Presidents'  wives. 

8.  The  social  life  of  the  White  House. 

9.  Instances  of  ex-Presidents  in  confidential  relations  with 
Presidents. 

(b)    THE  DEPARTMENTS. 

10.  The  Belknap  impeachment  proceedings. 

11.  An  account  of  Congressional  investigation  of  an  exec- 
utive officer. 


146]  NATIONAL  EXECUTIVE  407 

12.  Instances  where  the  President  has  overruled  the  head 
of  a  department. 

13.  Forced  resignations  of  Cabinet  officers. 

14.  Instances  of  unwilling  resignations  of  Cabinet  officers. 

15.  An  account  of  the  Bureau  of  Education. 

16.  The  Secretary  to  the  President. 

17.  The  workings  of  a  government  bureau  in  Washington. 

18.  The  Government  Printing  Office. 

19.  Proposals  to  establish  a  Department  of  Commerce. 

20.  Have  executive  regulations  for  government   employees 
the  force  of  law? 

21.  An  account  of  the  workings  of  the  Bureau  of  Immigra- 
tion. 

22.  Instances  of  conflict  of   jurisdiction  between  heads  of 
departments. 

23.  Results  of  the  "  Dockery"  investigation. 

24.  Results  of  the  "  Cockrell  "  investigation. 

(c)  APPOINTMENTS  AND  REMOVALS. 

25.  Tabulation  of  officers  of  the  United  States  who  have  a 
four  years  tenure. 

26.  Additions  to  list  of  officials  having  four  years  tenure :  — 
(a)  1821-1840.  —  (b)  1841-1860.— (c)  1861-1880.  —(d)  1881- 
1900. 

27.  Instances  of  important  nominations  which  failed  of  con- 
firmation by  the  Senate. 

28.  Instances    of    appointment    of    Senators   to    executive 
offices. 

29.  Instances  of  "senatorial  courtesy"  to  secure  nomina- 
tions. 

30.  Instances   of    "  senatorial    courtesy  "    used    to   defeat 
nominations. 


408  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

31.  Instances   of    forced    resignation    of     army    and    navy 
officers. 

32.  Number  of  removals  of  United  States  officials: — (a) 
1867-1877.  —  (b)    1877-1885.  —  (c)    1885-1889.—  (d)    1889- 
1893.  —  (e)  1893-1897.  —  (/)  1897-1901. 

33.  Instances  of  officers  appointed  without  their  office  hav- 
ing been  acknowledged  by  Congress. 

34.  Instances  of  dismissals  of  important  United  States  of- 
ficers (not  Cabinet  ministers)  for  cause. 

35.  Women  office-holders  in  the  Federal  service. 

36.  Appointments  by  heads  of  departments. 

(d)  CIVIL  SERVICE  REFORM. 

37.  Status  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission. 

38.  Instances  of  violation  of  the  civil  service  rules. 

39.  Present  number  of  persons  in  the  classified  service. 

40.  Account  of  the  attitude  of  Congress  toward  the  first 
Civil  Service  Commission  (1869-1875). 

41.  Account  of   attacks  on    the  Civil  Service  Commission 
since  1883,  and  the  results. 

42.  Preference  to  soldiers  in  appointments. 

§  147.    Special  Reports  on  the  National  Judiciary. 

SCOPE.  Questions  relating  to  the  status  of  judges  and  other 
judicial  officers,  to  the  transaction  of  judicial  business,  and  to 
the  character  of  the  cases.  In  many  instances  a  tabulation  of 
results  should  appear  as  a  part  of  the  report. 

AUTHORITIES.  Handbook,  §§•  13,  21i,  32,  43,  44,  55,  61,  112, 
113,  123;  Actual  Government,  ch.  xix.  On  the  formal  side  the 
constitutional  treatises  and  descriptive  works  ;  reports  of  cases 
(Handbook,  §  32c)  ;  Congressional  documents  (Guide,  §  30)  for 
debates  on  bills  affecting  the  judiciary.  For  special  books  on 
legal  procedure  and  on  the  courts,  see  C.  C.  Soule,  Lawyer's 


146,147]  NATIONAL  JUDICIARY  409 

Reference  Manual ;  for  accounts  of  the  courts,  H.  L.  Carson, 
Supreme  Court;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Supreme  Court ;  biogra- 
phies of  judges  (Guide,  §  25)  ;  periodicals  (s^e  L.  A.  Jones, 
Index  to  Legal  Periodicals)  ;  The  Nation. 

(a)  JUDGES  AND  COURTS. 

1.  Instances  of  appointments  of  Federal  judges  with  refer- 
ence to  their  opinions  in  pending  judicial  questions. 

2.  Usual  length  of  service  of  United  States  judges. 

3.  Instances  of  resignation  of  United    States  judges   (not 
retirement). 

4.  Workings   of  the  retirement  system  for   United  States 
judges. 

5.  The  novelties  in  the  Judiciary  Acts.  —  (a)  1789.  —  (b)  1801. 
-  (c)  1802. 

6.  Power  of  appointment  by  United  States  judges. 

7.  Annual  expenses  of  the  United  States  for  judicial  salaries 
(tabulate) . 

8.  Comparative    table   of   United     States   judicial   salaries 
(1789-1889). 

9.  Impeachments  of  judges. 

10.  Foreign  commendations  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

11.  The   legal   decisions   of   the    Commissioners   of  Public 
Lands. 

12.  Workings  of  the  Circuit  Courts  of  Appeals. 

(b)  SUITS  (see  Handbook,  §  32c). 

13.  Instances  of  long  protracted  suits  before  United  States 
courts. 

14.  Number  of  cases  decided  by  Supreme  Court  annually 
(1789-1900). 

15.  Important  decisions  of  the  Circuit  Courts  of  Appeals. 


410  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

16.  Instances  of  suits  by  a  foreign  government  before  the 
Supreme  Court. 

17.  Instances  of  refusal  of  United  States  courts  to  consider 
"political  cases." 

18.  Is  a  decision  of  the  Supreme   Court  binding  011  Con- 
gress ? 

19.  Process   of   "removal"    of    suits    from  State  courts   to 
United  States  courts. 

20.  Instances  of  convictions  for  piracy. 

21.  Cases  of    obiter  dicta  by  United  States  judges   (other 
than  Supreme  Court). 

22.  Instances  of  obiter  dicta  by  Supreme  Court  justices. 

23.  Cases  dismissed  by  United  States  courts  as  not  bona- 
fide. 

24.  Clerk's  records  of  a  United  States  court. 

25.  Practice  of  the  United  States  courts  as  to  postponing 
cases. 

(c)  WRITS  AND  APPEALS. 

26.  Distinction  between  "  appeal"  and  "  writ  of  error"  in 
the  practice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court. 

27.  Important  habeas  corpus   cases   before    United   States 
courts. 

28.  Instances  of  refusal  by  Federal  military  officers  to  obey 
habeas  corpus  writs. 

29.  Instances  of  mandamus  by  Federal  courts  on  Federal 
officials. 

30.  Practice  of  State  courts  with  regard  to  habeas  corpus  on 
persons  held  under  the  authority  of  Federal  courts. 

31.  Practice  of  Federal  courts  with  regard  to  habeas  corpus 
on  persons  held  under  the  authority  of  State  courts. 

32.  Practice  as  to  the  suspension  of  habeas  corpus. 


147,  148]  NATIONAL  JUDICIARY  411 

(d)  DECLARING  ACTS  VOID  (see  Handbook,  §  113). 

33.  Cases  in  which  the  laws  of  one  of  the  following  States 
have  been  declared  void  by  United  States  courts.  —  (a)  Kansas. 
—  (6)  Pennsylvania.  —  (c)  Texas.  —  (d)  Ohio.  —  (e)  New  York. 

34.  Instances   of   United  States   acts  declared  unconstitu- 
tional by  State  courts. 

35.  Proportion   of  reversals  of   decisions  of  lower  United 
States  courts  by  Supreme  Court. 

36.  Instances  of  State  tax  laws  held  void  by  the  United 
States  courts. 

37.  Foreign  comments  on  the  system  of  declaring  acts  void 
by  courts. 

§  148.     Special  Reports  on  Territorial  Functions. 

SCOPE.  Inquiries  into  the  practice  of  various  authorities, 
national,  State,  and  local,  with  reference  to  boundaries,  juris- 
diction, lands,  dependencies,  etc.  The  question  to  be  decided 
is,  not  what  may  legally  be  done,  but  what  is  actually  done. 

AUTHORITIES.  Handbook,  §§  17,  21;,  42,  46,  54,  61,  63-65, 
69,  71,  75,  77,  79,  82,  90,  91,  114,  115;  Actual  Government, 
chs.  xx-xxii.  Discussions  may  be  found  in  the  treatises  and 
descriptive  works  on  the  Constitution ;  in  treatises  on  inter- 
national law  (sections  on  territorial  powers) ;  national  and  State 
statutes;  national,  State,  and  local  reports  (Guide,  §§  29,  30); 
travels  (Guide,  §24);  periodicals  (Guide,  §§  26,  27);  Max 
Farrand,  Government  of  Territories  ;  maps  and  geographical 
material  (Handbook,  §17;  Guide,  §  21). 

(a)  PRIVATE  LAND  HOLDING. 

1.  The  great  ranches  in  the  cattle  country. 

2.  Great  estates  in  California. 

3.  Great  landed  estates  in  Texas. 

4.  Common  property  rights  on  Cape  Cod. 


412  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

(b)  BOUNDARIES  AND  OUTLYING  JURISDICTIONS. 

5.  Practice  of  the  courts  as  to  questions  involving  disputed 
exterior  boundaries. 

6.  Coaling  station  of  the  United  States  at  Samana. 

7.  Coaling  station  of  the  United  States  at  Chiriqui  Bay. 

8.  Status  of  Pearl  Harbor  before  annexation. 

(c)  STATE  AND  LOCAL  REAL  ESTATE. 

9.  Construction  of  City  Halls. 

10.  An  historical  account  of  the  capitols  of  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing States.  —  (a)  Massachusetts.  —  (6)  Rhode  Island.  —  (c) 
Connecticut.  —  (d)  New  Hampshire.  —  (e)  New  York.  —  (/) 
New  Jersey.  —  (g)  Pennsylvania.  —  (h)  Maryland.  —  (i)  Virginia. 

11.  An  historical  account  of  the  capitol  at  Albany. 

12.  State  public  land  in  —  (a)  Maine.  —  (&)  Texas. 

13.  The  public  property  of  one  of  the  following   cities.  — 
(a)  Cambridge.  —  (6)  Boston.  —  (c)  New   York.  —  (d)  Phila- 
delphia. 

14.  The   municipal  ownership   of   the  Cincinnati   Southern 
Railroad. 

15.  An  account  of   the  purchase   of   Fisher's   Hill   by  the 
City  of  Boston. 

(d)  STATE  AND  CITY  PARKS  AND  FORESTS. 

16.  Present  status  of  State  forests  in  one  of  the  following 
States.  —  (a)  New  Hampshire.  —  (b)  Massachusetts.  —  (c)  New 
York.  —  (d)  Michigan.  —  (e)  Washington. 

17.  Account  of  "  saving  the  Palisades." 

18.  State   parks    or   reservations    in    one   of    the    following 
States.  —  (a)  Wisconsin.  —  (b)  Massachusetts.  —  (c)  New  York. 

19.  Workings    of    the    Massachusetts    Metropolitan   Park 
system. 


148]  TERRITORIAL  FUNCTIONS  413 

20.  Administration  of  city  parks  in  one  of   the  following 
cities.  —  (a)   Chicago.  —  (b)  Minneapolis.  —  (c)  Cleveland.  — 
(d)  Washington.  —  (e)  New  York. 

(e)  WATER  JURISDICTION. 

21.  Map  of  the  water  boundary  of  the  United  States. 

22.  A  list  of  waters  claimed  by  the  United  States  outside  a 
three-mile  line. 

23.  Cases   where  the   seashore   below   high-water   mark   is 
public  property. 

24.  Control  of  the  United  States  over  foreign  merchantmen 
in  United  States  ports. 

25.  Instances  where  the  United  States  has   claimed   invio- 
lability for  American  merchant  ships  in  foreign  ports. 

26.  Cases  of  aggression  by  foreign  cruisers  within  the  ter- 
ritorial waters  of  the  United  States. 

27.  Instances   of    trials   of    persons    belonging    to    foreign 
merchant  ships  for  crimes  committed  in  American  harbors. 

28.  Instances  of  crimes  committed  on  board  foreign  men-of- 
war  in  United  States  waters. 

29.  Tribunal  for  offences  committed  by  civilians  on  United 
States  ships  of  war  on  the  high  seas. 

30.  Assertions  by  the  United  States  of  the  right  to  refuse 
search  of    American  merchantmen  in   a  foreign  harbor  by  the 
local  authorities. 

31.  Instances  of   jurisdiction  claimed  by  the  United  States 
in  enclosed  bays. 

32.  Jurisdiction  over  American  fishing  vessels  at  sea. 

33.  Status  of  guano  islands  under  United  States  protection. 

(f)   DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

34.  The  selection  of  the  site  and  laying  out  of  the  city  of 
Washington. 


414  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

35.  Approximate    value    of    government    property   in   the 
District  of  Columbia. 

36.  Charitable  institutions  supported  by  Congress. 

37.  Account   of    the    recession    of   Alexandria   County   to 
Virginia. 

38.  Workings  of  the  District  government  in  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

(g)  POSTS  AND  SITES. 

39.  Cost  of  the  ten  largest  post-office  buildings. 

40.  Approximate  value  of  the   real  estate  occupied  by  the 
United  States  for  public  business. 

41.  Number  and  value  of  arsenals. 

42.  Number  and  value  of  custom-houses. 

43.  Number  and  value  of  post-office  buildings. 

44.  Number  and  value  of  military  posts. 

45.  Number  and  value  of  lighthouses. 

(h)  UNORGANIZED  TERRITORIES. 

46.  Account   of  provisional  territorial  governments  in  one 
of    the    following    territories.  —  (a)    Florida    (1819-1822).  — 
(6)  Louisiana  (1803-1805).  —  (c)  New  Mexico  (1848-1850).  — 
(d)    California    (1848-1850).  —  (e)    Alaska    (1867-1900).  - 
(/)  Hawaii  (1898-1900). 

47.  The  effect  of  annexation  on  the  pre-existing  laws  of  the 
annexed  region. 

48.  Status  of  the  government  of  the  Indian  Territory. 

49.  Special  tariffs  for  unorganized  territory. 

50.  The  process  of   ceding  lands  by  States  to  the  United 
States  for  public  purposes  (illustrate  by  specific  examples). 

51.  An   account   of   the   purchase  of   a  piece  of   land  and 
cession  of  jurisdiction  to  the  United  States. 

52.  Jurisdiction    over    offences   committed    in    government 
buildings. 


148]  TERRITORIAL  FUNCTIONS  415 

(i)  ORGANIZED  TERRITORIES. 

53.  Instances  of  territorial  statutes  annulled  by  Congress. 

54.  Instances  of  the  relegation  of  organized  territory  to  the 
unorganized  status. 

55.  Character  of  the  Governors  of  the  territories. 

56.  Question  of  appointment  of  residents  of  territories  to 
territorial  offices. 

57.  The  present  government  of  Porto  Rico. 

58.  Cost  of  organized  territorial  governments  to  the  United 
States. 

59.  Difficulties  in  the  Hawaiian  territorial  government. 

60.  Government  of  the  Northwest  Territory  up  to  1802. 

61.  Instances  of  corrupt  territorial  governments. 

62.  Organization  of  Oklahoma  (1890-1900). 

63.  Territorial  government  of  Arizona. 

(j)  PUBLIC  LANDS. 

64.  Workings  of  the  tree-claim  system. 

65.  Present  status  of  the  pre-emption  system. 

66.  Working  of  the  desert-land  system. 

67.  Grants  of  land  to  States  for  the  construction  of  public 
buildings. 

68.  Status  of  the  severalty  system  for  Indiana. 

69.  Instances  of  mineral  lands  leased  by  the  United  States. 

70.  Income  from  sales  of  public  lands  (1890-1900). 

71.  Disposition  of  the  public  lands  (1889-1901). 

72.  Disposition  of  lands  granted  to  States  to  found  univer- 
sities. 

73.  Principles   governing   the    taking   up  of   mining  claims 
under  United  States  law. 


416  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

(k)  NATIONAL  PARKS  AND  FORESTS. 

74.  Status  of  Yellowstone  Park. 

75.  Management  of  government  reservations  in  California. 

76.  Status  of  national  parks. 

77.  United  States  forest  reserves. 

(1)  INDIANS. 

78.  Ownership  of  real  estate  in  Indian  Territory. 

79.  Administration  of  Indian  trust  funds. 

80.  Government  control  of  Indian  reservations. 

81.  Workings  of  the  Carlisle  Indian  School. 

82.  Religious  questions  in  Indian  schools. 

83.  Account  of  life  in  an  Indian  reservation. 

84.  Use  of  Indians  as  United  States  soldiers. 

85.  Account  of  a  negotiation  and  treaty  with  Indians  since 
1865. 

86.  Our  constitutional  relation  with  the  Indians  as  a  prec- 
edent for  control  of  the  Filipinos. 

§  149.   Special  Reports  on  Financial  Functions. 

OBJECT.  To  learn  something  of  the  principles  and  results  of 
the  financial  policy  of  the  nation,  States,  and  localities. 

SCOPE.  The  reports  call  for  investigation  into  very  limited 
fields  of  financial  administration,  and  should  be  exact  within 
their  limits;  in  some  instances  tabulations  wrill  be  necessary. 

AUTHORITIES.  Handbook,  §§  *13,  2lk,  35,  *39,  116,  117, 
121,  122;  Actual  Government,  chs.  xxiii,  xxiv;  Brookings  and 
Ringwalt,  Jlriefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  34-46 ;  special  financial 
treatises  ;  constitutional  treatises  and  descriptive  works;  reports 
of  financial  officers  (Guide,  §§  29,  30),  especially  those  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  his  subordinates ;  general  histo- 
ries, in  their  treatment  of  financial  discussions  (Guide,  §  20) ; 
debates  on  financial  questions;  periodicals  (Guide,  §§  26,  27), 


148,  149]  FINANCIAL  FUNCTIONS  417 

especially  The  Nation,  Bradstreet's,  The  Economist,  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Economics,  Political  Science  Quarterly,  Annals  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Social  and  Political  Science,  Jour- 
nal of  Political  Economy  ;  financial  discourses  in  the  great 
dailies;  monographic  literature  (Bowker  and  lies,  Header's 
Guide,  66-73). 

(a)  FINANCIAL  ADMINISTRATION. 

1.  Who  decides  whether  a  payment  of  money  is  according 
to  an  appropriation? 

2.  Statement  of   long  standing  unsettled  accounts  due  the 
United  States  by  individuals. 

3.  Receipts   and  expenditures  of  New  York   State  (1840- 
1892). 

4.  Budget  of   the    forty-five    States   for   the   last  year  ob- 
tainable. 

5.  Indemnity  of  State  property  from  national  taxation. 

6.  Inspectoral  service  of  the  Treasury  Department. 

7.  Workings  of  the  Treasury  secret  service. 

8.  Power  of  the  auditors  of  the  Federal  Treasury  over  pay- 
ments of  money. 

9.  Massachusetts   claims   against   the    Federal   government 
(1781-1889). 

10.  Has  the  United  States  the  right  to  take  State  property 
for  public  use  ? 

11.  Instances  of   accounts  held  up  by  the  auditors  of   the 
Treasury. 

12.  Instances  of  appropriations  in  lump  sums  to  be  expended 
by  heads  of  departments. 

13.  Annual  cost  of  the  government  of  Massachusetts   (ex- 
cluding permanent  improvements). 

14.  Financial   control   of   State  correctional  and  charitable 
institutions. 

27 


418  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

15.  The  budget  of  Pennsylvania  (for  the  last  ascertainable 
full  year). 

16.  Expense  of  the  New  York  State  government  (1881-1896). 

17.  Receipts  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts  (1881-1896). 

18.  Financial  control  of  State  institutions. 

(b)  TAXATION. 

19.  Rates  of  local  taxation  compared. 

20.  System  of.  assessment  for  taxes  in  Chicago. 

21.  System  of  delinquent  taxes  in  Philadelphia. 

22.  Personal  taxes  in  Wisconsin. 

23.  An  account  of  the  u  Conscience  Fund." 

24.  An  account  of  the  United  States  taxes  on  bank  checks. 

25.  Control  of  municipal  taxation  by  State  officials. 

26.  Comparative  rates  of  taxation  in  Rhode  Island  towns  as 
compared  with  Rhode  Island  cities. 

27.  History  of  the  whisky  tax. 

28.  History  of  the  first  United  States  income  tax. 

29.  Instances  of  State  income  taxes. 

30.  Instances  of  State  tax  laws  held  void  by  the  State  Su- 
preme Court. 

31.  Tax-dodging  in  Massachusetts. 

32.  Workings  of  the  Ohio  tax-discovery  system. 

33.  Personal  taxes  in  Pennsylvania. 

34.  Succession  and  legacy  taxes  in  the  States. 

35.  Workings  of  the  Federal  succession  duty. 

36.  Application  of  the  Federal  oleomargarine  law. 

37.  An  account  of  the  income  tax  of  1894. 

38.  The  Chicago  system  of  assessing  taxes. 

39.  Personal  taxes  in  New  York  City. 

40.  Instances  of  taxation  of  ecclesiastical  property. 

41.  Instances  of  taxation  of  institutions  of  learning. 

42.  Taxes  on  street  railroads  in  New  York. 


149]  TAXATION  419 

43.  Instances  of  State  excises. 

44.  High  liquor  license  taxes. 

45.  Application  of  State  oleomargarine  laws. 

46.  Franchise  taxes  in  Chicago. 

47.  License  taxes  (other  than  liquor  licenses)  in  the  States. 

48.  Instances  of  double  taxation  on  mortgaged  land. 

49.  An  account  of  the  tax  on  proprietary  articles. 

50.  Assessment  of  taxes  in  Cambridge. 

51.  Account  of  the  income  tax  case  (1894). 

52.  Instances  of   State  tax  laws  held  void  by  the   United 
States  Supreme  Court. 

53.  Account  of  '•'  moonshine  whisky." 

54.  State  taxes  on  railroads. 

55.  The  Boston  system  of  assessing  taxes. 

56.  Taxation  of  corporations  in  California. 

57.  Defects  in  the  financial  system  of  Brookline. 

58.  Rates  of  taxation  for  locality  purposes. 

59.  System  of   taxes   on   corporations   and    other   stock  in 
Massachusetts. 

60.  The  systems  of  "betterment  assessments." 

61.  Defects  in  methods  of  tax-assessments. 

62.  Defective  assessment  in  Philadelphia. 

63.  An  account  of  State  taxes  on  telephone  companies. 

64.  Comparison  of  local  taxation  in  the  ten  largest  cities. 

65.  Comparative    rates   of   taxation   in    cities   and    country 
towns  in  Massachusetts. 

(c)  CUSTOMS  DUTIES. 

66.  Instances  of  Treasury  decisions  overruled  by  the  courts. 

67.  Present  methods  of  examining  passengers'  baggage  at 
entrance  ports. 

68.  Disposition  of  unclaimed  goods  at  the  custom-house. 

69.  The  duties  on  gloves  (1789-1900). 


420  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

70.  Instances  of  undervaluation  of  imported  goods. 

71.  Detective  service  of  the  Treasury  Department. 

72.  Account  of  the  office  of  general  appraiser. 

73.  The  "  surveyor." 

74.  Instances  of  very  small  annual  receipts  from  custom- 
houses. 

75.  Duties  on  passengers'  baggage  and  their  enforcement. 

76.  Decisions   of   collectors   of   customs   overruled   by   the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

77.  Instances  of  large  profits  to  informers  of  custom-house 
irregularities. 

78.  Instances  of  bribery  of  custom-house  officials. 

79.  Value  of  goods  admitted  free  of  duty  (1865-1900). 

80.  Law  and  practice  of  ascertaining  cost  of  goods  entered 
for  duty. 

81.  What  is  properly  understood  by  ' '  average  rate  of  duty  "  ? 

82.  Law  and  practice  of  ascertaining  the  value  of  goods  for 
assessment  of  duties. 

83.  An  account  of   the  "  naval  officer "  of   the  New   York 
Custom-House. 

84.  Law  and  practice  of  ascertaining  cost  of  packages  for 
duties  (1789-1902). 

85.  Law  and  practice  of  drawbacks  (1789-1902). 

86.  Law  and  practice  of  consular  verifications  of  invoices 
(1789-1902). 

87.  Proceeds  of  duties  on  millinery  (1861-1902). 

88.  Law  and  practice  of  minimum  duties  (1789-1880). 

89.  Law  and  practice  of  minimum  duties  (1881-1902). 

90.  History  of  duties  on  passengers'  baggage. 

(d)  PUBLIC  DEBT. 

91.  Instances  of  sales  of  United  States  bonds  on  disadvan- 
tageous terms. 


149,  150]  CUSTOMS  AND  DEBT  421 

92.  Increase  (or  decrease)  of  total  State  debts  in  the  United 
States.  —  (a)  1789-1829.  —  (b)  1830-1860.  —  (c)  1861-1880.  - 
(d)  1881-1900. 

93.  Repudiations  of  State  debts. 

94.  Rate  of  interest  on  State  debts  (1789-1890). 

95.  Increase  (or  decrease)  of   total  municipal  debts  in  the 
United  States. 

96.  Limitations  on  State  debts  by  constitutions  or  statutes. 

97.  Aggregate  of  State  indebtedness  in  the  last  obtainable 
year. 

98.  The  city  debt  of  New  York  City. 

§  150.    Special  Reports  on  Commercial  Functions. 

OBJECT  AND  SCOPE.  Similar  to  that  of  the  financial  reports 
(Handbook,  §  149). 

AUTHORITIES.  Handbook,  §§  *13,  2H,  33,  38,  43,  *44,  45, 
*66,  67,  68,  71,  76,  85,  86,  *92,  *119,  *149  ;  Actual  Govern- 
ment, ch.  xxv ;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate, 
Nos.  26-28,  38-44,  47-52,  55-57,  63 ;  Bowker  and  lies,  Read- 
ers' Guide,  45-65,  83,  112.  On  questions  of  foreign  commerce, 
see  treatises  on  international  law,  monographs  on  foreign  trade, 
statistical  abstracts,  Consular  Reports.  On  internal  commerce 
and  private  commerce  relations,  see  the  treatises  on  transpor- 
tation, and  the  Reports  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 
and  Monthly  Summary  of  Commerce  and  Finance  (very  rich  in 
such  materials). 

(a)   CORPORATIONS  AND  TRUSTS. 

1.  Charters   of   corporations   by   Congress   for   other   than 
national  purposes. 

2.  Instances  of  convictions  of  officers  of  trusts  under  State 
anti-trust  laws. 

3.  Ohio  (Monett)  suits  against  the  Standard  Oil  Company. 


422  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

4.  Instances  of  the  bankruptcy  of  trusts. 

5.  Reasons  for  taking  out  New  Jersey  charters  for  corpora- 
tions. 

6.  Massachusetts  system  for  creating  corporations. 

7.  State  anti-trust  legislation. 

8.  State  regulation  of  life  insurance. 

9.  Workings  of  United  States  anti-trust  legislation. 

(b)  INTERSTATE  COMMERCE. 

10.  May  Congress  prohibit  any  kind  of  commerce  between 
States? 

1 1 .  Instances  of  regulation  by  the  United  States  of  commerce 
wholly  within  a  State. 

12.  Attempts  of  States  to  tax  (not  prohibit)  some  form  of 
interstate  commerce. 

13.  Transit  "  in  bond  "  across  United  States  territory. 

14.  Interstate  Commerce  Act  (Feb.  4,  1887). 

15.  Present  status  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission. 

16.  A  typical  case  before  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 
sion. 

17.  Amount  of  business  done  by  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission. 

18.  National  statutes  authorizing  the  bridging  of  navigable 
waters. 

19.  Connection  of  the  United  States  with  irrigation. 

(c)  FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 

20.  National  health  and  quarantine  system. 

21.  State  regulation  of  quarantine. 

22.  State  regulation  of  pilotage. 

23.  Present  status  of  subsidies  to  American  steamers. 

24.  Acquirement  of  an  American  register  by  a  foreign  built 
vessel. 


150]  COMMERCIAL  FUNCTIONS  423 

25.  Quantity  of  American  shipping  engaged  in  the  forefgn 
trade. 

26.  Administration  of  the  life-saving  service. 

27.  Enrolment  of  yachts. 

28.  Administration  of  lighthouses. 

29.  Rates  of  ocean  freight  on  grain  exports. 

(d)  IMMIGRATION  (see  Handbook,  §  119). 

30.  Question  of  prohibiting  the  immigration  of  illiterates. 

31.  Instances  of  persons  excluded  under  laws  against  con- 
vict immigrants. 

32.  How  far  do  immigrants  return  permanently  to  their  own 
country  ? 

33.  Instances  of   persons  turned  back    from  United  States 
ports  because  contract  laborers. 

34.  Control   by   the   United   States    of    the   conditions    of 
emigrant  ships. 

35.  Instances  of  exclusion  of  immigrants  because  unable  to 
support  themselves. 

36.  State   restrictions  on   the   coming   in   of   persons  from 
other  States  or  territories. 

37.  United  States  limitations  in  immigration. 

38.  Immigration  across  the  Canadian  border. 

39.  Rates  of  steerage  passage  since  1860. 

40.  Japanese  immigration. 

41.  Actual  Chinese  immigration. 

(e)  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

42.  Instances  of  river  and  harbor  appropriations  in  lump  to 
be  expended  at  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

43.  Proportion  of  amounts  appropriated  by  river  and  harbor 
bills  actually  spent  by  the  War  Department. 


424  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

A.    Effect   of    the    government    works   on    the   Mississippi 
River. 

45.  Present  status   of    the    improvements  of   the    Missouri 
River. 

46.  Account  of  the  Sandy  Bay  harbor  of  refuge. 

47.  Instances  of  worthless  river  and  harbor  improvements. 

48.  Account   of   the  Oberlin    H.    Carter  frauds   in   harbor 
contracts. 

49.  The  Mussels  Shoals  river  improvement. 

50.  Total  cost  of  the  New  York  State  canals. 

51.  Administration  of  the  Erie  Canal. 

52.  Instances  of  abandoned  canals. 

53.  Account  of  State  canals  in  one  of  the  following  States.  — 
(a)  Pennsylvania.  —  (b)  Ohio.  —  (c)  Indiana.  —  (d)  Illinois. 

54.  The  Cumberland  Road. 

55.  Southern  system  of  toll-pikes. 

56.  State    aid    to    wagon-roads    in    one    of    the    following 
States.  —  (a)  Indiana.  —  (b)  Massachusetts.  —  (c)  New  Jersey. 

(f)  TRANSMISSION  OF  INTELLIGENCE. 

57.  Lotteries  and  the  post  office. 

58.  Workings  of  the  Boston  post  office. 

59.  Question  of  carrying  serials  in  the  mail. 

60.  Workings  of  the  dead-letter  office. 

61.  History  of  the  franking  privilege. 

62.  Present  control  of  the  telegraph  systems. 

63.  State  regulation  of  telephone  rates. 

64.  Workings  of  the  copyright  registration  system. 

65.  Status  of  the  Census  Bureau. 

66.  Defects  in  the  patent  system. 

(g)  BANKS  AND  CURRENCY. 

67.  Failures  of  national  banks. 


150]  COMMERCIAL  FUNCTIONS  425 

68.  Comparative  statistics  of    the  national  banks  in  1865, 
1875,  1885,  and  1895. 

69.  Amount  of  notes  of  national  banks  gone  out  of  business 
not  presented  for  redemption. 

70.  An  account  of  the  "  trade-dollar." 

71.  Amount  of    fractional    currency  not  presented   for  re- 
demption. 

72.  Probable  amount  of  legal  tender  notes  destroyed  in  the 
hands  of  the  holders. 

73.  Present  regulation  of  State  incorporated  banks  in  one 
of  the  following   States.  —  (a)   Indiana.  —  (b)  New   York.  — 

(c)  Louisiana. 

(h)  RAILROADS. 

74.  Instances  of  long  railroad  lines  held  on  lease  instead  of 
by  outright  ownership. 

75.  Instances  of  abandoned  railroads. 

76.  Practice  of  receivership  of  bankrupt  railroads. 

77.  Political  status  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

78.  State  regulation   of  railroads  in  one  of   the   following 
States.  —  (a)  California.  —  (6)  Ohio.  —  (c)  Massachusetts.  — 

(d)  Georgia. 

79.  Instances  of  railroads  built  by  States  (not  aided  simply). 

80.  Present  State-owned  railroads. 

81.  State  grants  of  money  to  railroads. 

82.  State  railroad  commissions. 

83.  Regulation  of  sleeping  cars  by  State  statutes. 

84.  "  Granger"  legislation  and  decisions  on  railroad  rates. 

85.  Degree  of  regulation  of  railroad  rates  by  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission. 

86.  Amount  of  money  subsidies  to  railroads. 

87.  System  of  interchange  of  freight  cars  by  railroads. 

88.  Account  of  United  States  car-coupler  legislation  and  its 
results. 


426  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

(i)  PUBLIC  INDUSTRIES. 

89.  Sale  of  liquor  under  State  supervision. 

90.  Prison-made  goods  on  State  account. 

91.  Instances  of  manufacturing  carried  on  by  municipalities 
(excluding  gas  and  water). 

92.  Instances  of  street  railways  owned  by  municipalities. 

93.  Instances  of  State  lotteries. 

94.  Instances  of  State  mines. 

95.  The  "  public  account "  prison  labor  system. 

96.  Workings  of  the  South  Carolina  system  for  State  sale  of 
liquors. 

97.  Instances  of  municipal  gas  works. 

98.  The  United  States  as  a  publisher. 

99.  Administration  of  city  water  works. 

100.  Instances  where  the  United  States  has  held  stock  in 
corporations. 

101.  Examples  of  real  estate  business  carried  on  by  cities. 

§  151.   Special  Reports  on  Foreign  Relations. 

SCOPE.  The  practical  workings  of  negotiations  and  treaty- 
making  ;  the  protection  of  commerce,  and  of  citizens  abroad ; 
and  like  questions. 

AUTHORITIES.  Bibliography  in  Handbook,  §§  *12,  *20, 
*21m,  35,  42,  *46,  *62,  *72,  75,  *79,  89,  92,  *120;  Actual 
Government,  ch.  xxvi ;  Foundations  of  American  Foreign 
Policy,  ch.  viii ;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos. 
23-25 ;  F.  Wharton,  Digest  of  American  International  Law  ; 
J.  B.  Moore,  American  Foreign  Policy.  Discussions  in  the 
treatises  on  the  Constitution  and  on  international  law,  in  both 
cases  with  many  specific  instances.  Official  materials  include 
Congressional  documents,  especially  Foreign  Relations ;  J.  D. 
Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents ;  debates 
of  Congress;  Treaties  and  Conventions;  Senate  Executive 


150,  151]  FOREIGN  RELATIONS  427 

Journals.  Contemporary  newspaper  and  periodical  discussions 
(Guide,  §§  26,  27),  especially  Niles's  Register,  The  Nation, 
Political  Science  Quarterly.  Maps  and  geographical  mate- 
rials (Handbook,  §  17 ;  Guide,  §  21). 

(a)  DIPLOMATIC  REPRESENTATION. 

1.  Instances  of  recognition  of  foreign  powers  by  the  United 
States. 

2.  Instances  where  the  President  has  conducted  negotiations 
in  person. 

3.  Instances  of  unfit  foreign  ministers  of  the  United  States. 

4.  Censures   of  United   States    diplomatic   agents  (not  re- 
movals) . 

5.  Instances  of  the  recall  of  American  ministers  abroad. 

6.  Instances  of  our  foreign  ministers  (not  consuls)  dismissed 
from  office  for  cause. 

7.  Instances  of  the  employment  of  naval  officers  as  diplo- 
mats. 

8.  Instances  of  diplomatic  negotiations  carried  on  by  mili- 
tary officers. 

9.  Instances  of  the  withdrawal  of  ministers  to  the  United 
States  by  foreign  governments. 

10.  Instances  of  American  neutrality. 

(b)  CONSULS. 

11.  Instances  of  unfit  consuls. 

12.  Instances  of  the  revocation  of  consular  exequaturs  by 
the  President. 

13.  Workings  of  consular  courts. 

14.  Description  of  the  system  of  consular  reports. 

15.  Significant   extracts  from  consular  reports    (especially 
Three  Rivers  episode). 

16.  Amenities  of  the  consular  system. 


428  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

(c)  TREATIES. 

17.  Instances   of  consideration  of   treaties   by  the   Senate 
before  negotiation. 

18.  Instances  of  treaties  not  submitted  to  the  Senate  by  the 
President. 

19.  Instances  of   treaties  which  failed  because  the  Senate 
did  not  act  in  time. 

20.  Instances  of  treaties  withheld  from  the  Senate  by  the 
President. 

21.  Instances  of  treaties  to  which  tfre  Senate  refused  ratifi- 
cation. 

22.  Instances  of  amendments  to  treaties  by  the  Senate. 

23.  Instances  of  treaties  abrogated  by  the  United  States 
without  consent  of  the  other  party. 

24.  Instances  of  arbitration  to  which  the  United  States  was 
a  party. 

25.  Instances  of   the  refusal  by  the  House  to  appropriate 
money  to  carry  out  a  treaty. 

§  152.    Special  Reports  on  War  Powers. 

OBJECT  AND  SCOPE.  To  learn  something  of  the  actual  ex- 
perience of  army  and  navy  life  and  administration. 

AUTHORITIES.  Bibliography  in  Handbook,  §§  *13,  21m,  *58, 
60,  61,  *81,  82,  85,  *91,  121  ;  Actual  Government,  ch.  xxvii; 
Bowker  and  lies,  Readers'  Guide,  113,;  Brookings  and  Ring- 
wait,  Brief s  for  Debate,  Nos.  29,  30;  treatises  on  the  Consti- 
tution, and  on  international  and  military  law;  military  and 
naval  histories  (Guide,  §22);  reports  of  the  War  and  Navy 
Departments ;  general  histories  (Guide,  §  20)  on  the  wars  of 
the  United  States ;  maps  may  be  found  through  Handbook,  § 
17,  and  Guide,  §  21. 


151,152]  WAR  POWERS  429 

(a)  OFFICERS. 

1.  Appointment  of  officers  from  civil  life. 

2.  Successive  rates  of  pay  of  army  officers  (1789-1902). 

3.  Pay  and  allowance  of  navy  officers. 

4.  Detail  of  army  officers  to  be  military  attaches, 
o.    Principles  of  promotion  in  the  navy. 

6.  Instances   of   the  appointment   of   army  officers  to  civil 
office  under  the  United  States. 

7.  Principle  of  promotion  of  army  officers. 

8.  Assignment  of  officers  by  political  favor.  —  (a)  Naval.  — 
(b)  Army. 

9.  Resignations  of  army  officers. 

10.  Instances  of  the  appointment  of  army  officers  as  mili- 
tary governors. 

11.  Removal  of  officers  of  the  army  or  navy  otherwise  than 
by  court  martial. 

12.  Authority  of  the  civil  courts  over  persons  in  military  and 
naval  service. 

13.  Retiring  system  for  the  army  and  navy  officers. 

14.  Number   of    army   and    navy   officers    drawing   retired 
allowances. 

15.  Distinguished  former  army  officers  in  civil  life. 

(b)  MILITARY  EDUCATION. 

16.  Education  at  Annapolis  Naval  Academy. 

1 7.  Cost  of  educating  a  West  Point  cadet. 

18.  West  Point  system  of  education. 

19.  The  War  College  at  Newport. 

(c)  SOLDIERS  AND  SAILORS. 

20.  Methods  of  enlisting  regular  soldiers. 

21.  Methods  of  recruiting  for  the  United  States  service. — 
(a)  Army.  —  (b)  Navy. 


430  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§§ 

22.  Character  and  nationality  of  the  crews  in  the  navy. 

23.  Training  ships  for  the  navy. 

24.  The  military  prisons  of  the  United  States. 

25.  Relations  of  volunteers  to  regular  service. 

26.  Account  of  the  naval  militia. 

27.  Medals  granted  by  Congress  for  distinguished  services. 

28.  Desertions  from  the  United  States  army. 

29.  Humors  of  army  life. 

(d)  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY. 

30.  Functions  of  the  Adjutant  General  of  the  United  States. 

31.  Organization  of  staff  corps  in  the  United  States  army. 

32.  Workings   of   details    of    army  officers    to    instruct   in 
colleges. 

33.  Instances  of  army  officers  also  performing  civil  functions. 

34.  Assignments  to  shore-duty  in  the  navy. 

35.  Method  of  accounting  for  military  stores. 

36.  The  disposition  of  condemned  and  used-up  military  and 
naval  property  of  the  United  States. 

37.  Instance  of  denial  of  habeas  corpus  by  United  States 
military  officers. 

38.  Instances  of  vessels  of  the  navy  detailed  to  convey  dis- 
tinguished persons. 

39.  Life  on  a  frontier  army  post. 

40.  A  cruise  in  a  naval  vessel  in  time  of  peace. 

(e)  CAPTURE  AND  PRIZE. 

41.  Status  of  the  United  States  as  regards  privateering. 

42.  Cases  of  contested  capture  of  merchantmen  by  United 
States  cruisers  (1861-1865). 

43.  The  General  Armstrong  privateering  case. 

44.  Account  of  a  privateering  cruise  under  letters  of  marque 
from  the  United  States. 


152,153]  WAR  POWERS  431 

45.  Administration  of  prize  courts  on  board  ship. 

46.  Value  of  the  prizes  taken  by  the  blockading  squadrons 
in  the  Civil  War. 

(f)  PENSIONS. 

47.  An  analysis  of  pension  vetoes. 

48.  Instances  of  long-continued  pensions. 

49.  Causes  for  which  a  pension  may  now  be  claimed. 

50.  Instances  of  fraudulent  pensions. 

51.  Administration  of  Soldiers'  Homes. 

52.  Instances  of  undeserved  pensions. 

53.  Instances  of  remarkably  high  pensions. 

54.  Instances    of    pensions    granted    but    refused    by    the 
grantee. 

§  J53-    Special  Reports  on  General  Welfare.     . 

SCOPE.  These  reports  apply  principally  to  functions  of  the 
States  and  localities,  including  education,  religion,  health,  and 
the  police  power  in  general. 

AUTHORITIES.  Bibliography  in  Handbook,  §§  13,  *21?i,  38, 
*44,  112,  *122,  *123;  Actual  Government,  chs.  xxviii,  xxix ; 
Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Brief s  for  Debate,  Nos.  53,  54,  58-60, 
62-69 ;  C.  D.  Wright,  Practical  Sociology.  Discussions  in 
constitutional  treatises  and  special  works  on  the  police  power, 
as:  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Limitations  ;  C.  G.  Tiedemau, 
The  Police  Power.  Reports  of  the  States  and  localities  on  all 
matters  included  within  the  subject;  articles  in  the  Political 
Science  Quarterly;  Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Political  and  Social  Science ;  treatises  and  monographs  on 
sociology. 

(a)  LABOR. 

1.  Attitude  of  courts  to  labor  legislation  in  one  of  the  follow- 
ing States.  —  (a)  California.  —  (6)  Ohio.  —  (c)  Massachusetts. 
—  (d)  Pennsylvania. 


432  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  r§ 

Lo 

2.  State  regulation  of  hours  of  labor  in  one  of  the  follow- 
ing   States.  —  (a)    Massachusetts.  —  (6)    New     York.  (c) 

Illinois.  —  (d)  Missouri. 

3.  State  regulation  of   interference   with  laborers  by  other 
laborers. 

4.  State  regulation  of  accidents  to  laborers. 

5.  History  of  the  United  States  eight-hour  system. 

6.  State    boards    of    conciliation    or    arbitration    in    labor 
troubles. 

(b)  RELIGION. 

7.  Statistical    comparison  of    the   Catholic   and    Methodist 
Churches  in  the  United  States. 

8.  Appropriations  by  cities  for  sectarian  institutions. 

9.  Peculiar  religious  sects  in  the  United  States. 

10.  Instances  of  State-supported  churches  since  1800. 

11.  Taxation  of  church  property. 

12.  Legislation  of  Congress  against  the  Mormon  Church. 

13.  Religious  tests  for  State  office-holders  since  1789. 

(c)  PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  MORALS. 

14.  National  control  over  public  health. 

15.  Inspection  of  cattle  for  tuberculosis. 

16.  Account  of  the  anti-lottery  legislation  of  Congress. 

17.  Administration  of  street  cleaning. 

18.  Legislation  on  street  noises. 

19.  Public  inspection  of  tenement  houses. 

20.  State  legislation  requiring  the  teaching  of  temperance. 

21.  Compulsory  vaccination. 

22.  Regulation  of  bakeries. 

(d)  CHARITIES  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

23.  Instances  of  Congressional  grants  for  charity. 

24.  Charitable  institutions  supported  by  the  United  States. 


153]  GENERAL    WELFARE  433 

25.  Local  management  of  the  poor  in  some  particular  State 
of  the  Union. 

26.  Proportions   of    persons   receiving    poor-relief   to  total 
populations  of  States. 

27.  Prison  population  of  the  Union. 

28.  Insane  persons  in  the  United  States. 

29.  The  Southern  convict  lease  system. 

30.  Methods   of   safeguarding  the   commitment   of  persons 
supposed  to  be  insane. 

(e)  EDUCATION. 

31.  The  Philippine  school  system. 

32.  United  States  aids  to  education  in  one  of  the  following 
States.  —  (a)  Washington.  —  (b)  Connecticut.  —  (c)  Florida. 
—  (d)  Wisconsin. 

33.  How  far  does  the  United  States  expend  money  for  edu- 
cation except  in  West  Point,  Annapolis,   and  the  District  of 
Columbia? 

34.  Aids  by  Congress  to   State  educational   and  scientific 
instruction. 

35.  United  States  grants  for  education  in  any  one  financial 
year. 

36.  State  superintendents  of  education. 

37.  Annual  cost  of  the  State  universities  in  the  Union. 

38.  Reforms  in  the  New  York  City  school  system. 

39.  Present  workings  of  Chicago  school  administration. 

40.  Annual  number  of  SB.  degrees  in  the  United  States. 

41.  Annual  number  of  A.B.  degrees  in  the  United  States. 

42.  Money  grants  by  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts 
in  aid  of  Harvard  from  1636  to  1902. 

43.  Comparative  expenditure   of  Nebraska    and    Arkansas 

for  schools. 

28 


434  GOVERNMENT  REPORTS  [§ 

44.  Church  schools  in  the  United  States. 

45.  The  power  of  the  State  over  education  in  cities  in  one 
of  the  following  States.  —  (a)  Massachusetts.  —  (6)  New  York. 
—  (c)  Illinois.  —  (d)  Minnesota. 

46.  Special  permanent  State  taxes  for  schools. 

47.  Workings  of  the  school  committee  in  :  —  (a)  Boston.  — 
(b)  Cambridge.  —  (c)  Worcester.  —  (d)  Pittsfield. 

48.  State  experiment  stations. 

49.  Total  high  schools  and  high  school  pupils  in  the  United 
States. 

50.  State  traveling  schools  of  agriculture. 

51.  State  normal  schools. 

52.  State  teachers'  examinations. 

53.  State  supervision  of  rural  schools  in  one  of  the  follow- 
ing States.  —  (a)  Pennsylvania. —  (6)  Connecticut.  —  (c)  Ohio. 

—  (d)  Alabama. 

54.  Workings  of  the  State  school  fund  in  one  of  the  follow- 
ing States.  —  (a)  Connecticut.  — (6)  Ohio.  —  (c)  Kentucky.  - 
(d)  Colorado.  —  (e)  Washington. 

55.  Annual  expenditure  for  education  by  the  forty-five  States. 

(f)  ENFORCEMENT. 

56.  Instances  of  riots  quelled  solely  by  the  State  militia. 

57.  Instances  of  United  States  troops  sent  on  the  call  of  a 
State  to  preserve  order. 

58.  Instances  of  use  of  United  States  troops  to  quell  riots 
without  the  call  of  a  State. 

59.  Troops  used  as  a  "  posse  comitatus." 

60.  Use  of  United  States  troops  to  put  down  strikes. 

61.  Armed  conflicts  between  United  States  revenue  officers 
and  moonshiners. 


153]  GENERAL    WELFARE  435 

(g)  GENERAL  WELFARE. 

62.  Aids  given  by  the  United  States  to  agriculture. 

63.  Workings  of  seed-distribution  by  the  United  States. 

64.  Municipal  provision  of  music  and  amusements  for  the 
people. 

65.  The  Gypsy  Moth  Commission  of  Massachusetts. 

66.  Municipal  restrictions  on  building. 


PAET  VII 

EXAMINATIONS 

§  154.   Purposes  and  Methods  of  Examinations. 

In  courses  in  which  there  is  abundant  written  work,  exam- 
inations are  necessary  not  so  much  to  test  the  faithfulness  of 
students  as  to  find  out  how  far  they  are  able  to  apply  what 
they  have  learned,  without  referring  again  to  books.  The 
examinations  also  test  the  ability  of  the  student  to  select  the 
most  important  things  in  the  lectures  and  in  his  reading,  and 
to  remember  them  when  called  upon. 

There  will  be  no  regular  hour  examinations  in  any  of  the 
courses. 

The  mid-year  examination  in  History  13  will  be  set  so 
as  to  test  the  parallel  reading  of  the  student.  In  History 
14  it  will  cover  the  whole  half-year's  work.  In  Government 
12  it  will  cover  the  whole  half-year's  work.  The  final  ex- 
amination in  History  13  will  test  the  cumulative  knowledge 
of  the  whole  year,  though  dwelling  less  on  the  details  of 
the  first  half-year's  work.  In  History  14  and  Government 
12  the  examinations  will  cover  only  the  ground  of  the  second 
half-year's  work,  except  in  so  far  as  questions  have  arisen 
in  the  course  since  the  mid-years  which  require  reference  to 
earlier  work.  There  will  be  geographical  questions  in  all 
papers,  both  narrative  and  descriptive  (Handbook,  §  17). 

Special  notice  will  be  taken  of  ability  in  examination  books 
to  show  the  relation  and  connection  between  facts  which  have 
not  been  linked  together  in  the  courses.  Perhaps  the  best 
method  to  prepare  for  an  examination,  after  due  reading,  is 

436 


[§154]  METHODS   OF  EXAMINATION  437 

to  discuss  the  principal  questions  of  the  course  with  fellow- 
students. 

A  set  of  specimen  papers  follows  (§§  155-160). 

For  the  examination  room  the  following  suggestions  may  be 
found  useful : 

1.  Come  into  the  examination  fresh  and  able  to  think  clearly. 

2.  Read  the  paper  through  before  beginning  to  write,  and 
'decide  which  of   the  alternative  questions  you  will  choose,  if 
such  are  offered. 

3.  If  you  are  doubtful  of  the  meaning  of  a  question,  apply 
to  the  instructor  in  charge. 

4.  Write  legibly ;  ink  is  much  preferred. 

5.  Write  in  a  straightforward  narrative  style;    make    your 
meaning  clear. 

6.  Arrange  and  paragraph  your  work  neatly  and  systemat- 
ically. 

7.  Indicate  subdivisions  of  logical  argument  in  such  a  way 
as  readily  to  catch  the  eye. 

8.  Full  answers  to  a  part  of   the  questions  may  be  better 
than  insufficent  answers  to  the  whole. 

9.  Less  stress  will  be  laid  on  dates  and  details  than  on  an 
ability  to  distinguish  the   significant  points  in  the  work  gone 
over,  and  to  understand  their  relations ;   a  good  general  com- 
prehension can,  however,  be  based  only  on  a  previous  study  of 
details. 

10.  Have  an  opinion  of   your  own,  and    express  it.     If   it 
differs  materially  from  the  views  taken  in  the  lectures,  be  able 
to  state  the  grounds  for  dissent,  but  stand  to  it. 

11.  After  working  an  hour,  rest  four  or  five  minutes;  and 
do  the  same  at  the  end  of  the  second  hour. 

12.  Just  before  the  examination  books  are  called  in,  take 
time  to  revise  and  correct  what  you  have  written,  even  though 
you  have  not  finished  the  paper. 


438  EXAMINATIONS  [§ 

§  155.    Specimen  Mid-year   Papers  in  History  13. 
Of  the  two  following  papers  the  first  was  set  to  be  answered 
in  one  hour ;  for  the  second,  three  hours  were  allowed. 


HISTORY   13. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AND  POLITICAL   HISTORY   OF   THE 
UNITED   STATES. 

[One  hour  will  be  allowed  for  this  examination.     Choose  one  question  out 
of  each  of  the  three  groups.] 

la.    The  influence  of  the  West  on  the  growth  of  national 
spirit. 

16.    The  public  services  of  Thomas  Jefferson. 

2a.    The  contemporary  arguments  in  favor  of  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

26.    Expansion  of  national  territory  from  1775  to  1829. 

3a.    The  main  questions  involving  foreign  relations,   from 
1815  to  1827. 

36.    History  of  the  Missouri  Compromise. 

HISTORY  13. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AND  POLITICAL  HISTORY  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES    (1781-1829). 

Read  the  paper  through  before  beginning  to  write,  and 
observe  carefully  the  following  directions. 

[Take  all  the  questions  in  Group  A  ;  take  four  questions  in  Group  B.     Fold 
maps  twice,  and  put  your  name  upon  the  face  of  each.] 

GROUP  A.       [TO    TEST    KNOWLEDGE    OF    EVENTS.] 
[All  required.] 

1.    What  are  the  principal  authorities  (both  secondary  and 
sources)  on  the  Federal  Convention? 


155]  SPECIMEN  MID-YEAR  PAPERS  439 

2.  Briefly  sketch  the  organization  of  the  government  and  its 
internal   workings,   during    the    period  of   the   Confederation. 
Mention   the  principal  men   connected    with  it ;    describe   the 
various  organs  of  government;  and  point  out  the  defects  in 
the  governmental  machinery. 

3.  The  public  services  of  John  Adams :  bring  out  distinctly 
in  what  periods  and  in  what  controversies  he  deserved  well  of 
the  republic. 

4.  Describe  the  issues  involved  in  the  Missouri  Compromise 
debate,  and  show  how  each  one  was  adjusted. 

5.  The  career  of  Andrew  Jackson  up  to  his  inauguration  as 
President. 

GROUP    B.       [TO    TEST    KNOWLEDGE    OP    PRINCIPLES.] 

[Choose  three.] 

6.  What  territory  was  added  to  the  United  States  between 
1789  and  1829?     Explain  the  process  in  each  case,  and  show 
on    the    outline   map   the    approximate    boundaries    of    each 
accession. 

7.  Give    an   account   of   one  of   the    following  Presidential 
elections : 

(a)  1800-1801. 

(b)  1828. 

8.  May  Congress  constitutionally  take  over  and  operate  all 
the  railroads  in  the  country?    State  the  constitutional  arguments 
for  and  against  such  a  scheme,  referring  to  clauses  in  the  text 
of  the  Constitution ;  and  illustrating,  so  far  as  you  can,  from 
the  actual  practice  of  Congress. 

9.  Trace  the  history  of  the  tariff  from  1816  to  1828. 

10.  What  were  the    principal    controversies    with   England 
between  1783  and  1829?     How  was  each  adjusted? 


440  EXAMINATIONS  [§§ 

§  156.   Specimen  Mid-year  Paper  in  Diplomacy. 

HISTORY   14. 

HISTORY  OF  AMERICAN  DIPLOMACY. 

GROUP  A. 
[Omit  one  question.] 

1.  Upon   what  principles    or  theories  of   international   law 
did  European   nations  base   a   right  to   establish   colonies    in 
America  ? 

2.  Describe  and  illustrate  on  the  outline  map  the  growth  of 
British  territory  in  America,  as  sanctioned  by  the  great  treaties 
between  1697  and  1763. 

3.  Compare  the  Spanish  and  English  systems  of  restriction 
of  colonial  trade. 

4.  Give  an  account  of   the  negotiations  of   the   Treaty  of 
Paris,  up  to  the  signing  of  the  preliminary  articles  in  1782. 

5.  Describe  the    negotiations    for   commercial  treaties  from 
1779  to  1795.     What  advantages  did  the  United  States  seek  in 
these   treaties,  and  what  concessions   was   the  United  States 
willing  to  make? 

GROUP  B. 
[Omit  one  question.] 

6.  Describe   the  aggressions   on  American  commerce  from 
1793  to  1803.     What  remedies  did  our  government  seek? 

7.  Give  an   account   of  the  negotiations    for  the  peace   of 
Ghent. 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  negotiations  with  Great  Britain 
on  commercial  questions  from  1815  to  1830. 

9.  Sketch  the  relations  of  the  United  States  with  the  Latin- 
American  States  from  1815  to  1823  (not  including  the  Monroe 
Doctrine). 


156,  157]  SPECIMEN  MID-YEAR  PAPERS  441 

10.    Select   some   one    American   diplomat    and    sketch   his 
career  and  diplomatic  services  to  his  country. 


§  157.    Specimen  Mid-year  Paper  in  Government. 
GOVERNMENT   12. 

THE  AMERICAN  POLITICAL  SYSTEM. 

Read  the  paper  through  before  beginning  to  write,  and 
observe  carefully  the  following  directions. 

[Take  all  the  questions  in  Group  A ;  take  four  questions  in  Group  B  ; 
having  answered  nine  questions,  you  are  encouraged  to  try  some  of  the 
optionals  in  Group  C.  Arrange  your  answers  in  the  order  of  the  questions. 
Number  the  answers  plainly  with  Arabic  numerals.  Students  may  use  the 
text  of  the  Constitution  and  the  outline  map  of  the  United  States.] 

GROUP    A.       [TO    TEST    THE    KNOWLEDGE    OF    PRINCIPLES.] 

[All  required.] 

1.  Criticise  James  Bryce's  treatment  of   American  govern- 
ment ;   showing  any  reason  for  approving  his  book,  and  point- 
ing out  any  defects  in  it. 

2,  3.    What   would   be   the   probable   effects   on   American 
government    of   introducing   the   following    reforms    into    the 
electoral  system? 

(a)  Prohibiting  the  holding  of  local,  State,  and  national  elec- 
tions on  the  same  days. 

(6)    Allowing  only  native-born  Americans  to  vote. 

(c)  Disqualifying  persons  who  have  not  voted  in  any  of  the 
two  previous  elections  (with  reasonable  exceptions  for  illness, 
necessary  absence,  etc.). 

(d)  Compelling  each  district  to  choose  as  its  representatives 
to  local  assemblies,  State  legislatures,  and  Congress,  persons 
not  residents  of  the  district. 


442  EXAMINATIONS  [§§ 

4.  Would  it  be   an   improvement  to  permit  the  passage  of 
measures  over  the  vetoes  of  Governors  and  Presidents,  by  a 
simple  majority  vote  of  both  Houses  ? 

5.  Can  you  suggest  any  means  of  applying  the  general  prin- 
ciples of  the  Civil  Service  Reform  Act  to  postmasters  of  the 
better  paid  grades  ? 

GROUP  B.        [TO    TEST    INDEPENDENT    READING.] 

[Choose  four  questions.] 

6.  Usual  methods  of  nominating  candidates  in  the  United 
States. 

7.  The   present    condition    of    town    government    in   New- 
England. 

8.  Possible  improvements  in  city  government. 

9.  Filibustering  in  Congress,  and  possible  remedies  for  it. 

10.  The  character  of  Senators.     Would  it  be  improved  by 
electing  Senators  by  popular  vote  ? 

11.  The  internal  organization  of  the  executive  departments 
at  Washington. 

GROUP  C. 

[Optional.] 

[Not  to  he  substituted  for  any  previous  questions.     Intended 
for  students  icho  have  satisfactorily  answered  nine  questions.] 

12.  The  Colonial  Governor. 

13.  An  account  of  the  present  government  of  some  large  city 
in  the  United  States. 

14.  The  place,  duties,  and  dignity  of  the  Secretary  of  State. 


157,  158]  SPECIMEN  FINAL  PAPERS  443 

§  158.     Specimen  Final  Paper  in  History  13. 
HISTORY    13. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AND  POLITICAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES    (1781-1868). 

Read  the  paper  through  before  beginning  to  write,  and 
observe  carefully  the  following  directions. 

QTake  four  questions  in  Group  A ;  take  all  the  questions  in  Group  B ; 
having  answered  eight  questions,  you  are  encouraged  to  try  some  of  the 
optionals  in  Group  C.] 

GROUP    A.       [TO    TEST    PARALLEL    READING.] 
[Choose  one  out  of  questions  1-3  ;  and  three  out  of  questions  4-8.] 

1.  Draw  up  a  brief  set  of  suggestions  such  as  would,  in  your 
judgment,  be  helpful  to  a  person  unacquainted  with  American 
history  who  wished  to  find  out  why  Jackson  was  elected  Presi- 
dent.    Discuss  materials  and  methods,  not  events. 

2.  Give  some  account  of  the  public  career  of  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing statesmen  :  — 

(a)   John  Jay. 

(6)   John  Adams.  aftwcflo 

(c)    James  Madison. 

3.  An  account  of  the  tariff  from  1816  to  1828. 


4.  The  principles  and  methods  of  the  abolition  movement. 

5.  An  argument  in  defence  of  one  of  the  following  legislative 
acts : 

(a)    Joint  resolution  for  the  annexation  of  Texas. 
(6)    Kansas-Nebraska  Act. 
(c)    English  Bill. 

6.  The  Presidential  election  of  1840. 

7.  The  policy  of  the  United  States  toward  Cuba  from  1848 
to  1861. 


444  EXAMINATIONS  [§ 

8.  The  various  theories  of  reconstruction,  and  the  manner  in 
which  a  process  of  reconstruction  was  finally  selected. 

GROUP    B.       [TO    TEST   THE   APPLICATION    OF    PRINCIPLES.] 

[All  required.] 

9.  Supposing  Congress  to  have  established  a  Government 
Express  Office,  upon  what   constitutional   grounds  could   the 
following  details  be  sustained  or  attacked : 

(a)  The  Office  to  have  the  monopoly  of  carrying  all  packages 
of  less  than  ten  pounds  in  weight. 

(b)  All  common  carriers  to  be  bound  to  carry  the  express 
matter  for  the  government  at  rates  fixed  by  the  Office. 

10.  Consider  carefully  the  following  hypothetical  statement; 
and  illustrate  your  answer  on  the  outline  map : 

(a)  Joseph  Jenkins  was  born  of  a  slave  mother  in  Boston  in 
1780. 

(b)  In  1786  he  was  taken  by  his  mother's  owner,  Alexander 
Ward,  to  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie. 

(c)  In  1801  he  was  taken  by  Ward  to  Jersey  City. 

(d)  In  1806  he  was  taken  to  Des  Moines  (now  in  Iowa). 

(e)  In  1822  he  was  sold  to  Thomas  Allen,  and  by  him  taken 
to  Galveston. 

(/)  In  1837  he  ran  away  to  Santa  Fe. 
(ff)  In  1849  he  went  to  San  Francisco. 
(h)  In  1853  he  went  to  Leavenworth. 

(i)   In  1857  he  was  seized  as  a  fugitive  there  by  Allen,  and 
held  as  a  slave. 

(j)    In  1865  Allen  sold  him  to  a  planter  living  in  Kentucky. 
How  did  each  of  these  changes  of  residence  affect  his  status? 

11.  How  far  do  you  think  the  following  extract  (from  Bu- 
chanan's message  of  Dec.  3,  1860)   agrees  with  the  facts  of 
United  States  history? 


158]  SPECIMEN  FINAL  PAPERS  445 

All  or  any  of  these  evils  might  have  been  endured  by  the  South 
without  danger  to  the  Union  (as  others  have  been),  in  the  hope  that 
time  and  reflection  might  apply  the  remedy.  The  immediate  peril 
arises,  not  so  much  from  these  causes,  as  from  the  fact  that  the  inces- 
sant and  violent  agitation  of  the  Slavery  question  throughout  the 
North  for  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  has  at  length  produced  its 
malign  influence  on  the  slaves,  and  inspired  them  with  vague  notions 
of  freedom.  Hence,  a  sense  of  security  no  longer  exists  around  the 
family  altar.  This  feeling  of  peace  at  home  has  given  place  to  appre- 
hensions of  servile  insurrection.  Many  a  matron  throughout  the 
South  retires  at  night  in  dread  of  what  may  befall  herself  and  her 
children  before  the  morning.  Should  this  apprehension  of  domestic 
danger,  whether  real  or  imaginary,  extend  and  intensify  itself  until  it 
shall  pervade  the  masses  of  the  Southern  people,  then  disunion  will 
become  inevitable.  Self-preservation  is  the  first  law  of  nature,  and 
has  been  implanted  in  the  heart  of  man  by  his  Creator  for  the  wisest 
purpose  ;  and  no  political  union,  however  fraught  with  blessings  and 
benefits  in  all  other  respects,  can  long  continue,  if  the  necessary  con- 
sequence be  to  render  the  homes  and  the  firesides  of  nearly  half  the 
parties  to  it  habitually  and  hopelessly  insecure.  Sooner  or  later,  the 
bonds  of  such  a  union  must  be  severed.  It  is  my  conviction  that  this 
fatal  period  has  not  yet  arrived ;  and  my  prayer  to  God  is,  that  He 
would  preserve  the  Constitution  and  the  Union  throughout  all 
generations. 

12.  What  are  the  principal  incidents  in  our  foreign  relations 
with  England,  from  1816  to  1865  ? 


GROUP  C. 

[All  optional.] 

\_Not  accepted  for  deficiencies  in  previous  questions  ;  intended 
only  for  students  who  have  already  satisfactorily  answered  eight 
questions. ] 

13.  What  was  the  ground   of   complaint   against   the   Jay 
treaty  ? 

14.  L'Amistad  Case. 

15.  A  defence  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas. 


446  EXAMINATIONS  [§§ 

§  159.   Specimen  Final  Paper  in  Diplomacy. 

HISTORY   14. 

HISTORY  OF  AMERICAN  DIPLOMACY. 

[Use  the  outline  maps  freely  in  illustration  of  territorial  questions.    Divide 
your  time  about  equally  between  the  two  groups.] 

GROUP  A. 

[Take  four  questions.] 

1.  In  what  utterances  of   public  men,    made  before   1826, 
rests    the   doctrine   of    non-interference    in    European   affairs? 
What  deviations  from  that  doctrine    can   you  mention  since 
1826?     How  far  is  it  a  permanent  doctrine? 

2.  Briefly  analyze   and   describe   Jackson's    foreign  policy. 
How  far  does  it  seem  to  you  to  have  been  for  the  best  interests 
of  the  nation  ? 

3.  What  principles  regulating   international  relations  were 
established  or  strengthened  by  the  American  Civil  War  and  the 
diplomacy  resulting  therefrom?     What  principles,  if  any,  were 
weakened  ? 

4.  What  have  been  the  principal  controversies  over  the  con- 
struction of  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty,  and  how  does  each  of 
these  controversies  stand  at  this  time  ? 

5.  What  American    diplomat  since   1829   seems  to  you  to 
have  been  the  greatest,  and  what  were  the  services  for  which 
you  think  him  admirable  ? 

GROUP  B. 

[Take  four  questions.] 

6.  Enumerate  all  the  public  announcements  of  foreign  policy, 
by  American  diplomats,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  "  Mon- 
roe Doctrine,"  or  in  which   they  appealed  to  the  "  Monroe 
Doctrine  "  as  justifying  their  policy. 


159,  160]  SPECIMEN  FINAL  PAPERS  447 

7.  Give  an  account  of  one  of  the  following  negotiations : 
(a)    French  spoliation  claims. 

(6)    Oregon  treaty  of  1846. 

(c)  Treaty  of  Washington  of  1871. 

(d)  Treaty  of  Peace  of  1898. 

8.  The  policy  of  commercial  reciprocity  since  the  Civil  War. 

9.  What  would  be  a  reasonable  permanent  settlement  of  the 
controversy  over  the  Canadian  fisheries  ? 

10.  Was  the  United  States  responsible  for  the  overthrow  of 
monarchy  in  Hawaii? 

11.  The  Cuban  diplomacy  of  the  United  States  from  1879 
to  1895. 

12.  Give   an  account  of  one   of   the  following   diplomatic 
episodes : 

(a)  McLeod  affair. 

(6)  The  Confederate  rams. 

(c)  Itata  case. 

(d)  Why  the  French  left  Mexico. 

(e)  Fur  seal  arbitration. 

§  160.    Specimen  Final  Paper  in  Government. 
GOVERNMENT  12. 

THE  AMERICAN  POLITICAL  SYSTEM. 

Read  the  paper  through  before  beginning  to  write,  and 
observe  carefully  the  following  directions. 

[Take  four  questions  in  Group  A  ;  take  four  questions  in  Group  B.     Stu- 
dents may  use  the  text  of  the  Constitution  and  the  outline  map  of  the  United  States.] 

GROUP  A. 

[Take  four  questions.] 

1.    How  far  is  the  principle  of  natural  rights  actually  ob- 
served in  American  governments? 


448  EXAMINATIONS  [§ 

2.  Compare  the  powers  of  the  President  of  the  United  States 
in  time  of  peace,  with  the  powers  of  the  President  in  time  of 
war. 

3.  How  far  would  it  be  desirable  to  transfer  from  the  State 
governments  to  the  national  government  the  following  func- 
tions : 

(a)    The  regulation  of  marriage  and  divorce. 
(6)    The  punishment  of  crime. 

(c)  The  regulation  of  all  forms  of  transportation  by  common 
carrier. 

4.  Discuss  each  of  the  following  suggestions  with  regard  to 
municipal  debts,  and  point  out  how  far  each  would  or  would 
not  be  an  improvement  on  present  conditions  : 

(a)  The  submission  of  all  propositions  to  create  a  local 
debt  to  a  vote  of  the  taxpayers. 

(6)  The  requirement  that  no  municipal  bonds  shall  be  valid 
unless  the  State  legislature  votes  that  the  State  will  guarantee 
them. 

(c)  Debts  to  be  incurred  only  by  a  Board  of  Finance,  made 
up  of  the  Mayor  and  the  heads  of  the  four  most  important 
city  departments. 

(d)  The  division  of  large  cities  into  debt  districts,  each  to 
borrow  for  its  own  purposes. 

5.  Enumerate  the  different  kinds  of  territory  over  which  the 
United  States  exercises  jurisdiction?     Under  which  of  these 
categories  would  a  Chinese  port  be  most  appropriately  placed 
if  it  should  be  ceded  to  the  United  States? 

GROUP   B.       [TO    TEST   INDEPENDENT   READING.] 

[Choose  four  questions.] 

6.  How   does   the    system    of   elective   judiciary   work    in 
practice  ? 


160]  SPECIMEN  FINAL  PAPERS  449 

7.  Discuss  possible  remedies  for  the  present  situation  of 
the  Indians. 

8.  Discuss  one  of  the  following  subjects  : 
(a)   The  income  tax  in  the  United  States. 
(6)    Evils  in  the  administration  of  the  tariff. 
(c)    The  national  banks. 

9.  An  account  of  a  nominating  convention. 

10.  State  universities :    how  founded,   supported,  and  con- 
trolled? 

11.  How  far  has  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  per- 
formed the  service  for  which  it  was  created  ? 

12.  What  have  been  the  main  contributions  of  America  to 
the  science  of  actual  government? 

13.  How  can  local  government  in  the  United  States  be  re- 
established in  public  confidence? 


29 


